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Objetivo. Apresentar a experiência de um serviço de resposta rápida para apoiar a tomada de decisão em saúde. Método São descritos os processos e resultados de um serviço de produção de revisões rápidas e mapas de evidências para apoiar a tomada de decisão no âmbito da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde, bem como a percepção dos autores sobre o processo de trabalho. Resultados O serviço de resposta rápida teve início em 2020. Até dezembro de 2023, foram produzidas 54 revisões rápidas e cinco mapas de evidências, abrangendo nove temáticas de Promoção da Saúde. Estes produtos foram desenvolvidos em quatorze etapas por uma equipe composta por coordenador, supervisoras, revisores e bibliotecária. O desenvolvimento das respostas rápidas se configurou um processo de tradução do conhecimento e envolveu a interação contínua entre as equipes demandantes e de produção. O estabelecimento de comunicação efetiva foi um fator crítico para que os produtos fossem entregues em tempo oportuno e alinhados às necessidades dos tomadores de decisão e seus apoiadores. Conclusão Os serviços de resposta rápida podem contribuir para melhorar o uso de evidências na tomada de decisão nas políticas e sistemas de saúde.

Abstract Background The implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is a cyclical process in which the evaluation stage can facilitate continuous improvement. Implementation science has utilized theoretical approaches, such as models and frameworks, to understand and address this process. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the models and frameworks used to assess the implementation of CPGs. Methods A systematic review was conducted following the Cochrane methodology, with adaptations to the "selection process" due to the unique nature of this review. The findings were reported following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting guidelines. Electronic databases were searched from their inception until May 15, 2023. A predetermined strategy and manual searches were conducted to identify relevant documents from health institutions worldwide. Eligible studies presented models and frameworks for assessing the implementation of CPGs. Information on the characteristics of the documents, the context in which the models were used (specific objectives, level of use, type of health service, target group), and the characteristics of each model or framework (name, domain evaluated, and model limitations) were extracted. The domains of the models were analyzed according to the key constructs: strategies, context, outcomes, fidelity, adaptation, sustainability, process, and intervention. A subgroup analysis was performed grouping models and frameworks according to their levels of use (clinical, organizational, and policy) and type of health service (community, ambulatorial, hospital, institutional). The JBI’s critical appraisal tools were utilized by two independent researchers to assess the trustworthiness, relevance, and results of the included studies. Results Database searches yielded 14,395 studies, of which 80 full texts were reviewed. Eight studies were included in the data analysis and four methodological guidelines were additionally included from the manual search. The risk of bias in the studies was considered non-critical for the results of this systematic review. A total of ten models/frameworks for assessing the implementation of CPGs were found. The level of use was mainly policy, the most common type of health service was institutional, and the major target group was professionals directly involved in clinical practice. The evaluated domains differed between the models and there were also differences in their conceptualization. All the models addressed the domain "Context", especially at the micro level (8/12), followed by the multilevel (7/12). The domains "Outcome" (9/12), "Intervention" (8/12), "Strategies" (7/12), and "Process" (5/12) were frequently addressed, while "Sustainability" was found only in one study, and "Fidelity/Adaptation" was not observed. Conclusions The use of models and frameworks for assessing the implementation of CPGs is still incipient. This systematic review may help stakeholders choose or adapt the most appropriate model or framework to assess CPGs implementation based on their specific health context. Trial registration PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) registration number: CRD42022335884. Registered on June 7, 2022.

Abstract Background Communication is a multifaceted process, ranging from linear, one-way approaches, such as transmitting a simple message, to continuous exchanges and feedback loops among stakeholders. In particular the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical need for timely, effective and credible evidence communication to increase awareness, levels of trust, and evidence uptake in policy and practice. However, whether to improve policy responses in crises or address more commonplace societal challenges, comprehensive guidance on evidence communication to decision-makers in health policies and systems remains limited. Our objective was to identify and systematize the global evidence on frameworks, guidance and tools supporting effective communication of research evidence to facilitate knowledge translation and evidence-informed policy-making processes, while also addressing barriers and facilitators. Methods We conducted a rapid scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Manual. Literature searches were performed across eight indexed databases and two sources of grey literature, without language or time restrictions. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed, and a narrative-interpretative synthesis was applied to present the findings. Results We identified 16 documents presenting either complete frameworks or framework components, including guidance and tools, aimed at supporting evidence communication for policy development. These frameworks outlined strategies, theoretical models, barriers and facilitators, as well as insights into policy-makers’ perspectives, communication needs, and preferences. Three primary evidence communication strategies, comprising eleven sub-strategies, emerged: “Health information packaging”, “Targeting and tailoring messages to the audience”, and “Combined communication strategies”. Based on the documented barriers and facilitators at micro, meso and macro levels, critical factors for successful communication of evidence to policy-makers were identified. Conclusions Effective communication is indispensable for facilitating knowledge translation and evidence-informed policy-making. Nonetheless gaps persist in frameworks designed to enhance research communication to policy-makers, particularly regarding the effectiveness of multiple communication strategies. To advance in this field, the development of comprehensive frameworks incorporating implementation strategies is warranted. Additionally, barriers and facilitators to implementing effective communication must be recognized and addressed taking diverse contexts into consideration. Registration https://zenodo.org/record/5578550

Introdução Como elemento subjacente à tradução do conhecimento em saúde, a comunicação dos resultados dos estudos científicos, dos efeitos de intervenções, das estimativas de riscos para a saúde, para além da compreensão dos conceitos-chave da epidemiologia clínica e da interpretação das evidências, representam um conjunto de necessidades essenciais para reduzir a lacuna entre a ciência e a prática clínica. O avanço dos meios digitais e sociais reformulou o conceito de comunicação em saúde, introduzindo plataformas de comunicação inovadoras e poderosas e vias de acesso entre pesquisadores, gestores e população. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear e avaliar estratégias de comunicação da evidência científica em saúde para gestores e/ou população. Métodos Esta foi uma revisão de escopo, conduzida no Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde Hospital Sírio-Libanês (NATS-HSL) como uma das entregas do projeto Apoio à Formulação e Implementação de Políticas de Saúde Informadas por Evidências (ESPIE), no âmbito do Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (PROADI-SUS). Buscas sistematizadas foram realizadas nas bases de dados eletrônicas Cochrane Library, Embase e MEDLINE e em outras fontes relevantes, por estudos, documentos ou relatórios publicados a partir do ano 2000, abordando estratégias para a comunicação de evidências científicas sobre saúde para gestores e / ou população. Resultados No total, 24.598 referências foram recuperadas pelas estratégias de busca, das quais 80 cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade e relataram 78 estratégias diferentes. A maior parte das estratégias (i) focou na comunicação de riscos ou benefícios em saúde (29,5%), (ii) foi apresentada em formato de texto escrito (88,5%) e (iii) foi implementada e de alguma forma avaliada (52,6%). As estratégias que parecem apresentar algum benefício incluem: (i) sobre comunicação de riscos ou benefícios: melhor compreensão com frequências naturais do que porcentagens, melhor compreensão com risco absoluto do que risco relativo e número necessário para tratar, melhor compreensão com comunicação numérica do que nominal, melhor compreensão de mortalidade do que sobrevida; conteúdos de teor negativo ou de perdas parecem ser mais efetivos do que conteúdos positivos ou de ganho; (ii) sobre sínteses de evidências: os resumos para leigos das revisões da Cochrane foram considerados mais confiáveis, fáceis de encontrar e compreender, e mais adequados para apoiar decisões do que os resumos originais; (iii) ensino/aprendizagem: as estratégias da iniciativa Informed Health Choices parecem ser efetivas para promover e aprimorar as capacidades de pensamento crítico. Discussão e conclusões Os resultados apoiam tanto o processo de tradução do conhecimento, por meio do mapeamento de estratégias de comunicação com potencial de implementação imediata, como a investigações futuras, reconhecendo a necessidade de mensurar o impacto clínico e social de outras estratégias para apoiar as Políticas Informadas por Evidências. Estes achados podem constituir um instrumento valioso para apoiar a escolha de estratégias específicas para comunicar evidência sobre cuidados em saúde e promover a utilização do conhecimento científico na prática clínica e no processo de tomada de decisão.

Introdução A Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS) é o processo contínuo de análise e síntese dos benefícios e das consequências do emprego das tecnologias em saúde. Além da própria ATS e de sua incorporação no sistema de saúde, faz parte da Política Nacional de Gestão de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a racionalização de sua utilização. Isso é garantido por meio de diretrizes clínicas aplicadas ao perfil de saúde nacional e avaliadas periodicamente (1). A avaliação periódica e o monitoramento da implementação das diretrizes clínicas são parte de um processo complexo que visa a avaliar se, uma vez desenvolvida e divulgada, a diretriz está sendo seguida na prática clínica e se os resultados e os impactos esperados ou desejados estão sendo alcançados. Atualmente, embora existam diretrizes metodológicas para o desenvolvimento e implementação das diretrizes clínicas no SUS (2), o processo de avaliação e monitoramento da implementação ainda não é realizado de forma contínua e padronizada. Consequentemente, há pouca informação disponível sobre a implementação de diretrizes no contexto brasileiro. Assim, uma importante estratégia é a utilização de modelos para orientar e padronizar os processos avaliativos. Esses modelos têm o potencial de qualificar e promover maior eficiência na gestão das diretrizes clínicas e das tecnologias em saúde. O objetivo desse trabalho é mapear os modelos usados mundialmente para avaliar a implementação de diretrizes clínicas. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, com buscas estruturadas em bases de dados científicos (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, GlobalHealth, The Cochrane Library, Health Systems Evidence, CRD, Epistemonikos, PDQ-Evidence, Scopus, CINAHL, Rx for Change e BVS salud), e complementada por buscas em literatura cinzenta e em sites de instituições reconhecidas mundialmente na área de desenvolvimento de diretrizes. Foram selecionados estudos publicados até março de 2023 que abordavam “avaliação da implementação de diretrizes clínicas” e apresentavam “modelos” ou “frameworks” para orientar esse processo. O processo de triagem foi realizado de forma independente, em duplicata, por duas duplas de pesquisadores. A extração dos dados foi realizada por dois pesquisadores. Foi produzida uma síntese qualitativa com uma abordagem agregativa, sem meta-análise, dos resultados. Resultados Foram identificados 16.416 registros e 16 diretrizes. Após triagem, foram incluídos 15 documentos. Estes documentos descrevem experiências desenvolvidas em países da América do Norte (5), Europa (4), Oceania (4) e Ásia (2). Foram incluídos artigos científicos (11) e diretrizes metodológicas internacionais sobre o tema (4). Foram encontrados 12 modelos para avaliar a implementação de diretrizes clínicas, sendo os mais utilizados: Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) (2); Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Systems (PARiHS) framework (2); e Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) (2). Discussão e Conclusões Os resultados preliminares apontam o uso incipiente de modelos para avaliar a implementação de diretrizes clínicas. Espera-se auxiliar os stakeholders na escolha do modelo mais adequado a ser utilizado em pesquisas e em processos avaliativos da implementação de diretrizes clínicas, a partir da identificação e caracterização de modelos existentes na literatura.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe disability-related performance and inequality nationwide in Brazil, and the changes that took place between 2012 and 2019 after the introduction of Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ). METHODS: We derived scores for disability-related care and accessibility of primary healthcare facilities from PMAQ indicators collected in round 1 (2011–2013), and round 3 (2015–2019). We assessed how scores changed after the introduction of PMAQ. We used census data on per capita income of local areas to examine the disability-specific care and accessibility scores by income group. We undertook ordinary least squares regressions to examine the association between PMAQ scores and per capita income of each local area across implementation rounds. RESULTS: Disability-related care scores were low in round 1 (18.8, 95%CI 18.3–19.3, out of a possible 100) and improved slightly by round 3 (22.5, 95%CI 22.0–23.1). Accessibility of primary healthcare facilities was also poor in round 1 (30.3, 95%CI 29.8–30.8) but doubled by round 3 (60.8, 95%CI 60.3–61.3). There were large socioeconomic inequalities in round 1, with both scores approximately twice as high in the richest compared to the poorest group. Inequalities weakened somewhat for accessibility scores by round 3. These trends were confirmed through regression analyses, controlling for other area characteristics. Disability-related and accessibility scores also varied strongly between states in both rounds. CONCLUSIONS: People with disabilities are being left behind by the Brazilian healthcare system, particularly in poor areas, which will challenge the achievement of universal health coverage.

O Manual da Alimentação Cardioprotetora para Profissionais da Atenção Básica (MAC) tem objetivo de traduzir as recomendações alimentares das diretrizes sobre o tratamento e prevenção de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma única estratégia lúdica e compreensiva. Entretanto, não se sabe como e qual o melhor método para implementá-lo na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o protocolo do estudo de implementação do MAC na APS de dois municípios do sudeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de implementação híbrido tipo II com desenho de ensaio clínico randomizado em cluster. Todos os serviços da APS dos municípios (n=59) serão randomizados (1:1) para o grupo que receberá uma estratégia multifacetada para implementação do MAC, que inclui não só a distribuição do material, mas uma capacitação e Auditoria e Feedback (intervenção) ou para o grupo que inclui apenas a distribuição do material, mimetizando o cenário atual (controle). O desfecho primário de implementação será avaliado a partir da taxa de orientação da Alimentação Cardioprotetora e o desfecho primário de efetividade será avaliado pelo consumo de vegetais dos usuários, em seis meses de seguimento. Os desfechos secundários são: compreensão da orientação por parte dos usuários e dos profissionais, taxa de orientações complementares ao MAC, a percepção da incorporação da orientação na prática clínica dos profissionais, a identificação de barreiras e facilitadores para a implementação do MAC e ainda peso dos usuários. Se positiva, será discutida a ampliação da capacitação para outros municípios brasileiros.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze judicial demands for medications in Campo Grande, Brazil, between July 2018 and June 2020. Methods: the four dimensions of the Manual of Indicators for Evaluation and Monitoring of Judicial Demands for Medications were examined. Results: 676 judicial processes were identified, corresponding to 1006 requests for 284 different medications. In 92.74% of the processes, access to medications was granted, with 88.80% granted on an urgent basis. The median time between the decision and delivery of the medication was 146 days. The average monthly cost of acquiring medications was R$ 2,183.68 Brazilian reais. Among the identified medications, 90.22% had at least one therapeutic alternative available in the public healthcare system. Conclusions: characterizing and analyzing judicial demands related to medications can support discussions on updating medication lists and clinical protocols, organizing healthcare services, allocating resources, and implementing actions to reduce judicialization.

Objective There is limited information regarding the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AE) following antiretroviral therapy (ART) in women. So, this review aimed to describe the incidence of AE of ART in women living with HIV/AIDS.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Lilacs and Who Index, from inception to 9 April 2023.Eligibility criteria We included randomised controlled trials with at least 12 weeks of follow-up and evaluated AE of ART in women at any age living with HIV/AIDS, without restrictions on status, year or language of publication. We excluded post hoc or secondary analyses and open-label extensions without comparator, and trials involving pregnant or breastfeeding women or with a focus on coinfection with tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C. The primary outcomes were the incidence rate of participants with any clinical and/or laboratory AE related or not to ART and treatment discontinuation.Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane’s risk of bias tool 2. We used Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis to summarise event rates. Results were presented as event rates per 1000 person-years (95% credibility intervals, 95% CrI). The pooled incidence rate per 1000 person-years adjusted for duration and loss to follow-up was estimated. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation.Results A total of 24 339 studies were identified for screening, of which 10 studies (2871 women) met the eligibility criteria, with 11 different antiretrovirals (ARVs) regimens. Seven studies included exclusively women, while in the remaining three, the proportion of women ranged from 11% to 46%. Nine studies received industry funding. The pooled analysis showed a mean incidence rate of ART-related clinical and laboratory AE of 341.60 events per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 133.60–862.70), treatment discontinuation of 20.78 events per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 5.58–57.31) and ART-related discontinuation of 4.31 per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 0.13–54.72). Summary estimates were subject to significant uncertainty due to the limited number of studies and sparse data. The certainty of the evidence was graded as very low for all outcomes assessed.Conclusion Existing randomised trials do not provide sufficient evidence on the incidence rates of safety outcomes from antiretroviral treatment in women living with HIV/AIDS. Large comparative studies in well-characterised populations are needed to provide a more comprehensive landscape of the safety profile of these ARV therapies in women with HIV/AIDS.PROSPERO registration number CRD42021251051.

Abstract Background Evidence-informed policymaking (EIPM) requires a set of individual and organizational knowledge, skills and attitudes that should be articulated with background factors and needs. In this regard, the development of an EIPM competency profile is important to support the diagnosis, planning and implementation of EIPM. Purpose To present the process and outcomes of the development of an EIPM competency profile by an expert committee, to be applied in different contexts of the Brazilian Health System. Methods A committee of experts in EIPM shared different views, experiences and opinions to develop an EIPM competency profile for Brazil. In six consensus workshops mediated by facilitators, the committee defined from macro problems to key actions and performances essential for the competency profile. The development steps consisted of: (1) Constitution of the committee, including researchers, professionals with practical experience, managers, and educators; (2) Development of a rapid review on EIPM competency profiles; (3) Agreement on commitments and responsibilities in the processes; (4) Identification and definition of macro problems relating to the scope of the competency profile; and (5) Outlining of general and specific capacities, to be incorporated into the competency profile, categorized by key actions. Results The development of the EIPM competency profile was guided by the following macro problems: (1) lack of systematic and transparent decision-making processes in health policy management; (2) underdeveloped institutional capacity for knowledge management and translation; and (3) incipient use of scientific evidence in the formulation and implementation of health policies. A general framework of key actions and performances of the EIPM Competency Profile for Brazil was developed, including 42 specific and general key actions distributed by area of activity (Health Management, Scientific Research, Civil Society, Knowledge Translation, and Cross-sectional areas). Conclusions The competency profile presented in this article can be used in different contexts as a key tool for the institutionalization of EIPM.

Abstract Background Health evidence needs to be communicated and disseminated in a manner that is clearly understood by decision-makers. As an inherent component of health knowledge translation, communicating results of scientific studies, effects of interventions and health risk estimates, in addition to understanding key concepts of clinical epidemiology and interpreting evidence, represent a set of essential instruments to reduce the gap between science and practice. The advancement of digital and social media has reshaped the concept of health communication, introducing new, direct and powerful communication platforms and gateways between researchers and the public. The objective of this scoping review was to identify strategies for communicating scientific evidence in healthcare to managers and/or population. Methods We searched Cochrane Library, Embase®, MEDLINE® and other six electronic databases, in addition to grey literature, relevant websites from related organizations for studies, documents or reports published from 2000, addressing any strategy for communicating scientific evidence on healthcare to managers and/or population. Results Our search identified 24 598 unique records, of which 80 met the inclusion criteria and addressed 78 strategies. Most strategies focused on risk and benefit communication in health, were presented by textual format and had been implemented and somehow evaluated. Among the strategies evaluated and appearing to yield some benefit are (i) risk/benefit communication: natural frequencies instead of percentages, absolute risk instead relative risk and number needed to treat, numerical instead nominal communication, mortality instead survival; negative or loss content appear to be more effective than positive or gain content; (ii) evidence synthesis: plain languages summaries to communicate the results of Cochrane reviews to the community were perceived as more reliable, easier to find and understand, and better to support decisions than the original summaries; (iii) teaching/learning: the Informed Health Choices resources seem to be effective for improving critical thinking skills. Conclusion Our findings contribute to both the knowledge translation process by identifying communication strategies with potential for immediate implementation and to future research by recognizing the need to evaluate the clinical and social impact of other strategies to support evidence-informed policies. Trial registration protocol is prospectively available in MedArxiv (doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.04.21265922).

Objetivo. Mapear políticas relacionadas à prevenção e ao controle da resistência aos antimicrobianos na perspectiva da saúde humana no Brasil e sistematizar a evolução histórica dessas políticas. Método. Desenvolveu-se uma revisão de escopo conforme as diretrizes do Instituto Joana Briggs e PRISMA. A busca na literatura foi realizada em dezembro de 2020 nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed e EMBASE. Utilizaram-se os termos “antimicrobial resistance” AND “Brazil” e sinônimos. Uma pesquisa documental com os mesmos termos foi conduzida nos sites eletrônicos do governo brasileiro até dezembro de 2021. Foram incluídos estudos de todos os desenhos, sem restrição de idioma ou data. Excluíram-se documentos clínicos, revisões e estudos epidemiológicos que não referenciavam políticas de gestão da resistência aos antimicrobianos no Brasil. Para coleta e análise de dados, estabeleceram-se categorias baseadas em documentos da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Resultados. Desde antes da criação do Sistema Único de Saúde, o Brasil possuía políticas relacionadas à resistência aos antimicrobianos, como o Programa Nacional de Imunização e programas de controle de infecção hospitalar. No final das décadas de 1990 e 2000, estabeleceram-se as primeiras políticas específicas sobre resistência aos antimicrobianos (redes e programas de vigilância) e estratégias de educação. Destaca-se o Plano de Ação Nacional de Prevenção e Controle da Resistência aos Antimicrobianos no Âmbito da Saúde Única (PAN-BR), de 2018. Conclusões. Apesar do longo histórico de políticas relacionadas à resistência aos antimicrobianos no Brasil, foram identificadas lacunas, sobretudo no monitoramento da utilização de antimicrobianos e na vigilância da resistência aos antimicrobianos. O PAN-BR, primeiro documento de governo elaborado na perspectiva One Health, é um marco nas políticas brasileiras.

Objetivo. Identificar estratégias para aumentar a adesão ao tratamento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e descrever as barreiras e os facilitadores para implementação dessas estratégias na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão rápida de evidências. Foram incluídas revisões sistemáticas, com ou sem metanálises, publicadas em inglês, espanhol ou português, que avaliaram adultos (18 a ≤ 60 anos) com HAS acompanhados na APS. As buscas foram realizadas em nove bases de dados em dezembro de 2020 e atualizadas em abril de 2022. As revisões sistemáticas incluídas foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade metodológica por meio da ferramenta AMSTAR 2. Resultados. Foram incluídas 14 revisões sistemáticas sobre estratégias de adesão ao tratamento e três sobre barreiras e facilitadores para implementação. A qualidade metodológica foi moderada em uma revisão sistemática, baixa em quatro e criticamente baixa nas demais. Quatro estratégias foram identificadas como opções para políticas de saúde: ações realizadas por farmacêuticos; ações realizadas por profissionais não farmacêuticos; automonitoramento, uso de aplicativos de celular e mensagens de texto; e oferta de subsídios para aquisição de medicamentos. O baixo letramento digital, o acesso limitado à internet, processos de trabalho e formação incipiente foram barreiras para os profissionais. Foram facilitadores o nível educacional e de letramento em saúde dos usuários, a acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde e o bom relacionamento com os profissionais. Conclusões. Identificaram-se efeitos positivos de estratégias relacionadas à atenção farmacêutica, automonitoramento e uso de aplicativos de celular e mensagem de texto para aumentar a adesão ao tratamento da HAS no âmbito da APS. Porém, para fins de implementação, é preciso considerar barreiras e facilitadores, além das limitações metodológicas das revisões sistemáticas analisadas.

Abstract In Brazil, there have been some initiatives to improve the development of Ministry of Health clinical protocols and therapeutic guidelines (PCDTs in Portuguese, and clinical practice guidelines—CPGs, in English) and their implementation so that best practices can be disseminated and adopted at multiple levels of health systems. One of the initiatives was to conduct a pilot project to improve the format of these CPGs. The objective of this article is to present the processes and results of the pilot project, including the development of a new standardized format for CPGs to promote national dissemination and uptake. The pilot project was designed in three phases: identification and selection of strategies to effectively implement clinical practice guidelines, definition of the ideal characteristics for the format of CPGs, and development and implementation of the new format. Initially, an overview of systematic reviews was conducted to map the global evidence on the effectiveness of dissemination and implementation strategies of CPGs. Among the most effective interventions, a low-cost strategy was selected to improve the format of CPGs, namely a full format and a short format. The two formats were evaluated for usefulness and acceptability by professionals who use or develop CPGs, and after several reiterations, the formats were finalized, considering the progression of care (from diagnosis of the disease to treatment, including specific technologies indicated in each stage of the disease). Related to the technical aspects, the visual presentation of the CPGs was improved, ensuring that key information was easily identified for decision-making by end users. The initial phase of implementation involved 33 clinical conditions, equating to approximately 20% of published CPGs. It is anticipated that disseminating the CPGs in the new formats will promote the accessibility of information and implementation of standardized CPGs by health professionals in the public health sector (servicing more than 210 million Brazilians). Further research should be considered to determine the impact of the use of the new CPGs formats, contributing to the knowledge base related to the implementation of guidelines in Brazil and internationally.

Objetivo. Sintetizar as evidências sobre os efeitos de intervenções de telessaúde oferecidas por meio de aplicativos de celular e de mensagens de texto no comportamento de adultos com vistas à alimentação saudável. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão rápida por meio de buscas em nove bases eletrônicas da literatura para identificar revisões sistemáticas publicadas em inglês, português e espanhol que avaliassem estratégias de telessaúde comparadas a atendimento presencial para melhoria da alimentação na população adulta (18 a 59 anos). As buscas foram realizadas em novembro de 2020 e atualizadas em abril de 2022. As revisões sistemáticas incluídas foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade metodológica com a ferramenta AMSTAR 2. Resultados. Cinco revisões sistemáticas foram incluídas, sendo uma com avaliação de confiança moderada e as demais com confiança criticamente baixa. Verificou-se uma escassez de estudos comparando o uso de estratégias de telessaúde com o atendimento presencial para a promoção da alimentação saudável em adultos. Os resultados mais consistentes referem-se ao aumento no consumo de frutas e vegetais com o uso de aplicativo ou mensagens de texto, além de melhoria do padrão alimentar de pessoas com diabetes ou intolerância à glicose com o uso de mensagens de texto. Conclusão. A maioria das análises de intervenções utilizando aplicativos de celular ou mensagens de texto mostrou efeitos positivos nos desfechos de alimentação saudável. No entanto, esses achados se referem aos poucos ensaios clínicos com amostras pequenas de participantes incluídos nas revisões sistemáticas da presente revisão rápida, a maioria de baixa qualidade metodológica. Conclui-se que há uma lacuna no conhecimento, sendo importante a realização de estudos metodologicamente mais robustos.

Abstract Background Evidence-informed policy-making (EIPM) requires a set of individual and organizational capacities, linked with background factors and needs. The identification of essential knowledge, skills and attitudes for EIPM can support the development of competency profiles and their application in different contexts. Purpose To identify elements of competency (knowledge, skills and attitudes) for EIPM, according to different professional profiles (researcher, health professional, decision-maker and citizen). Methods Rapid umbrella review. A structured search was conducted and later updated in two comprehensive repositories (BVSalud and PubMed). Review studies with distinctive designs were included, published from 2010 onwards, without language restrictions. Assessment of the methodological quality of the studies was not performed. A meta-aggregative narrative synthesis was used to report the findings. Results Ten reviews were included. A total of 37 elements of competency were identified, eight were categorized as knowledge, 19 as skills and 10 as attitudes. These elements were aggregated into four competency profiles: researcher, health professional, decision-maker and citizen. The competency profiles included different sets of EIPM-related knowledge, skills and attitudes. Strengths and limitations This study is innovative because it aggregates different profiles of competency from a practical perspective, favouring the application of its results in different contexts to support EIPM. Methodological limitations are related to the shortcuts adopted in this review: complementary searches of the grey literature were not performed, and the study selection and data extraction were not conducted in duplicate. Final considerations: conclusions and implications of the findings EIPM requires the development of individual and organizational capacities. This rapid review contributes to the discussion on the institutionalization of EIPM in health systems. The competency profiles presented here can support discussions about the availability of capacity and the need for its development in different contexts.

Abstract Background The judicialization of health care can be understood as a societal response to pressing healthcare needs, which probably are not being adequately addressed by the current healthcare system. This phenomenon increases the strain on service resources, both in the health sector and in the judiciary system as well, demanding an institutional reorganization to manage judicial actions. It is believed that each institution has developed strategies for coping with the problem in isolation and with little public disclosure. The purpose of this review will be to identify institutional strategies implemented and to investigate their effects in approaching the judicialization of health care. Methods Electronic searches will be conducted up to December 2021 on 11 databases, supplemented with gray literature and references lists of secondary studies. The descriptor “judicialization of health” will be the basis for conducting the main research. Studies describing any strategy implemented by public institutions to approach the judicialization of health care will be included. Results related to the quality of services provided by the implemented strategy reported in the studies and those that report accessibility, usability, and potential adverse effects or harms caused by the implemented strategy will be investigated. In addition, it will be explored if there have been changes related to the value or characteristics of health litigation. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, abstract data, and full-text papers. The risk of bias in each study will be appraised using a tool suggested by Cochrane Effective Practice and Care Organization Group (EPOC). Subsequently, the reviewers will also extract the data of interest and classify the findings of these studies according to their performance at the institutional level. The results obtained will be described as a narrative synthesis. Discussion This review may provide evidence on the effects of the strategies implemented to approach the judicialization of health care. It will potentially benefit health care and legal professionals, decision-makers, and researchers by identifying the types and characteristics of strategies that have the potential to improve service delivery in the future. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020160608

Abstract Background There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of public engagement in health technology assessment. However, there is still uncertainty regarding how the results should be recorded, analyzed, and used by decision makers. Objective Synthesize the contributions of the Brazilian public (women, health professionals, managers, educational institutions, and companies) about the implementation of the National Clinical Guidelines for Care in Normal Birth from the public consultation carried out in Brazil. Method IRaMuTeQ software was used to organize and summarize the corpus based on three types of analysis: descriptive statistics; descending hierarchical classification; and specificities analysis. The public consultation was conducted in 2016 by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC) in the Brazilian public health system as part of the guideline development process. Results The corpus consisted of 303 texts, separated into 1233 text segments, 1081 of which were used, corresponding to retention of 87.67%. Five classes emerged from our analyses: mandatory presence of an obstetrician during labor and delivery in hospital settings; barriers and facilitators for guideline implementation; use of evidence—based practices by health professionals; progression of labor and delivery and women’s rights; and mobilization to promote the guideline For each class, the most frequent words and sentences with the highest chi-squared scores were presented. Barriers were associated with lack of financial resources, training and professional motivation, and facilitators with training to change the practices of health professionals. Obstetric nurses emerged as an alternative for supervising normal births as well as the mandatory presence of an obstetrician during childbirth in hospital settings. Conclusion Our findings summarize the contributions provided by the Brazilian public and shed some light on the barriers and facilitators of clinical guidelines for care in normal birth. These topics are not typically explored by quantitative studies. Including this information in the decision-making process would not only increase public engagement, but provide greater evidence for implementing the clinical guidelines nationwide.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged health systems worldwide since 2020. At the frontline of the pandemic, healthcare workers are at high risk of exposure. Compliance with infection prevention and control (IPC) should be encouraged at the frontline. This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of dissemination interventions to improve healthcare workers’ adherence with IPC guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases in the workplace. Methods We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs that assessed the effect of any dissemination strategy in any healthcare settings. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. We synthesized data using random-effects model meta-analysis in Stata 14.2. Results We identified 14 RCTs conducted from 2004 to 2020 with over 65,370 healthcare workers. Adherence to IPC guidelines was assessed by influenza vaccination uptake, hand hygiene compliance, and knowledge on IPC. The most assessed intervention was educational material in combined strategies (plus educational meetings, local opinion leaders, audit and feedback, reminders, tailored interventions, monitoring the performance of the delivery of health care, educational games, and/or patient-mediated interventions). Combined dissemination strategies compared to usual routine improve vaccination uptake (risk ratio [RR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54 to 1.81, moderate-certainty evidence), and may improve hand hygiene compliance (RR 1.70; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.83, moderate-certainty). When compared to single strategies, combined dissemination strategies probably had no effect on vaccination uptake (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.07, low-certainty), and hand hygiene compliance (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.36, low-certainty). Knowledge of healthcare workers on IPC improved when combined dissemination strategies were compared with usual activities, and the effect was uncertain in comparison to single strategy (very low-certainty evidence). Conclusions Combined dissemination strategies increased workers’ vaccination uptake, hand hygiene compliance, and knowledge on IPC in comparison to usual activities. The effect was negligible when compared to single dissemination strategies. The adoption of dissemination strategies in a planned and targeted way for healthcare workers may increase adherence to IPC guidelines and thus prevent dissemination of infectious disease in the workplace. Trial registration Protocol available at http://osf.io/aqxnp .

Abstract Background N95 respiratory protection masks are used by healthcare professionals to prevent contamination from infectious microorganisms transmitted by droplets or aerosols. Methods We conducted a rapid review of the literature analyzing the effectiveness of decontamination methods for mask reuse. The database searches were carried out up to September 2020. The systematic review was conducted in a way which simplified the stages of a complete systematic review, due to the worldwide necessity for reliable fast evidences on this matter. Results A total of 563 articles were retrieved of which 48 laboratory-based studies were selected. Fifteen decontamination methods were included in the studies. A total of 19 laboratory studies used hydrogen peroxide, 21 studies used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, 4 studies used ethylene oxide, 11 studies used dry heat, 9 studies used moist heat, 5 studies used ethanol, two studies used isopropanol solution, 11 studies used microwave oven, 10 studies used sodium hypochlorite, 7 studies used autoclave, 3 studies used an electric rice cooker, 1 study used cleaning wipes, 1 study used bar soap, 1 study used water, 1 study used multi-purpose high-level disinfection cabinet, and another 1 study used chlorine dioxide. Five methods that are promising are as follows: hydrogen peroxide vapor, ultraviolet irradiation, dry heat, wet heat/pasteurization, and microwave ovens. Conclusions We have presented the best available evidence on mask decontamination; nevertheless, its applicability is limited due to few studies on the topic and the lack of studies on real environments.

Objective. To identify potential barriers to the implementation of the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil based on the best available global evidence. Method. A rapid review of evidence was performed in six databases in March/April 2019. Secondary studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese with a focus on barriers of any nature relating to the implementation of the Guidelines were retrieved. Results. Twenty-three documents (21 reviews and two practice guides) were included in the review. The barriers identified were grouped into 52 meaning categories and then reorganized into nine thematic clusters: delivery and childbirth care model, human resource management, knowledge and beliefs, gender relations, health care service management, attitudes and behaviors, communication, socioeconomic conditions, and political interests. Conclusions. The results show that combined approaches may be required to address different barriers to the implementation of the Guidelines. For successful implementation, it is essential to engage health care leaders, professionals, and users in the effort to change the delivery and childbirth care model. Also necessary is the development of intersectoral initiatives to improve the socioeconomic conditions of women and families and to curtail gender inequalities.

Objective. To identify barriers to the implementation of National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil from the women’s perspective. Methods. A descriptive exploratory study was performed using a qualitative approach and an interpretive perspective. The hermeneutic unit of analysis was established based on the contribution of users to a public online consultation about the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil, performed in 2016 by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation into the Unified Health System (CONITEC). Content analysis techniques were used to examine the answers provided to the following specific question: “Considering your local reality, what would hinder the implementation of this protocol or guideline?” Results. Of 396 contributions recorded by CONITEC, 55 were included in the content analysis. The mean age of women was 31 years, with most self-declared as white (69%) and living in the Southeast of Brazil (56.3%). Coding revealed seven barrier categories, which were grouped into three families — barriers related to 1) professional training and culture (which highlighted the centrality of physicians, not women, in childbirth), 2) social culture (general population not well informed), and 3) political and management issues (little interest on the part of managers, lower physician compensation for vaginal childbirth vs. cesarian section, and poor hospital infrastructure). Conclusions. Aspects of professional training and culture, social culture, and political as well as management issues are critical points to be considered in future interventions aiming at overcoming or weakening the barriers to implementing childbirth recommendations in Brazil.

Objetivo. Identificar barreiras à implementação das diretrizes de assistência ao parto normal no Brasil sob a perspectiva das mulheres. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa e perspectiva interpretativista. A unidade hermenêutica foi construída a partir das contribuições de usuárias a uma consulta pública on-line sobre as Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal realizada em 2016 pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC). Foi utilizada a metodologia de análise de conteúdo para examinar especificamente as respostas à questão “Considerando sua realidade local, o que dificultaria a implantação deste protocolo ou diretriz?”. Resultados. Das 396 contribuições recebidas pela CONITEC, 55 foram incluídas na análise de conteúdo. A média de idade das mulheres foi de 31 anos, sendo a maioria branca (69%) e residente na região Sudeste do Brasil (56,3%). A codificação revelou sete categorias de barreiras, agrupadas em três famílias — barreiras relacionadas a 1) formação e cultura profissional (com destaque para a centralidade dos médicos, e não das mulheres, no parto), 2) cultura social (falta de informação por parte da população) e 3) questões políticas e de gestão (falta de interesse dos gestores, menor remuneração para médicos que atendem parto normal vs. cesariana e falta de infraestrutura hospitalar). Conclusões. Os resultados mostraram que aspectos da formação e cultura profissional, cultura social e questões políticas e de gestão são pontos críticos que devem ser considerados na realização de intervenções futuras com o objetivo de transpor ou enfraquecer as barreiras à implementação de recomendações ao parto normal no Brasil.

Este relato apresenta os processos e resultados de um projeto de tradução do conhecimento desenvolvido em três etapas para identificar barreiras e estratégias para a efetiva implementação das Diretrizes Nacionais do Parto Normal no Brasil. O referencial metodológico adotado foi o da iniciativa iPIER e das ferramentas SUPPORT para Políticas Informadas por Evidências. Na primeira etapa, a qualidade das Diretrizes foi avaliada e as barreiras à implementação das recomendações foram identificadas, considerando evidências globais e análise de contribuições de uma consulta pública. Na segunda etapa, uma síntese de evidências informou um diálogo deliberativo para priorização de barreiras. Por fim, uma nova síntese de evidências informou um segundo diálogo deliberativo e apresentou seis opções para abordar as barreiras priorizadas: 1) incentivar o uso de estratégias de intervenção multifacetadas; 2) promover intervenções educativas para o uso de diretrizes em saúde; 3) realizar auditoria e feedback para adequação da prática profissional; 4) utilizar lembretes para mediar a interação entre profissionais e usuários; 5) viabilizar intervenções mediadas por pacientes e 6) incluir líderes de opinião para incentivar o uso de diretrizes em saúde. Os processos e resultados de cada etapa do projeto foram documentados e apresentados para informar a atualização das Diretrizes e o desenvolvimento de plano de implementação das recomendações. A efetiva implementação das Diretrizes é relevante para a melhoria da atenção ao parto e nascimento no Brasil.

Objetivo. Avaliar capacidades, arranjos organizativos e barreiras à implementação dos Núcleos de Evidências (NEvs) da Rede de Políticas Informadas por Evidências (EVIPNet) no Brasil. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório de casos múltiplos, descritivo-analítico, com abordagem mista. Os coordenadores dos NEvs em atividade no país responderam um instrumento com três partes: caracterização do respondente, avaliação da capacidade de “adquirir, avaliar, adaptar e aplicar” evidências (4A) e questões abertas abordando arranjos organizativos e barreiras à implementação dos NEvs. Resultados. Participaram da pesquisa 15 NEvs, concentrados no Centro-Oeste; 73,3% estavam sediados em universidades e 20% em secretarias estaduais/municipais ou no Ministério da Saúde. Dos coordenadores participantes, 100% possuíam pós-graduação lato e/ou strictu sensu e 80% referiram experiência de 1 a 5 anos em políticas informadas por evidências (PIE) e proficiência em inglês. Nenhum coordenador atuava exclusivamente no NEv. As equipes incluíam profissionais de saúde, estudantes (graduação/pós-graduação), docentes de universidades e servidores efetivos em secretarias de saúde. Foram identificadas alta capacidade para “adquirir” e “avaliar” e baixa capacidade para “adaptar” e “aplicar” evidências. Quanto a atividades e produtos, prevaleceu a média de três por ano, com destaque para produtos de tradução do conhecimento (sínteses de evidência e diálogos deliberativos) e capacitação para profissionais de saúde, gestores e alunos de graduação/pós-graduação. Cinco categorias de barreiras foram descritas: 1) financiamento, 2) integração da rede, 3) institucionalização das demandas, 4) capacidade de adaptação e 5) habilidades de comunicação de pesquisa para recomendar ações no nível local. Conclusões. Existem recursos humanos capacitados, vinculados a instituições de pesquisa e ensino, para apoiar as PIE. No entanto, a sustentabilidade dos NEvs depende de ações coordenadas para garantir a capacidade de adaptar e aplicar evidências.

The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the Implementation of the National Guidelines for Normal Childbirth in Brazil, as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as the basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote use of the Guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. Effective implementation of the Guidelines is important for improving the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.

Objetivo. Identificar potenciais barreiras à implementação das recomendações das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal a partir das melhores evidências globais disponíveis. Métodos. Realizou-se uma revisão rápida com consulta a seis bases de dados em março/abril de 2019. Foram selecionados estudos secundários publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português sobre barreiras de qualquer natureza que pudessem ser relacionadas à implementação das recomendações das Diretrizes. Resultados. Foram incluídos 23 documentos (21 revisões sistemáticas e dois guias de prática clínica). As barreiras identificadas foram agrupadas em 52 categorias por semelhança de significado e, em seguida, reorganizadas em nove núcleos temáticos: modelo de atenção ao parto e nascimento, gestão de recursos humanos, crenças e saberes, relações de gênero, gestão de serviços de saúde, atitudes e comportamentos, comunicação, condições socioeconômicas e interesses políticos. Conclusões. Os resultados mostraram que a implementação das Diretrizes pode requerer abordagens combinadas para o enfrentamento de diferentes barreiras. O engajamento de gestores e profissionais de saúde no processo de mudança do modelo de atenção ao parto e nascimento e o envolvimento de usuários são indispensáveis para o sucesso da implementação. São necessárias, ainda, ações intersetoriais para melhorar as condições socioeconômicas de mulheres e famílias e para combater as iniquidades de gênero.

Abstract Background The “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” established in 2013 by the Brazilian Government aimed to reduce inequalities by means of an emergency provision of physicians, the improvement of medical care service in the Brazilian Unified Health System, and the expansion of medical education training in Brazil. In this context, equity should be considered when defining priorities and allocating resources. This study describes the distribution of physicians for the Program in five Brazilian metropolitan regions (MRs) and analyses whether the most vulnerable areas within each one of these regions had been prioritized in compliance with the legislation framework of the program. Methods This is a quantitative cross-sectional study. Official secondary data was analyzed to verify the relationship between the Index of Social Vulnerability, set up by the Institute of Applied Economic Research, and the physician allocation provided by the Program. The data were organized into categories and quintiles. For spatialization purposes, the QGIS 3.4 Madeira software was used. Results There are 2592 primary health care units, (in Portuguese, UBS), within the five MRs studied; 981 of these hosted at least one physician from the Program. In the Manaus, Recife, and the DF MRs, the 4th and 5th quintiles (the most vulnerable ones) hosted physicians in more significant proportions than the other quintiles, namely, 71.4%, 71.4%, and 52.2%, respectively, exceeding the national average (51.7%). It is worth mentioning that in the São Paulo MR, the units located in the most vulnerable quintiles (4th and 5th) also hosted physicians in proportions significantly higher than others (45.8%); however, this proportion did not reach 50%. There was no significant difference in the allocation of physicians in the Porto Alegre MR, indicating that there was no prioritization of the UBS according to vulnerability. Conclusions These results appoint to the enormous gaps of vulnerability existing both between the analyzed MRs and internally in each one of them. It emphasizes the need for criteria for the allocation of physicians so as not to increase inequities. It also highlights the importance of the continuity of the “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” in the metropolitan regions, above all, in areas of extreme vulnerabilities. On the other hand, they contribute to the national debate about the importance of public policies regarding constitutional rights related to access to health care and the relevance of primary care and the “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” for the reduction of disparities regarding access to health care, especially for the citizens who live in regions of greater vulnerability, whether it is inside or outside large metropolitan regions.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou prospectar grupos e temas de pesquisa translacional no Brasil, que detenham potencial de transformar pesquisa em soluções para saúde no âmbito nacional, e avaliar se existe convergência com a Agenda de Prioridades de Pesquisa do Ministério da Saúde, a Agenda. Estudo exploratório, descritivo, realizado a partir de busca em bases de dados públicos de acesso livre. Foram localizados 64 programas/grupos, sendo 8 programas de pós-graduação, 12 programas de pesquisa e 44 grupos na área de pesquisa translacional em saúde cadastrados no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). A maioria dos programas de pós-graduação e todos os programas de pesquisa são vinculados a Instituições Públicas da região Sudeste. A análise temática não incluiu os 20 programas de pesquisa/pós-graduação existentes. Os 44 grupos de pesquisa foram categorizados de acordo com os 14 eixos temáticos e com as 172 linhas de pesquisa da Agenda por 4 pesquisadores independentes e cegados. Os resultados mostraram a inexistência de aderência entre os temas de pesquisa desses grupos e a Agenda de prioridades do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Em cenário de aumento de demanda de necessidades em saúde, a pesquisa translacional permitiria reduzir o distanciamento da pesquisa desenvolvida no Brasil com as necessidades do SUS.

RESUMO A pesquisa translacional surgiu com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo entre a pesquisa básica e a sua aplicação clínica. Para os medicamentos, esse tempo pode chegar a décadas, o que denota a necessidade de se avaliarem possíveis barreiras por meio da pesquisa translacional. Objetivou-se revisar a literatura para identificar as etapas da pesquisa translacional, bem como os atos normativos, as políticas públicas de saúde e os principais atores no contexto brasileiro. Para a identificação de modelos da pesquisa translacional, realizou-se revisão com busca sistemática nas bases PubMed, Embase e Lilacs, sendo selecionadas 23 publicações. Sítios eletrônicos oficiais foram consultados para o levantamento das políticas e dos atores. Como resultados, a literatura inicialmente apontava uma etapa (da bancada ao leito), incorporando recentemente a síntese de pesquisas e a avaliação de impacto na saúde pública como etapas adicionais. Diversos atores são transversais na pesquisa translacional, como universidades, instituições de pesquisa e agências de fomento. Observa-se que o Brasil instituiu políticas importantes nas áreas de assistência farmacêutica, pesquisa, ciência, tecnologia e inovação em saúde, o que pode potencialmente integrar recursos, atores e esforços visando à aplicação prática de resultados para melhorar as condições de saúde e de vida da população.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE Analyze the implementation of the strategy e-SUS Atenção Básica (e-SUS AB – e-SUS Primary Care) in Brazil between the first years of the system, from 2013 to 2019. METHODS This is a quantitative, descriptive, and exploratory study. We considered official data from the Ministry of Health, submitted by Brazilian municipalities, in the period from April 2013 to December 2019. We categorized the municipalities as ‘not implemented’, ‘initial implementation’, ‘partial implementation’ and ‘implemented’ according to the criteria defined in this study. We also verified whether the type of municipality, according to the IBGE classification, influenced the degree of implementation of the e-SUS AB strategy. We performed descriptive analyses and investigated the association between the degrees of implementation of e-SUS AB and the typology of the IBGE classification and characterization of rural and urban spaces. RESULTS The implementation increased in the analyzed period. The implementation status of the e-SUS AB strategy in 2019 was ‘implemented’ in 20.2% (1,117) of the municipalities, ‘partial implementation’ in 32.9% (1,819), ‘initial implementation’ in 39.1% (2,159) and ‘not implemented’ in 7.8% (432). The South and Southeast regions presented the best implementation situation in all years, and the states of Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo and Santa Catarina reached a higher percentage of municipalities with ‘implemented’ status in 2019. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the progress in the implementation of the e-SUS AB strategy over the years. Most of the municipalities are between the status ‘initial implementation’ and ‘partial implementation’. Therefore, we conclude that investments in technological resources, training of professionals, and support are necessary to qualify the implementation and use of information systems in the country, especially for the e-SUS AB strategy.

Introdução: A Lei nº 13.021, de 8 de agosto de 2014, renovou o conceito de farmácia, impulsionando ações da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) para a atualização da RDC n° 44, de 17 de agosto de 2009, como a realização de uma consulta dirigida ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária sobre a resolução. Objetivo: Identifcar ações de vigilância sanitária relacionadas aos serviços de saúde em farmácias comunitárias. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo realizado com dados secundários da consulta dirigida às Vigilâncias Sanitárias (Visa) municipais promovida em 2019 pela Anvisa. As respostas das 349 respondentes foram organizadas nos blocos “Considerações Gerais”, “Estrutura”, “Processo e Monitoramento” e categorizados conforme o formato de pergunta (aberta ou fechada) e o conteúdo, utilizando-se parâmetros de avaliação em saúde. Resultados: O compartilhamento do local da dispensação com outras atividades de saúde refletiu um risco sanitário quanto a estrutura. O gerenciamento dos resíduos foi o processo mais citado, superando aqueles relacionados à assistência farmacêutica. Quanto ao monitoramento, a Declaração de Serviços Farmacêuticos mostrou-se um bom instrumento para o registro das atividades realizadas, enquanto notifcações de eventos adversos e queixas técnicas não apareceram como rotineiros. A descentralização nas ações de Visa está bem estabelecida, mas evoluiu de forma desigual para produtos regulados e atividades de saúde, de forma que a RDC n° 44 de 2009 mostrou-se útil, mas desatualizada nos aspectos impactantes aos serviços de saúde. Conclusões: A delimitação de atividades de saúde em farmácias é um desafo para a vigilância sanitária, seja pelo ajuste do regulamento sanitário, seja pelas tecnologias de produtos e serviços que são atualizadas mais rapidamente do que a análise dos riscos envolvidos na sua exposição à população.

Background Pain is a sensation of discomfort that affects a large part of the population. Yoga is indicated to treat various health conditions, including chronic and acute pain.Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of yoga to treat acute or chronic pain in the adult and elderly population.Study selection A rapid review was carried out, following a protocol established a priori. Searches were carried out in September 2019, in six databases, using PICOS and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde) terms. Systematic reviews were included, and methodological quality was assessed using Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews. The results were presented in a narrative synthesis.Findings Ten systematic reviews were selected. Two reviews were assessed as of high methodological quality, two as of low quality, and six of critically low quality. Results were favourable to yoga compared with usual daily care, particularly in low back and cervical pain cases. There was little evidence about the superiority of yoga compared with active interventions (exercises, pilates or complementary and complementary medicine). It was also less consistent in pain associated with fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel and irritable bowel syndromes. There was an improvement in the quality of life and mood of the participants, especially for yoga compared with usual care, exercises and waiting list.Conclusions Overall, the results were favourable to yoga compared with usual care in low back and cervical pain cases. The evidence is insufficient to assert yoga’s benefits for other pain conditions, as well as its superiority over active interventions. The findings must be considered with caution, given their low methodological quality and the small samples in the primary studies reported in the included systematic reviews. Thus, more studies must be carried out to improve the reliability of the results.

Abstract Background Public engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) is increasing worldwide. There are several forms of public engagement and it is not always possible to determine which stakeholders participate in the HTA process and how they contribute. Our objective was to investigate which types of social representatives contributed to the public consultation on the incorporation of Trastuzumab for early-stage breast cancer treatment within the public health system in Brazil, held in 2012 by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC). Methods A mixed methods approach was used to analyze social representativeness and the composition of the corpus from the public consultation, which consisted of 127 contributions. Three types of analysis were performed using IRaMuTeQ software: classic lexical analysis, descending hierarchical classification and specificities analysis. The contributions were clustered according to the main categories of discourse observed, into four social representation categories: 1) patient representation/advocacy; 2) pharmaceutical industry/advocacy; 3) healthcare professionals; and 4) individual contributions. Results Category 1 contained words related to increased survival due to use of the drug and a low score for words pertaining to studies on Trastuzumab. The word “safety” obtained a positive score only in category 2, which was also the only category that exhibited a negative score for the word “risk”. Category 3 displayed the lowest scores for “diagnosis” and “safety”. The word “efficacy” had a negative score only in category 4. Conclusions Each category exhibited different results for words related to health systems and to key concepts linked to HTA. Our analysis enabled the identification of the most prominent contributions for each category. Despite the promising results obtained, further research is needed to validate this software for use in analyzing public contributions.

Abstract Background Rapid response in health technology assessment is a synthesis of the best available evidence prepared in a timely manner to meet specific demands. We build a consensus among Brazilian specialists in health technology assessment to propose guidelines for the development of rapid response. Methods Based on a systematic review that proposed eight methodological steps to conduct rapid response, we applied a modified Delphi technique (without open questions in the first round) to reach consensus among Brazilian experts in health technology assessment. Twenty participants were invited to judge the feasibility of each methodological step in a five-point Likert scale. Consensus was reached if the step had 70% positive approval or interquartile range ≤ 1. Results The achievement of consensus was reached in the second round. Between the first and the second round, we scrutinized all points reported by the experts. The Delphi panel reached consensus of eight steps: definition of the structured question of rapid response (with a restricted scope); definition of the eligibility criteria for study types (preferably systematic reviews); search strategy (language and data limits) and sources of information (minimum two); selection of studies (independently by two responders); critical appraisal of the included studies and the risk of bias for the outcomes of interest; data extraction from the included articles; summary of evidence; and preparation of the report. Conclusions The guidelines for rapid response in health technology assessment may help governments to make better decisions in a short period of time (35 days). The adoption of methodological processes should improve both the quality and consistency of health technology assessments of rapid decisions in the Brazilian setting.

BackgroundImproving access and quality in health care is a pressing issue worldwide and pay for performance (P4P) strategies have emerged as an alternative to enhance structure, process and outcomes in health. In 2011, Brazil adopted its first P4P scheme at national level, the National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ). The contribution of PMAQ in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals related to maternal and childcare remains under investigated in Brazil.ObjectiveTo estimate the association of PMAQ with the provision of maternal and childcare in Brazil, controlling for socioeconomic, geographic and family health team characteristics.MethodWe used cross-sectional quantile regression (QR) models for two periods, corresponding to 33,368 Family Health Teams (FHTs) in the first cycle and 39,211 FHTs in the second cycle of PMAQ. FHTs were analysed using data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (SIAB and CNES) and the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE).ResultsThe average number of antenatal consultations per month were positively associated with PMAQ participating teams, with larger effect in the lower tail (10th and 25th quantiles) of the conditional distribution of the response variable. There was a positive association between PMAQ and the average number of consultations under 2 years old per month in the 10th and 25th quantiles, but a negative association in the upper tail (75th and 90th quantiles). For the average number of physician consultations for children under 1 year old per month, PMAQ participating teams were positively associated with the response variable in the lower tail, but different from the previous models, there is no clear evidence that the second cycle gives larger coefficients compared with first cycle.ConclusionPMAQ has contributed to increase the provision of care to pregnant women and children under 2 years at primary healthcare level. Teams with lower average number of antenatal or child consultations benefited the most by participating in PMAQ, which suggests that PMAQ might motivate worse performing health providers to catch up.

Regionalization is the integrated organization of a healthcare system, wherein regional structures are responsible for providing and administrating health services in a specific region. This method was adopted by several countries to improve the quality of provided care and to properly utilize available resources. Thus, a systematic review was conducted to verify effective interventions to improve health and management indicators within the health services regionalization. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016042314). We performed a systematic search in databases during February and March 2017 which was updated in October 2020. There was no language or date restriction. We included experimental and observational studies with interventions focused on regionalization-related actions, measures or policies aimed at decentralizing and organizing health offerings, rationalizing scarce capital and human resources, coordinating health services. A methodological assessment of the studies was performed using instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute and GRADE was also used to assess outcomes. Thirty-nine articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria and sixteen interventions were identified that indicated different degrees of recommendations for improving the management of health system regionalization. The results showed that regionalization was effective under administrative decentralization and for rationalization of resources. The most investigated intervention was the strategy of concentrating procedures in high-volume hospitals, which showed positive outcomes, especially with the reduction of hospitalization days and in-hospital mortality rates. When implementing regionalization, it must be noted that it involves changes in current standards of health practice and in the distribution of health resources, especially for specialized services.

Background: Patients over 65 years of age taking multiple medications face several risks, and pharmaceutical interventions can be useful to improve quality of care and reduce those risks. However, there is still no consensus on the effectiveness of these interventions aimed at promoting changes in clinical, epidemiological, economic, and humanistic outcomes for various service delivery, organizational, financial, and implementation-based interventions. The objective of this overview of systematic reviews was to summarize evidence on the effectiveness of community-level pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the risks associated with polypharmacy in the population over 65 years of age.Method: This overview used a previously described protocol to search for systematic review articles, with and without meta-analysis, and economic evaluations, without any language or time restrictions, including articles published up to May 2018. The following databases were searched: the Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Health Evidence, Health Systems Evidence, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar. The basic search terms used were “elderly,” “polypharmacy,” and “pharmaceutical interventions.” The findings for outcomes of interest were categorized using a taxonomy for health policies and systems. Equity-related questions were also investigated. The studies were evaluated for methodological quality and produced a narrative synthesis.Results: A total of 642 records were retrieved: 50 from Health Evidence, 197 from Epistemonikos, 194 from Cochrane, 116 from Health Systems Evidence, and 85 from the Virtual Health Library. Of these, 16 articles were selected: 1 overview of systematic reviews, 12 systematic reviews, and 3 economic evaluations. There is evidence of improvement in clinical, epidemiological, humanistic, and economic outcomes for various types of community-level pharmaceutical interventions, but differences in observed outcomes may be due to study designs, primary study sample sizes, risk of bias, difficulty in aggregating data, heterogeneity of indicators and quality of evidence included in the systematic reviews that were assessed. It is necessary to optimize the methodological designs of future primary and secondary studies.Conclusion: Community-level pharmaceutical interventions can improve various clinical, epidemiological, humanistic and economic outcomes and potentially reduce risks associated with polypharmacy in the elderly population.

BackgroundThe reassessment of technologies and services offered by healthcare systems is recent initiative and still without a widely adopted and evaluated method. To a better understanding of this process in Brazil, we have described the health technology reassessment (HTR) performed by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (Conitec) into Brazilian public health system (SUS).MethodsA documental, exploratory, descriptive, retrospective study with qualitative-quantitative approach regarding the HTR performed by Conitec from January 2012 to November 2017.ResultsAfter applying the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, we selected 47 technologies for this study. The vast majority of the demands (41 demands) came from the public sector, and only six from the private sector. Most of the requests referred to the exclusion of specific indication; followed by extension of use, withdraw of the technology from SUS, maintenance, and restriction of use. The dimensions of analysis found in the recommendation reports were scientific evidence on efficacy, effectiveness and safety, disease-related issues, issues related to the use of technology, costs, and social participation. However, these dimensions were not included in all analysis, and a standardized structure of the reports has not been observed. The most relevant decision factors considered for decision-making were efficacy, safety and use of the technology.ConclusionDuring a six-year period of Conitec actuation, we could find some reassessments of technologies that are available in SUS. We observed that these activities had enabled progress, however, they are still not yet structured, with gaps in the selection process, and the assessment since no methodology and criteria for proper conduct were established.

Resumo Um importante desafio para os sistemas de saúde é promover o uso sistemático do conhecimento em políticas públicas que busquem, ao mesmo tempo, melhorar a eficiência e as condições de saúde da população. O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar e discutir estratégias para estimular o uso de evidências científicas no processo de tomada de decisão em políticas de saúde. A busca de evidências científicas foi realizada nos repositórios da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Health Systems Evidence e PubMed. A ferramenta SUPPORT (Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials) foi usada na construção desse panorama. Sete revisões sistemáticas apontaram quatro principais estratégias para estimular o uso de evidências na tomada de decisão: 1) produzir e disseminar sínteses de evidência com linguagem adaptada a diferentes públicos; 2) estimular o uso do jornalismo e de outras formas de comunicação para ampliar a disseminação do conhecimento científico; 3) utilizar plataforma virtual on-line para disseminação do conhecimento científico; 4) promover a interação entre pesquisadores e tomadores de decisão. Estratégias para estimular o uso de evidências científicas na tomada de decisão em saúde podem ser desenvolvidas de maneira sinérgica, mas é necessário considerar o contexto local e as implicações das estratégias para o sistema de saúde como um todo.

Objetivo: analisar características e evitabilidade dos óbitos infantis do Piauí de 2006 a 2011. Métodos: A partir da vinculação dos dados oficiais sobre nascimentos e óbitos foram analisadas variáveis de escolaridade e raça/cor da mãe, peso ao nascer, número de consultas de pré-natal e evitabilidade do óbito infantil. Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 2.584 óbitos infantis, com 7,7% de lacunas de informação nas variáveis selecionadas. A mortalidade infantil no Piauí foi predominante entre mães pardas, com menor escolaridade, menos consultas de pré-natal e entre crianças com peso ao nascer inferior a 2.500 gramas. Verificou-se que 72,4% dos óbitos eram evitáveis, especialmente pela adequada atenção à gestante, ao parto e neonato. Conclusão: persistiu elevado percentual de mortes infantis preveníveis no Piauí. O monitoramento conjunto dos dados sobre mortalidade e nascimento é relevante para a avaliação e planejamento para reduzir a mortalidade infantil evitável.

As políticas de saúde no Brasil se operacionalizam através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o qual foi concebido com escopo universal dentro do movimento denominado Reforma Sanitária e tem sua idealização estreitamente ligada à proclamação da saúde como direito de cidadania garantido pela Constituição Federal de 19881. Os princípios informativos do SUS, sobre os quais toda a sua organização deve se fundamentar, são: a integralidade, universalidade e equidade no acesso à saúde.

Rapid review methodology aims to facilitate faster conduct of systematic reviews to meet the needs of the decision-maker, while also maintaining quality and credibility. This systematic review aimed to determine the impact of different methodological shortcuts for undertaking rapid reviews on the risk of bias (RoB) of the results of the review. Review stages for which reviews and primary studies were sought included the preparation of a protocol, question formulation, inclusion criteria, searching, selection, data extraction, RoB assessment, synthesis, and reporting. We searched 11 electronic databases in April 2022, and conducted some supplementary searching. Reviewers worked in pairs to screen, select, extract data, and assess the RoB of included reviews and studies. We included 15 systematic reviews, 7 scoping reviews, and 65 primary studies. We found that several commonly used shortcuts in rapid reviews are likely to increase the RoB in the results. These include restrictions based on publication date, use of a single electronic database as a source of studies, and use of a single reviewer for screening titles and abstracts, selecting studies based on the full-text, and for extracting data. Authors of rapid reviews should be transparent in reporting their use of these shortcuts and acknowledge the possibility of them causing bias in the results. This review also highlights shortcuts that can save time without increasing the risk of bias. Further research is needed for both systematic and rapid reviews on faster methods for accurate data extraction and RoB assessment, and on development of more precise search strategies.

Internações hospitalares por algumas condições de saúde podem ser reduzidas por uma atenção primária oportuna e com qualidade, especialmente na população infantil. Analisou-se a evolução das internações hospitalares de menores de 5 anos no Piauí, Brasil, de 2000 a 2010, segundo grupos de causas (CID-10) e das internações de 2010, com base na lista brasileira de Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária. O objetivo foi identificar mudanças no perfil de morbidade hospitalar e discutir sua relação com a expansão da ESF no estado. O Piauí apresentou a maior expansão proporcional da ESF, alcançando a cobertura estimada de 97,2%, em 2010. No período de 2000 a 2010, a frequência e as taxas de internações em menores de 5 anos foram reduzidas, porém, a proporção de hospitalizações nos principais grupos de causas se manteve ou aumentou, ao longo da década analisada. Em 2010, 60% das internações em menores de 5 anos foram por causas sensíveis à atenção primária, em especial gastrenterites infecciosas, infecções respiratórias e asma.Hospitalizations for some health conditions can be reduced by timely primary care with appropriate quality, especially in children. This study analyzed the trend in hospitalizations in children under five years of age in Piauí State, Brazil, from 2000 to 2010, according to groups of causes (ICD-10) and hospital admissions in 2010, based on the Brazilian List of Hospitalizations for Primary Care-Sensitive Conditions. The objectives were to identify changes in the hospital morbidity profile and to discuss their relationship to expansion of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the State. Piauí showed the highest proportional expansion of the FHS in Brazil, reaching an estimated coverage of 97.2% in 2010. From 2000 to 2010, there was a reduction in the hospitalization frequency and rates in children under five years, but the proportion of hospitalizations in the leading groups of causes persisted or increased during the decade. In 2010, 60% of hospitalizations in children under five years were for causes that are sensitive to primary care, especially infectious gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and asthma.

O estudo analisa a evitabilidade dos óbitos perinatais de Piripiri, Estado do Piauí, ocorridos em 2008 e sua importância para a composição da mortalidade infantil. Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos do Ministério da Saúde para a determinação dos coeficientes de mortalidade infantil, e analisadas as Declarações de Óbito e as fichas de investigação dos óbitos perinatais. Procedeu-se à classificação segundo os critérios de evitabilidade de Wigglesworth que tem como parâmetros o momento do óbito, o peso ao nascer e a causa básica. Concluiu-se que, apesar do baixo Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil observado, a mortalidade perinatal ainda representa um desafio à redução da mortalidade infantil no município, verificando-se que 61,9% dos óbitos perinatais analisados apresentaram-se como evitáveis, suscitando a necessidade de ações de melhoria na atenção pré-natal, manejo obstétrico e atendimento ao neonato.