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This systematic literature review describes the epidemiology of dengue disease in Mexico (2000–2011). The annual number of uncomplicated dengue cases reported increased from 1,714 in 2000 to 15,424 in 2011 (incidence rates of 1.72 and 14.12 per 100,000 population, respectively). Peaks were observed in 2002, 2007, and 2009. Coastal states were most affected by dengue disease. The age distribution pattern showed an increasing number of cases during childhood, a peak at 10–20 years, and a gradual decline during adulthood. All four dengue virus serotypes were detected. Although national surveillance is in place, there are knowledge gaps relating to asymptomatic cases, primary/secondary infections, and seroprevalence rates of infection in all age strata. Under-reporting of the clinical spectrum of the disease is also problematic. Dengue disease remains a serious public health problem in Mexico.

This systematic literature review describes the epidemiology of dengue disease in Mexico (2000–2011). The annual number of uncomplicated dengue cases reported increased from 1,714 in 2000 to 15,424 in 2011 (incidence rates of 1.72 and 14.12 per 100,000 population, respectively). Peaks were observed in 2002, 2007, and 2009. Coastal states were most affected by dengue disease. The age distribution pattern showed an increasing number of cases during childhood, a peak at 10–20 years, and a gradual decline during adulthood. All four dengue virus serotypes were detected. Although national surveillance is in place, there are knowledge gaps relating to asymptomatic cases, primary/secondary infections, and seroprevalence rates of infection in all age strata. Under-reporting of the clinical spectrum of the disease is also problematic. Dengue disease remains a serious public health problem in Mexico., Author Summary Dengue disease is a tropical and subtropical mosquito-borne viral illness, and is a major public health concern in all endemic countries. Our aim was to determine the impact of dengue disease on the Mexican population over time, and to identify future research priorities and challenges of the surveillance system. To do this, we conducted a systematic literature review to describe the knowledge and gaps in the epidemiology of dengue disease. We used well-defined methods to search and identify relevant epidemiologic research conducted in Mexico between 2000 and 2011. This long-term review highlights an increase in the incidence of dengue disease—as well as in the number of severe cases and deaths in Mexico. Gaps in epidemiological knowledge regarding local serotype distribution, genotype evolution, age-stratified incidence and prevalence, hospitalization rates, underreporting rates as well as primary and secondary infections of dengue provide several avenues for future research. Improved epidemiological data from enhanced surveillance strategies (such as incorporating sentinel sites, more private health units, and information technologies) are required to enable evaluation of disease prevention and management interventions.

An outbreak of dengue 4 occurred in the Yucatán, México in 1984. During the course of the outbreak, 538 of 5486 reported cases of dengue-like illness were studied; 200 were confirmed as dengue serologically and/or virologically. Dengue 4 virus was isolated from 34 patients and dengue 1 from one. Severe haemorrhagic symptoms were observed in 9 laboratory confirmed patients, including four deaths. Thus, the outbreak in Yucatán is the second dengue epidemic in the Americas after the Cuban epidemic in 1981 in which a number of patients suffered from haemorrhagic complications. It was notable that 5 of 9 hospitalized, severe cases were young adults and that only one met the WHO criteria of DHF, in contrast to primary pediatric nature of DHF in Southeast Asia. In this paper we describe clinical, serologic, and virologic studies conducted during the outbreak. Un brote de dengue 4 ocurrió en Yucatán, México en 1984. Durante el curso del brote, 538 de 5486 casos reportados como dengue clínico fueron estudiados; 200 fueron confirmados como dengue, por estudios serológicos y/o virológicos. El dengue tipo 4 fue aislado de 34 pacientes y dengue 1 de un paciente. Síntomas hemorrágicos severos fueron observados en 9 pacientes confirmados por pruebas de laboratorio, de los cuales 4 fallecieron. Así, el brote en Yucatán es la segunda epidemia de dengue en las Américas después de la epidemia en Cuba en 1981 por el número de pacientes que sufrieron de complicaciones hemorrágicas. Fué notable que 5 de 9 casos hospitalizados, fueron adultos jóvenes y que únicamete un paciente reunió los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para la Fiebre Hemorrágica por Dengue (FHD), en contraste con los casos pediátricos de FHD del Sureste de Asia. En este artículo describimos los estudios clínicos, serológicos y virológicos realizados durante el brote.

An outbreak of dengue 4 occurred in the Yucatán, México in 1984. During the course of the outbreak, 538 of 5486 reported cases of dengue-like illness were studied; 200 were confirmed as dengue serologically and/or virologically. Dengue 4 virus was isolated from 34 patients and dengue 1 from one. Severe haemorrhagic symptoms were observed in 9 laboratory confirmed patients, including four deaths. Thus, the outbreak in Yucatán is the second dengue epidemic in the Americas after the Cuban epidemic in 1981 in which a number of patients suffered from haemorrhagic complications. It was notable that 5 of 9 hospitalized, severe cases were young adults and that only one met the WHO criteria of DHF, in contrast to primary pediatric nature of DHF in Southeast Asia. In this paper we describe clinical, serologic, and virologic studies conducted during the outbreak.Un brote de dengue 4 ocurrió en Yucatán, México en 1984. Durante el curso del brote, 538 de 5486 casos reportados como dengue clínico fueron estudiados; 200 fueron confirmados como dengue, por estudios serológicos y/o virológicos. El dengue tipo 4 fue aislado de 34 pacientes y dengue 1 de un paciente. Síntomas hemorrágicos severos fueron observados en 9 pacientes confirmados por pruebas de laboratorio, de los cuales 4 fallecieron. Así, el brote en Yucatán es la segunda epidemia de dengue en las Américas después de la epidemia en Cuba en 1981 por el número de pacientes que sufrieron de complicaciones hemorrágicas. Fué notable que 5 de 9 casos hospitalizados, fueron adultos jóvenes y que únicamete un paciente reunió los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para la Fiebre Hemorrágica por Dengue (FHD), en contraste con los casos pediátricos de FHD del Sureste de Asia. En este artículo describimos los estudios clínicos, serológicos y virológicos realizados durante el brote.

To determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in animals, mosquitoes and employees from two zoos of Tabasco state, Mexico.WNV antibodies were detected by blocking ELISA in serum samples from animals. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR from mosquitoes and serum samples from employees at "Yum-Ká" zoo.Seroprevalence in birds was 25.65% (19/74) and 85% (6/7) in reptiles from "La Venta" zoo. Thirty-one percent of birds (50/160) and 34.48% mammals (16/29) at the "Yum-Ká" zoo, were seropositive. All human serum samples from Yum-ká zoo were negative by RT-PCR. A pool of mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus) was positive for WNV.The presence of WNV antibodies in animals from both zoos and the detection of viral genome in mosquitoes demonstrate the presence of WNV in this region and indicates a potential risk of infection in animals and humans.

Surveillance for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in taxonomically diverse vertebrates was conducted in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in 2003 and 2004. Sera from 144 horses on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo State, 415 vertebrates (257 birds, 52 mammals, and 106 reptiles) belonging to 61 species from the Merida Zoo, Yucatan State, and 7 farmed crocodiles in Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche State were assayed for antibodies to flaviviruses. Ninety (62%) horses on Cozumel Island had epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies to flaviviruses, of which 75 (52%) were seropositive for WNV by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Blocking ELISA antibodies to flaviviruses also were detected in 13 (3%) animals in the Merida Zoo, including 7 birds and 2 mammals (a jaguar and coyote) seropositive for WNV by PRNT. Six (86%) crocodiles in Campeche State had PRNT-confirmed WNV infections. All animals were healthy at the time of serum collections and none had a history of WNV-like illness.

A dengue (DEN) outbreak occurred in the Yucatan State of Mexico in 2002. Three isolates were obtained from patients presenting with DEN-like symptoms, and examined by partial nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The isolates were identified as DEN-2 viruses of the American-Asian genotype; this is the first report of this genotype in the Yucatan State. The DEN-2 viruses of the American-Asian genotype have been associated with more severe disease outcomes. Thus, its introduction into the Yucatan State presents a serious problem to public health authorities. During this outbreak, DEN virus infection was confirmed in 18% (282 of 1,560) of the patients who presented with DEN-like symptoms. Of these, 87 (31%) patients met the World Health Organization criteria for dengue hemorrhagic fever, including two patients who died. The majority (77%) of the patients experienced secondary infections in this epidemic.

To demonstrate a decrease in the number of recurrent breathing infections in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma, by means of the use of Pidotimod (a immunomodulator).Patients of both sexes, 2 to 16 years old, that had at least four episodes of acute respiratory infection, during the previous six months, administering a dose of 400 mg of pidotimod later, twice a day.It was identified a correlation between the number of cases of asthma and those of acute respiratory infection of r = 0.60 with a r2 = 40. A total of 73 patients of both sexes that presented allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, had developed at least four acute respiratory infection episodes. Form these patients, 33 were male, a rate that corresponded to 45%, and 40 were female, that corresponded to 55% of population. The average age was 6 years old, with a range from 2 to 16 years. The number of infectious events before using Pidotimod, was 422, with an average of 5.7 for patient, and later to its use, it was 295, that corresponded to 4.04 for each patient, in 6 months. The difference among the means was significant (p0.005). The number of days affected by each infectious event was of 446, with an average of 6.10 for patient, and later to administration of the product it was of 308 affected days, that corresponded to an average of 4.21 days for each patient, with a statistical significant of p0.001.