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Esta investigación utilizó el modelo de gravedad para explicar el comportamiento de las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano a los principales doce países destinos entre el año 2000 y 2019. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las variables que influyeron en estos flujos comerciales, estimando dos modelos de datos de panel mediante el uso de efectos aleatorios. Ambos modelos, el PIB sectorial y el PIB de los países importadores se tomaron en cuenta como variables comunes, y cada modelo fue diferenciado según la variable que representa la resistencia al comercio. El primer caso fue la distancia medida en kilómetros y el segundo caso fue un índice de costos comerciales de productos agrícolas. Se concluyó que el segundo modelo era más adecuado tanto para el marco teórico como para los flujos comerciales en estudio. Los resultados han demostrado que los costos del comercio de bienes agrícolas tuvieron un efecto negativo mayor en las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano que la distancia geográfica.

This paper develops a theory of crime in which potential victims elect their vigilance levels. When vigilance expenses are greater than expected property losses, an increase in penalties raises crime, namely, a criminal Laffer curve emerges. This curve is higher and peaks earlier when victims face higher costs. Thus, the government may wish to subsidize vigilance rather than increase penalties. Indeed, an increase in penalties may shift the vigilance levels further away from their socially optimal ones. Finally, the crime rate first rises and then falls in the property value at stake, which is consistent with the empirical evidence. (JEL D91, H76, K42)

Background: This study focuses on enhancing student success in an undergraduate human physiology course offered by the Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry at the National University of Trujillo (UNT), Peru. This study was motivated by a retrospective view of student performance during the academic years 2008 to 2016, in which only a low percentage of students were able to successfully pass the course. Method: In 2017, a questionnaire on visual-auditory-kinesthetic learning styles (VAK) revealed that the predominant learning style among students was visual-auditory. Thus, a Visual Thinking student-centred learning strategy was tested and implemented. Results: A noticeable improvement in student success, class participation, and student engagement were observed and linked to the novel learning system adopted. Also, Visual Thinking allowed students to engage in activities that make visible the processes of their creative thinking by laying their ideas graphically, rather than merely showing the conclusions of their thinking.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis techniques have made significant progress in the last 20 years, providing powerful tools for assessing structural damage and potential building collapse mechanisms. The fact that several reinforced concrete shear wall residential buildings underwent severe structural damage in walls at the lower building levels during the 2010 Maule earthquake (Chile) presents a scientific opportunity to assess the predictive quality of these techniques. The objective of this research is to compare building responses using two completely different three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic models and study in detail the observed damage pattern and wall collapse of one reinforced concrete shear wall building in Santiago, Chile. The first model is a mixed fiber-shell model developed in MATLAB, and the second is a shell finite element model developed in the software DIANA. Results of both models are consistent with the hypothesis that high axial loads trigger a limited ductility failure in critical walls at roof-to-base drift ratios less than 0.34% with little capacity of hysteretic energy dissipation, which contradicts the ductile design philosophy of current code provisions.

International audience; After an earthquake, hospital emergency departments need to provide continuous health care services to respond to the eventual sudden increase in injured people. The service performance of an emergency department is influenced by internal factors, such as physical damage and staff availability, and external factors, such as an increased patient arrival rate and disruptions in its supply chain. This research presents a quantification methodology for the performance of the emergency department. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the explicit integration of the inelastic structural and nonstructural response of the building and damage with its loss of functionality, downtime, and emergency patient treatment rate. A discrete event simulation model is used to model the flow of patients within the different units of the emergency department. The seismic risk is expressed as return periods of exceeding different levels of patient waiting times. Results show that 1,000 and 30,000 accumulated waiting hours correspond to return periods of 100 and 1,000 years, respectively. It is concluded that this model may contribute to improving the risk management of critical emergency department infrastructure.

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of different dynamic and static approaches for assessing building performance under sequential earthquakes and tsunami. A 10‐storey reinforced concrete seismically designed Japanese vertical evacuation structure is adopted as a case study for the investigation. The case study building is first assessed under sequential earthquake and tsunami nonlinear response history analyses: the first time this is done in the literature. The resulting engineering demand parameters are then compared with those obtained when the analysis procedure is systematically simplified by substituting different static approaches for the nonlinear response history analyses in both the earthquake and tsunami loading phases. Different unloading approaches are also tested for the cases when an earthquake pushover is adopted. The results show that an earthquake nonlinear response history analysis, followed by a transient free vibration and a tsunami variable depth pushover, provides the best alternative to full dynamic analyses in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. This structural analysis combination is recommended and has the advantage that it does not require the tsunami inundation time history to be known in advance. The proposed double pushover approach is instead deemed only suitable for the collapse assessment of regular low to mid‐rise buildings and for the development of collapse fragility functions. An important observation made is that sustained earthquake damage seems not to affect the tsunami resistance of the case study building when the fully dynamic analysis is carried out for the sequential loading. This observation will be the subject of future work.

RESUMEN. Objetivo/contexto: las democracias latinoamericanas del siglo XXI enfrentan una tensión entre “proteger” la soberanía estatal con políticas inmigratorias más restrictivas y adscribirse a los diálogos y acuerdos internacionales más liberales, que promocionan los derechos y la movilidad humana. Una mayor migración intrarregional, especialmente desde Venezuela, ha llevado a varios países a restringir derechos y libertades previamente reconocidos. Nuestro objetivo es profundizar en este giro hacia la restrictividad mediante un análisis empírico de las tendencias e intenciones legislativas de inmigración en Chile. Metodología: desde 2018, el Gobierno de Chile ha promovido medidas para “ordenar” y “regular” la inmigración. Entre estas, modificar la Ley de Migraciones de 1975. Empleamos el índice de políticas de inmigración en comparación (IMPIC), utilizando el proyecto de Ley 8970-06 y la Ley 20430 de refugiados. Conclusión: la administración chilena presenta intenciones legislativas de una mayor restrictividad frente a la inmigración económica y la reunificación familiar, que se direccionan a constreñir la movilidad humana. Originalidad: el artículo extiende el uso de IMPIC en 2010 a 2019, y lo aplica por primera vez en las intenciones legislativas de un gobierno incumbente para comprender mejor los cambios en las estrategias del país como un Estado migratorio. ABSTRACT. Objective/Context: Latin American democracies in the 21stcentury are torn between “protecting” state sovereignty by increasing restrictiveness in immigration legislation versus adhering to more liberal international agreements advocating human rights and mobility. Increases intraregional migration, especially from Venezuela, have pushed some South American countries to limit rights and freedoms previously included in immigration policies. Our objective is to further examine this shift to restrictiveness by empirically evaluating legislative intentions in Chile. Methodology: Since 2018 the Chilean government has implemented various measures aimed to achieve “orderly” and “regular” immigration, as well as proposed a law project to replace the Migration Law of 1975, adopted during the civic-military regime. We apply the Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) index using Chile’s law proposal 8970-06 and its refugee Law 20.430. Conclusion: The Chilean administration’s legislative intentions indicate tightening restrictions constraining human mobility, especially for labor immigration and family reunification. Originality: This article extends the IMPIC index from 2010 to 2019, applying it for the first time to legislative intentions of an incumbent government, to shed light on how countries, as migration states, change strategies over time. RESUMO. Objetivo/contexto: as democracias latino-americanas do século XXI enfrentam uma tensão entre ‘proteger’ a soberania estatal com mais restrições em suas políticas migratórias e subscrever aos diálogos e acordos internacionais mais liberais, promovendo os direitos e a mobilidade humana. O aumento da migração intrarregional, especialmente da Venezuela, levou vários países a restringir direitos e liberdades anteriormente reconhecidos. Nosso objetivo é o de nos aprofundar nesta inflexão restritiva, através de uma análise empírica das intenções legislativas migratórias do Chile. Metodologia: desde 2018, o governo do Chile tem promovido medidas distintas com o objetivo de “regular” e “ordenar” a imigração. Entre estes, ela modificou a Lei de Migração de 1975. Empregamos o índice de Políticas de Imigração em Comparação (IMPIC), utilizando o Projeto de Lei 8970-06 e a Lei 20.430 sobre refugiados. Conclusão: o governo chileno tem intenções legislativas para uma maior restritividade diante da imigração econômica e reunificação familiar, que têm como objetivo restringir a mobilidade humana. Originalidade: o artigo estende o uso do IMPIC em 2010 até 2019, aplicando-o pela primeira vez nas intenções legislativas de um governo em exercício para entender melhor as mudanças nas estratégias do país como um estado migratório.

"In the last few years, the number of so-called cryptocurrencies���a form of electronic money that allows people to make direct person-to-person transactions���has surged, with more than 740 now available. Among them, Bitcoin enjoys the highest trading value and volume as well as significant mainstream media attention. Gaining insights into why more people are adopting cryptocurrencies is increasingly important. That���s because these currencies, if widely adopted, could affect both the banking sector and central bank���s core functions, such as monetary policy. We provide an analysis to better understand how three factors influence people���s decisions about Bitcoin adoption: ��� network effects���as more people adopt and use Bitcoin, it becomes a more useful platform ��� individual learning���whether beliefs about the future of Bitcoin influence a person���s present-day decision to use the currency ��� social learning���how beliefs about Bitcoin are formed by those around us We find that both network effects and individual learning are important and increase the probability of adopting Bitcoin. In other words, a person will more likely own Bitcoin if they: ��� belong to a larger network of Bitcoin users ��� have more optimistic beliefs about Bitcoin���s future We also find that peers��� beliefs are not currently a key factor behind Bitcoin adoption. This makes sense because Bitcoin adoption in Canada remains low (around 5 percent).", "Au cours des derni��res ann��es, le nombre de ce qu���il est convenu d���appeler les cryptomonnaies ��� des monnaies ��lectroniques permettant d���effectuer des transactions directes entre particuliers ��� a mont�� en fl��che. En effet, on en compte plus de 740 �� l���heure actuelle. Parmi ces monnaies, c���est le bitcoin qui domine sur le plan de la valeur et du volume des ��changes, sans compter qu���il attire beaucoup d���attention de la part des m��dias traditionnels. Si elles sont largement adopt��es, ces monnaies pourraient avoir des cons��quences �� la fois pour le secteur bancaire et pour les grandes fonctions de la banque centrale, comme la conduite de la politique mon��taire. Il devient donc de plus en plus important de comprendre ce qui incite davantage de gens �� adopter les cryptomonnaies. Nous pr��sentons ici une analyse afin de mieux saisir l���incidence des trois facteurs suivants sur la d��cision des gens d���adopter le bitcoin��: les effets de r��seau����� �� mesure qu���il gagne en popularit��, le bitcoin devient un instrument plus utile; l���apprentissage individuel ��� le fait que les croyances d���une personne quant �� l���avenir du bitcoin influencent ou non sa d��cision actuelle de l���utiliser; l���apprentissage social ��� la fa��on dont l���entourage d���une personne influence ses croyances �� l�����gard du bitcoin. Nous constatons que les effets de r��seau et l���apprentissage individuel sont des facteurs importants qui augmentent la probabilit�� d���adoption du bitcoin. Autrement dit, une personne sera plus susceptible de poss��der des bitcoins si elle��: fait partie d���un vaste r��seau d���utilisateurs de bitcoins; est optimiste quant �� l���avenir du bitcoin. Nous montrons aussi que les croyances des pairs ne sont pas actuellement un facteur cl�� contribuant �� l���adoption du bitcoin. Ce r��sultat est logique puisque le taux d���adoption du bitcoin au Canada reste faible, �� environ 5��%.��"

Background: Oxidative stress, genetic expression changes, and decomposition of the blood-brain barrier have been shown to be caused by exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR); therefore, the search for drugs or food products that offer some protection from these effects has attracted interest. Lepidium meyenii (maca) is a native Andean plant known for its effects on the female reproductive system as well as its immunomodulating, energizing, antioxidant, and nutritive properties due to its high concentration of alkaloids, amino acids, glucosinolates, fatty acids, and macamides. Objectives: We aim to determine the effect of dietary maca supplementation on spatial memory and cerebral oxidative damage in rats with induced menopause and/or with exposure to mobile phone radiation. Method: Female rats divided into 6 groups (six rats in each group): control or not ovariectomized (O-), ovariectomized (O+), ovariectomized + estrogen (O+E+), ovariectomized + estrogen + irradiated (O+E+I+), ovariectomized + maca (O+M+), and ovariectomized + maca + irradiated (O+M+I). Rat spatial memory was tested using the Morris water navigation task. Rats were sacrificed, and cerebral malondialdehyde was measured. Results: After exposure to mobile phone radiation, the group supplemented with maca showed improved spatial memory and lower levels of malondialdehyde than the estrogenized group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that consumption of maca has a positive effect on the maintenance of memory and decreases oxidative stress caused by mobile phone radiation. However, it is necessary to extend this work using a larger sample size. Resumen Antecedentes: El estrés oxidativo, los cambios en la expresión genética y la descomposición de la barrera hematoencefálica son causados por la exposición a la radiación de radiofrecuencia (RFR); por tanto, ha despertado interés la búsqueda de fármacos o productos alimenticios que ofrezcan alguna protección frente a estos efectos. Lepidium meyenii (maca) es una planta andina nativa conocida por sus efectos sobre el sistema reproductor femenino así como por sus propiedades inmunomoduladoras, energizantes, antioxidantes y nutritivas debido a su alta concentración de alcaloides, aminoácidos, glucosinolatos, ácidos grasos y macamidas. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto de la suplementación dietética con maca sobre la memoria espacial y el daño oxidativo cerebral en ratas con menopausia inducida y / o con exposición a la radiación de teléfonos móviles. Método: Ratas hembras divididas en 6 grupos (seis ratas en cada grupo): control o no ovariectomizadas (O-), ovariectomizadas (O +), ovariectomizadas + estrógeno (O + E +), ovariectomizadas + estrógeno + irradiadas (O + E + I +), ovariectomizado + maca (O + M +), y ovariectomizado + maca + irradiado (O + M + I). La memoria espacial de las ratas se probó utilizando la tarea de navegación acuática de Morris. Se sacrificaron ratas y se midió el malondialdehído cerebral. Resultados: Después de la exposición a la radiación del teléfono móvil, el grupo suplementado con maca mostró una memoria espacial mejorada y niveles más bajos de malondialdehído que el grupo estrogenizado. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el consumo de maca tiene un efecto positivo en el mantenimiento de la memoria y disminuye el estrés oxidativo causado por la radiación del teléfono móvil. Sin embargo, es necesario ampliar este trabajo utilizando un tamaño de muestra más grande.

The formation of a fistula between large caliber arteries and the digestive tract is an uncommon complication of reconstructive surgery of the large vessels secondary to the use of vascular prostheses, which manifest themselves with massive hemorrhages with high mortality. We report two cases of aorto-enteric fistula and carotid-esophageal fistula that share common characteristics such as the clinical manifestation of massive and fatal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with a history of vascular prosthesis placement.

Risk evaluation and loss analysis is key in foreseeing the impact of disasters caused by natural hazards and may contribute effectively in improving resilience in a community through the pre-evaluation of preparedness and mitigation actions. The pilot study presented herein is for the Chilean city of Iquique, which is located at the core of a seismic gap that extends from south Peru to north Chile, and has strategic geopolitical and economic importance for the country. The region was hit April 1, 2014, by an $$M_\mathrm{w}$$ 8.2 earthquake that caused only moderate damage, but seismological evidence suggests that there is still a potential for a much larger event in the region. Therefore, a careful damage assessment study is fundamental to anticipate the possible physical, social, and economic consequences that Iquique may face in the future. In this work, the HAZUS-MH platform was adapted and used to simulate a set of ten plausible physics-based future seismic scenarios with magnitudes ranging from $$M_\mathrm{w}$$ 8.40 to $$M_\mathrm{w}$$ 8.98, which were proposed based on an analysis of interplate locking and the residual slip potential remaining after the April 1, 2014, earthquake. Successful application of this damage assessment methodology relies on the construction of a comprehensive exposure model that takes into account regional features and a good characterization of the physical vulnerabilities. For Iquique, a large body of public and local data was used to develop a detailed inventory of physical and social assets including an aggregated building count, demographics, and essential facilities. To characterize the response of the built environment to seismic demand, appropriate HAZUS fragility curves were applied, and outcomes were validated against the damage observed in the 2014 earthquake. After satisfactory testing, a deterministic earthquake damage assessment study was carried out for the collection of predictive scenarios aimed to estimate their expected impacts. This analysis provides data for future evaluations of different physical and social mitigation measures for the city.

El estudio de adaptabilidad familiar en pacientes adultos mayores con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 busca establecer la relación existente entre estas variables dentro del proceso salud enfermedad. Mediante el estudio analítico, transversal y correlacional se evaluó el control de la diabetes mediante cuantificación de Hba1c y la adaptabilidad familiar medida a través de una de las dimensiones que se obtiene mediante las preguntas impares del Test FACES III que está conformado por el control, disciplina, los roles y reglas establecidas en la familia. No adaptabilidad familiar que define a familias caóticas y flexibles; con la cual se obtiene que el 73,9% de los pacientes (Chi2 calculado de 30.669, valor de p < 0,05 (0,000000)) miembros de estas familias no alcanzan la meta de Hba1c por lo tanto no controlan la Diabetes. Adultos mayores con No adaptabilidad familiar tienen 16 veces mayor probabilidad de no controlar su enfermedad. Abstract The study of familiar adaptability in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus seeks to establish the relationship between these variables within the health disease process. Through the analytical, crosssectional and correlational study, the control of diabetes is evaluated through the quantification of Hba1c and the family adaptability measured through one of the dimensions obtained by the odd questions of the FACES III Test, which is made up of the control, discipline, functions and rules established in the family. Non-family adaptability that defines chaotic and flexible families is created; with which 73.9% of the patients were achieved (calculated Chi2 of 30,669, value of p

Las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos para enfrentar la pandemia impactan en el ejercicio de los derechos de acceso en asuntos ambientales. En Colombia, estas medidas se han manifestado en una profusa reglamentación y documentos públicos provenientes de las autoridades nacionales y subnacionales. El objetivo general que guía este artículo es comprender cómo esas medidas reglamentarias adoptadas por el Gobierno Nacional de Colombia alteraron el ejercicio de los derechos de acceso a la información y la participación en asuntos ambientales. Para ello inicialmente describimos el contexto jurídico integrado por la legislación extraordinaria que es la base de las medidas implementadas para enfrentar la pandemia en el país. Luego, hacemos el análisis hermenéutico sobre la restricción al acceso a la información ambiental por medio de la normativa expedida durante la emergencia provocada por la pandemia, estudiamos las limitaciones impuestas a la consulta previa y la audiencia ambiental, y exponemos brevemente los pronunciamientos que sobre estos temas ha hecho el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y sus órganos especiales. Finalmente, ofrecemos algunas conclusiones. Para la consecución de los cometidos reseñados aplicamos una metodología apoyada en el modelo de investigación cualitativa, con aplicación del método hermenéutico y del enfoque dogmático jurídico, aplicando la técnica documental tanto para la recolección de la información como para su análisis

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la respuesta hematológica y bioquímica a diferentes concentraciones de amonio de los juveniles de paiche Arapaima gigas. Evaluamos ocho tanques de 1000 litros de volumen de agua con una densidad de 5 peces m-3, que fueron sometidos a tres concentraciones de amonio: 20 mg L-1, 15 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1 y 0 mg L-1 (grupo control). Cuatro tanques fueron expuestos a las concentraciones de amonio por 24 horas y otros cuatro tanques por 72 horas. Los peces tuvieron un peso inicial promedio de 981,65 ± 149,90 g por individuo y una longitud promedio de 50,1 ± 2,23 cm. Pasado el tiempo de exposición (24 y 72 horas) se procedió a la extracción de 2 ml de sangre a cinco peces de cada concentración utilizando jeringas con anticoagulante EDTA al 10%. Evaluamos hematocrito (Htc), conteo de eritrocitos (Eri), leucocitos (Leu) y contenido de hemoglobina (Hb) como parámetros hematológicos y la glucosa como parámetro bioquímico. Los juveniles de paiche expuestos a 15 y 20 mg L-1 de amonio por 24 horas mostraron una disminución en el porcentaje de hematocrito, mientras que la glucosa mostró un incremento a 10 mg L-1. A las 72 horas se evidenció un aumento en el porcentaje de hematocrito en las concentraciones de 15 y 20 mg L-1, el resto de parámetros hematológicos (Eri, Leu. Hb, VCM, CHCM y HCM) tuvieron diferentes alteraciones como respuesta a las concentraciones de amonio, sin embargo la glucosa no mostró variaciones. La exposición del paiche a diferentes concentraciones de amonio presenta variaciones hematológicas y bioquímicas que mantienen el equilibrio fisiológico de los peces.

Introduction colorectal perforations are one of the most feared complications after performing an endoscopic resection. The use of endoclips is considered for the management of these complications. Objectives to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of endoclips in the management of perforations and deep mural injuries that occur after an endoscopic colorectal resection. Methods a prospective cohort of consecutively included patients was used with a diagnosis of perforation or deep mural injury after an endoscopic colorectal resection treated with endoclips in our institution. The rates of perforation and deep mural injury were obtained. The factors associated with an unfavorable evolution after the placement of the endoclips were analyzed. Results after 342 endoscopic mucosal resections (EMR) and 42 endoscopic submucosal dissections (ESD), there were 25 cases with perforation or deep mural injury. The deep mural injury rate was 3.22 % and 7.14 % in the case of EMR and ESD, respectively. The perforation rate was 1.46 % and 14.29 % in the case of EMR and ESD, respectively. Successful closure with endoclips was achieved in 24 cases (96 %). Only one patient presented an unfavorable evolution (10 %) after successful closure. The factors associated with an unfavorable evolution were the presence of diffuse peritoneal symptoms and a perforation size greater than or equal to 10 mm. Conclusion endoscopic closure with endoclips is effective to avoid surgery in cases of deep mural injury or perforation after an endoscopic resection.

We introduce a model of a platform in which users encounter news of unknown veracity. Users vary in their propensity to share news and can learn the veracity of news at a cost. In turn, the production of fake news is both more sensitive to sharing rates and cheaper than its truthful counterpart. As in traditional markets, the equilibrium prevalence of fake news is determined by a demand and supply of misinformation. However, unlike in traditional markets, the exercise of market power is generally limited unless segmentation methods are employed. Combating fake news by lowering verification costs can be ineffective due to the demand for misinformation only being weakly reduced. Likewise, the use of algorithms that imperfectly filter news for users can lead to greater prevalence and diffusion of misinformation. Our findings highlight the important role of natural elasticity measures for policy evaluation.

This paper investigates the behavior of a typical Chilean reinforced concrete wall building under sequential earthquake and tsunami actions using a double pushover analysis approach. A real concrete wall structure that was damaged after the M w = 8.8 2010 Maule earthquake is considered as a case study building and a simplified nonlinear finite element model of a fictitious slice of the building is subjected to earthquake and tsunami loading in sequence. The analysis of the building under these loadings consists of three stages: the structure is first subjected to seismic loading by means of a pushover analysis until a specific damage state is reached; then a pushover with the same load pattern but in the opposite direction is applied until the shear at the base is zero; and finally, the building is subjected to tsunami loading by means of a variable depth pushover analysis until the maximum capacity is reached. Different tsunami load cases are considered in this study, varying the Froude number and the direction of the tsunami loading. The results show that the tsunami response of the building is mainly dependent on the Froude number of the tsunami flow; however, when the seismic damage is severe, the tsunami capacity of the building is found to be reduced. This is more likely to occur when the effect of the tsunami increases the damage previously induced by the earthquake in the same direction.

Summary Reinforced concrete shear wall buildings have shown, in statistical terms, an adequate performance in past seismic events. However, a specific damage pattern was observed in 2010 Chile earthquake in some shear walls located in the lower building stories, usually associated with high axial stresses, lack of transverse reinforcement, and vertical irregularity. Results show that the nature of this failure led to a sudden degradation in strength and stiffness of walls and resulted in very limited ductility. This research aims to study analytically this damage pattern of shear wall buildings during the 2010 earthquake. By starting with two-dimensional inelastic pushover finite element models using diana, two walls that were severely damaged during the earthquake were studied in detail using different load patterns and stress–strain constitutive relationships for concrete in compression. These models were validated with experimental data of four reinforced concrete walls available in the literature. It can be shown that the geometry of the damage in the building walls cannot be correctly represented by conventional pushover load patterns that ignore the lateral and axial interaction. Indeed, the failure mechanism of walls shows strong coupling between lateral and vertical deformations within the plane of the wall. Results shown for a three-dimensional inelastic analysis of the building are consistent with these two-dimensional results, and predict a brittle failure of the structure. However, these models predict a large increase in axial load in the walls, which needs to be validated further with more experimental and analytical studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary Reinforced concrete shear walls are used because they provide high lateral stiffness and resistance to extreme seismic loads. However, with the increase in building height, these walls have become slenderer and hence responsible of carrying larger axial and shear loads. Because 2D/3D finite element inelastic models for walls are still complex and computationally demanding, simplified but accurate and efficient fiber element models are necessary to quickly assess the expected seismic performance of these buildings. A classic fiber element model is modified herein to produce objective results under particular loading conditions of the walls, that is, high axial loads, low axial loads, and nearly constant bending moment. To make it more widely applicable, a shear model based on the modified compression field theory was added to this fiber element. Consequently, this paper shows the formulation of the proposed element and its validation with different experimental results of cyclic tests reported in the literature. It was found that in order to get objective responses in the element, the regularization techniques based on fracture energy had to be modified, and nonlinearities because of buckling and fracture of steel bars, concrete crushing, and strain penetration effects were needed to replicate the experimental cyclic behavior. Thus, even under the assumption of plane sections, which makes the element simple and computationally efficient, the proposed element was able to reproduce the experimental data, and therefore, it can be used to estimate the seismic performance of walls in reinforced concrete buildings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A 15-year-old male patient presented with dysphagia, regurgitation, weight loss and retrosternal pain. The diagnosis of achalasia was made 4 years before. The esophagogram revealed severe esophagus dilatation and the classic "bird-beak" termination. A Heller myotomy plus fundoplication and endoscopic balloon dilatation were conducted four months previously. Nevertheless, the symptoms persisted and the last high-resolution manometry study still showed achalasia type II. The patient underwent a peroral endoscopic esophageal myotomy (POEM). POEM is a feasible and safe procedure for experienced and properly-equipped health care delivery centers and could be used as a rescue treatment in refractory achalasia. We present the youngest patient with achalasia in our region who had a successful response to rescue POEM.

La formación de una fístula entre arterias de gran calibre y el tubo digestivo es una complicación infrecuente de la cirugía reconstructiva de los grandes vasos sanguíneos secundario al uso de prótesis vasculares, los cuales se manifiestan con hemorragias masivas con elevada mortalidad. Presentamos dos casos de fístula aorto-entérico y de fístula carotideo-esofágicoque comparten características comunes como la manifestación clínica de hemorragia digestiva masiva y mortal en pacientes con antecedentes de colocación de prótesis vasculares. The formation of a fistula between large caliber arteries and the digestive tract is an uncommon complication of reconstructive surgery of the large vessels secondary to the use of vascular prostheses, which manifest themselves with massive hemorrhages with high mortality. We report two cases of aorto-enteric fistula and carotid-esophageal fistula that share common characteristics such as the clinical manifestation of massive and fatal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with a history of vascular prosthesis placement.

Currently, there is a need to share and reuse geographic information with the academic and business sectors through the use in different application fields, such as: agriculture, tourism, geology, cadaster, so on. Thus, this paper introduces the development of a software for the edition, publication and visualization of geographic layers as geoservices, using open-source tools. This module is an add-on to the Geoportal software previously developed at Universidad Tecnica del Norte (Ecuador). For the editing phase, Atlas Styler was used to establish connection to the WMS server (Web Map Service) and then modify the published geoservices using SLD code (Styled Layer Descriptor). For the publication phase, a Geoserver software was installed to allow WMS service to publish the geoservices. To visualize the published information, the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) software from Universidad Tecnica del Norte - GEOPORTAL UTN was used. In this interface, the Leaflet library was used to display geoservices on the map. Finally, to evaluate the WMS server performance the following elements were analyzed: concurrent users, response times, response errors obtained and their percentage. The results showed a high correlation between number of users and response error and a very high correlation between number of users and processing time of a request. Although, there are some response errors when the number of concurrent users exceeds 5000, the server still works well.

Resumen: Introducción: Dada la alta prevalencia de infecciones respiratorias en lactantes hospitalizados por Virus Respiratorio Sincicial (VRS), el objetivo de este estudio apuntó a determinar los costos directos de esta infección. Pacientes y Método: Estudio prospectivo longitudinal en lactantes menores de un año hospitalizados por VRS durante el año 2015. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos. Grupo 1 sin factores de riesgo y grupo 2 con factores de riesgo (prematurez, oxigeno dependencia, displasia broncopulmonar, cardiopatía, inmunodeficiencia), comparando entre sí el estado nutricional, género, lactancia materna, diagnóstico de egreso, diagnóstico radiológico, tiempo de estadía, entre otras. Se estimó costos directos por hospitalización según aranceles del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA) y Modalidad Atención Institucional (MAI). Resultados: Ingresaron 260 pacientes distribuidos, 234 en grupo 1 (90%) y 26 en grupo 2 (10%). El promedio de estadía hospitalaria fue 7,3 días (DS+5,1) para grupo 1 y 13,6 días (DS+16,3) grupo 2 (p < 0,05), con medianas de 6 y 7 días, respectivamente. El costo directo asociado a hospitalización por VRS fue en promedio CLP $ 413.529 (632,1 US$) para grupo 1 y de CLP $ 744.260 (1.137,6 US$) para grupo 2 (p < 0,05).También hubo significancia estadística por mayor costo en grupo 2 para el rubro exámenes y medicamentos (p < 0,03) y costos por días de estadía hospitalaria (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Estos valores por primera vez conocidos en la realidad nacional, confirman el alto costo de estas infecciones y, en particular, en pacientes perte necientes a grupos de riesgo.

To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the evaluation and management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud).A local guideline development group (local GDG) was established, including specialists in gastroenterology and methodologists. The local GDG formulated 11 clinical questions to be answered by this clinical practice guide (CPG). We searched and selected CPG of UGB published from 2012, which answered the posed questions and obtained a score higher than 60% in domains 1 and 3 of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE-II) tool. During September 2017, bibliographic searches were conducted in Pubmed, to update 9 clinical questions of the preselected CPGs, and to answer 2 de novo questions. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the local GDG reviewed the evidence and formulated the recommendations, points of good clinical practice and the flowchart of evaluation and management, using the GRADE methodology Lastly, the CPG was approved with Resolución N° 80-IETSI-ESSALUD-2017.This CPG addressed 11 clinical questions, divided into four themes: risk assessment, initial management, management of non-variceal UGB, and management of variceal UGB. Based on these questions, 10 recommendations (7 strong recommendations and 3 weak recommendations), 24 points of good clinical practice, and 2 flow charts were formulated.This article is the summary of the EsSalud' CPG, where the available scientific evidence on evaluation and management of UGB was evaluated.

Optimum temperatures can be measured through aerobic scope, preferred temperatures or growth. A complete thermal window, including optimum, transition (Pejus) and critical temperatures (CT), can be described if preferred temperatures and CT are defined. The crustacean Hemigrapsus crenulatus was used as a model species to evaluate the effect of acclimation temperature on: (i) thermal preference and width of thermal window, (ii) respiratory metabolism, and (iii) haemolymph proteins. Dependant on acclimation temperature, preferred temperature was between 11.8°C and 25.2°C while CT was found between a minimum of 2.7°C (CTmin) and a maximum of 35.9°C (CTmax). These data and data from tropical and temperate crustaceans were compared to examine the association between environmental temperature and thermal tolerance. Temperate species have a CTmax limit around 35°C that corresponded with the low CTmax limit of tropical species (34–36°C). Tropical species showed a CTmin limit around 9°C similar to the maximum CTmin of temperate species (5–6°C). The maximum CTmin of deep sea species that occur in cold environments (2.5°C) matched the low CTmin values (3.2°C) of temperate species. Results also indicate that the energy required to activate the enzyme complex (Ei) involved in respiratory metabolism of ectotherms changes along the latitudinal gradient of temperature., Summary: The preferred temperature of the intertidal temperate crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus was determined to be between 12°C and 25°C. Oceanic warming would trap this species between tropical and polar temperatures, causing increasing population stress with unknown ecological consequences.

La presente reflexion se enfoca en el analisis de las representaciones y experiencias de racismo y exclusion en relacion a matrices socioculturales que los migrantes haitianos identifican como posibilidades de insercion en la sociedad chilena. Contextualiza el proceso en un determinado momento historico, social y politico tanto en el pais de origen como de destino; desarrollando junto con ello los conceptos de neorracismo y racismo sutil para describir experiencias, practicas y cogniciones presentes en los discursos de los y las migrantes haitianos/as en Chile.