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Abstract Climate action to achieve the Paris Agreement should respect the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we use an integrated assessment modelling framework comprising nine climate policy models and quantify the impacts of decarbonisation pathways on Sustainable Development Goals in the European Union at regional and national levels. We show that scenario-consistent assumptions of future socio-economic trends and current climate policies would improve energy- and carbon-related aspects of sustainability and reduce inequalities. Ambitious net-zero emissions pathways would further improve health and agricultural productivity. Furthermore, countries currently lagging in achieving sustainable development goals would see the greatest benefits from ambitious climate action. Negative socio-economic impacts from climate action on poverty, hunger, and economic growth will require specific corrective policies. While our analysis does not quantify the negative effects of less ambitious climate policy, it demonstrates where co-benefits and trade-offs of greenhouse gas mitigation and sustainable development agenda exist and can guide policy formulation.

In this paper, we present the application of a special soil resistivity model, the Exponentially Graded Multilayered Soil model, to the interpretation of Borehole Resistivity Logging surveys. The model, which was recently introduced by the authors, offers an alternative to the interpretation provided by constant resistivity layer models. The model is applied to synthetic soil surveys as well as to a real survey that is not satisfactorily interpreted using conventional models. This model aids in the design and calculation of grounding systems in electrical engineering, providing an alternative to calculations performed by traditional layered models.

ABSTRACTWhey is a source of protein of high nutritional value. In this work, the effects of block cryoconcentration assisted by centrifugation and vacuum evaporation on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of whey were determined. In vitro digestibility analysis was performed by evaluating the degrees of protein hydrolysis of the fresh, evaporated and cryoconcentrated whey protein samples from the third cycle. The results showed that the samples after the second and third cryoconcentration cycles had no significant differences in protein or lactose content. The in vitro digestibility analysis indicated that the protein obtained by cryoconcentration showed better gastrointestinal digestibility than that obtained by evaporation, with values of 68.2% and 55.4%, respectively. This study demonstrates that block cryoconcentration assisted by centrifugation is an efficient and novel technique that enables the preparation of concentrated protein solutions of high nutritional and biological value.

The measurement of the grounding resistance of grounding grids in large installations as well as grounding electrodes in urban areas is addressed in this article. The resistance value is obtained using a three-pin array by measuring the fall-of-potential on the ground surface. The resistance measured by this method is adjusted to its true value using a correction factor that aligns the measured resistance with the actual value. The proposed measurement method obtains correct values of the grounding resistance even when the auxiliary and potential electrodes of the tree-pin array are close to the electrode to be measured. Thus, it can be applied to large electrodes as well as electrodes in urban areas. Several simulated examples are used to illustrate the method, and some real cases with field measurements are presented for a final validation of the method.

Pregnancy is a complex and challenging process associated with physiological changes whose objective is to adapt the maternal organism to the increasing energetic requirements due to embryo and fetal development. A failed adaptation to these demands may lead to pregnancy complications that threaten the health of both mothers and their offspring. Since mitochondria are the main organelle responsible for energy generation in the form of ATP, the adequate state of these organelles seems crucial for proper pregnancy development and healthy pregnancy outcomes. The homeostasis of these organelles depends on several aspects, including their content, biogenesis, energy production, oxidative stress, dynamics, and signaling functions, such as apoptosis, which can be modified in relation to diseases during pregnancy. The etiology of pregnancy disorders like preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes mellitus is not yet well understood. Nevertheless, insufficient placental perfusion and oxygen transfer are characteristic of many of them, being associated with alterations in the previously cited different aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis. Therefore, and due to the capacity of these multifactorial organelles to respond to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli, it is of great importance to gather the currently available scientific information regarding the relationship between main pregnancy complications and mitochondrial alterations. According to this, the present review is intended to show clear insight into the possible implications of mitochondria in these disorders, thus providing relevant information for further investigation in relation to the investigation and management of pregnancy diseases.

Optical frequency combs are typically generated in the near-infrared wavelength range, where many mode-locked lasers operate. Nonlinear frequency conversion can then be used to extend optical frequency metrology to other spectral regions, such as the extreme ultraviolet (XUV). High-power frequency combs at the fundamental wavelength can efficiently drive nonlinear frequency conversions. Low phase noise is an important requirement because the frequency conversion process not only multiplies the carrier frequency but also the phase fluctuations. In this work, we have developed a low-noise frequency comb centered at 1030 nm with an average power of 230 W, a temporal pulse duration of 59 fs, and a peak power of 32 MW. One of the modes of the seed laser is phase-locked to a continuous wave reference laser stabilized to an ultra-stable high-finesse cavity. The residual integrated phase noise from 10 Hz to 10 MHz is 41 mrad, which is sufficiently low to address narrow transitions with kHz-level linewidths after the frequency conversion to XUV wavelengths.

A kinematic misalignment of the stellar and gas components is a phenomenon observed in a significant fraction of galaxies. However, the underlying physical mechanisms are not well understood. A commonly proposed scenario for the formation of a misaligned component requires any preexisting gas disk to be removed, via flybys or ejective feedback from an active galactic nucleus. In this Letter, we study the evolution of a Milky Way mass galaxy in the FIREbox cosmological volume that displays a thin, counterrotating gas disk with respect to its stellar component at low redshift. In contrast to scenarios involving gas ejection, we find that preexisting gas is mainly removed via the conversion into stars in a central starburst, triggered by a merging satellite galaxy. The newly accreted, counterrotating gas eventually settles into a kinematically misaligned disk. About 4% (8 out of 182) of FIREbox galaxies with stellar masses larger than 5 × 10 ^9 M _⊙ at z = 0 exhibit gas–star kinematic misalignment. In all cases, we identify central starburst-driven depletion as the main reason for the removal of the preexisting corotating gas component, with no need for feedback from, e.g., a central active black hole. However, during the starburst, the gas is funneled toward the central regions, likely enhancing black hole activity. By comparing the fraction of misaligned discs between FIREbox and other simulations and observations, we conclude that this channel might have a non-negligible role in inducing kinematic misalignment in galaxies.

Abstract Background Previous works have observed an increase of depression and other psychological disorders on nursing home residents as a consequence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown; however, there are few studies that have performed a comprehensive evaluation of all people involved in nursing homes environment. The objective of the work was to analyse the impact of lockdown on psychosocial factors of nursing home residents, relatives and clinical staff and how these variables have influenced residents’ survival. Methods A prospective study was designed. Evaluations were performed at three different times: a) at the beginning of Spanish confinement, in March 2020; b) just before the second wave of the pandemic, with relaxation of security measures but in lockdown, and c) in January–February 2021, at the end of the second wave, when visits were already allowed. The study was conducted on three different nursing homes. Three hundred and one residents, 119 clinical staff and 51 relatives took part in the study. Anxiety and depression were evaluated in all participants. A scale on the meaning of suffering was also performed. In addition, burnout status was also determined in the clinical staff. Results All participants showed lower depression during lockdown, while at the beginning and at the end of the confinement, these values were significantly increased. In residents, these changes were dependent of cognitive status (p = 0.012). Anxiety was significantly higher in residents. The evolution of anxiety was similar than with depression, with lower values during confinement, although clinical staff showed higher anxiety levels at the beginning. The feeling of suffering was significantly lower in the clinical staff than in resident and relative groups. Residents’ survival was dependent of cognitive status (p = 0.018) and voluntary confinement (p

Abstract Background Breastmilk is a dynamic fluid whose initial function is to provide the most adapted nutrition to the neonate. Additional attributes have been recently ascribed to breastmilk, with the evidence of a specific microbiota and the presence of various components of the immune system, such as cytokines and leukocytes. The composition of breastmilk varies through time, according to the health status of mother and child, and altogether contributes to the future health of the infant. Obesity is a rising condition worldwide that creates a state of systemic, chronic inflammation including leukocytosis. Here, we asked whether colostrum, the milk produced within the first 48 h post-partum, would contain a distinct leukocyte composition depending on the body mass index (BMI) of the mother. Methods We collected peripheral blood and colostrum paired samples from obese (BMI > 30) and lean (BMI < 25) mothers within 48 h post-partum and applied a panel of 6 antibodies plus a viability marker to characterize 10 major leukocyte subpopulations using flow cytometry. Results The size, internal complexity, and surface expression of CD45 and CD16 of multiple leukocyte subpopulations were selectively regulated between blood and colostrum irrespective of the study groups, suggesting a generalized cell-specific phenotype alteration. In obesity, the colostrum B lymphocyte compartment was significantly reduced, and CD16+ blood monocytes had an increased CD16 expression compared to the lean group. Conclusions This is the first characterization of major leukocyte subsets in colostrum of mothers suffering from obesity and the first report of colostrum leukocyte subpopulations in Latin America. We evidence various significant alterations of most leukocyte populations between blood and colostrum and demonstrate a decreased colostrum B lymphocyte fraction in obesity. This pioneering study is a stepping stone to further investigate active immunity in human breastmilk.

Liver as iron storage organ is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-induced injury from excess iron. Thus, antioxidant therapies are often used to reverse oxidative damage and protect cells and tissues. This study investigated the protective effects of phenolic acids; ferulic acid (FA) and its metabolite, ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate disodium salt (FAS) against oxidative stress under iron overload conditions in mouse and HepG2 cells. Cells were exposed to FA or FAS and then treated with iron-induced oxidative stress complex of 50 μmol/L FAC and 20 μmol/L of 8-hydroxyquinoline 8HQ (8HQ-FAC). Iron dextran was injected intraperitoneally on alternate days for 10 days to induce the iron overload condition in BALB/c mice. The study revealed that the phenolic acids were protective against ROS production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion in HepG2 cells and liver tissues of BALB/c mice during iron-induced oxidative stress. The protective function of phenolic acids was achieved by the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to regulate antioxidant genes. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that FA has the potential as a therapeutic agent against iron-related diseases such as T2D.

Feedback from supermassive black holes is believed to be a critical driver of the observed color bimodality of galaxies above the Milky Way mass scale. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback has been modeled in many galaxy formation simulations, but most implementations have involved simplified prescriptions or a coarse-grained interstellar medium (ISM). We present the first set of Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE)-3 cosmological zoom-in simulations with AGN feedback evolved to z ∼ 0, examining the impact of AGN feedback on a set of galaxies with halos in the mass range 10 ^12 –10 ^13 M _⊙ . These simulations combine detailed stellar and ISM physics with multichannel AGN feedback including radiative feedback, mechanical outflows, and, in some simulations, cosmic rays (CRs). We find that massive (> L *) galaxies in these simulations can match local scaling relations including the stellar mass–halo mass relation and the M _BH – σ relation; in the stronger model with CRs, they also match the size–mass relation and the Faber–Jackson relation. Many of the massive galaxies in the simulations with AGN feedback have quenched star formation and elliptical morphologies, in qualitative agreement with observations. In contrast, simulations at the massive end without AGN feedback produce galaxies that are too massive and form stars too rapidly, are order-of-magnitude too compact, and have velocity dispersions well above Faber–Jackson. Despite these successes, the AGN models analyzed do not produce uniformly realistic galaxies when the feedback parameters are held constant: While the stronger model produces the most realistic massive galaxies, it tends to overquench the lower-mass galaxies. This indicates that further refinements of the AGN modeling are needed.

We present an in-depth analysis of gas morphologies for a sample of 25 Milky Way–like galaxies from the IllustrisTNG TNG50 simulation. We constrain the morphology of cold, warm, hot gas, and gas particles as a whole using a local shell iterative method and explore its observational implications by computing the hard-to-soft X-ray ratio, which ranges between 10 ^−3 and 10 ^−2 in the inner ∼50 kpc of the distribution and 10 ^−5 –10 ^−4 at the outer portion of the hot gas distribution. We group galaxies into three main categories: simple, stretched, and twisted. These categories are based on the radial reorientation of the principal axes of the reduced inertia tensor. We find that a vast majority (77%) of the galaxies in our sample exhibit twisting patterns in their radial profiles. Additionally, we present detailed comparisons between (i) the gaseous distributions belonging to individual temperature regimes, (ii) the cold gas distributions and stellar distributions, and (iii) the gaseous distributions and dark matter (DM) halos. We find a strong correlation between the morphological properties of the cold gas and stellar distributions. Furthermore, we find a correlation between gaseous distributions with a DM halo that increases with gas temperature, implying that we may use the warm–hot gaseous morphology as a tracer to probe the DM morphology. Finally, we show gaseous distributions exhibit significantly more prolate morphologies than the stellar distributions and DM halos, which we hypothesize is due to stellar and active galactic nucleus feedback.

We present the case of a patient with chronic type B aortic dissection with a previous iliac to visceral debranching graft and thoracoabdominal endograft who, because of a type Ib endoleak and aortic diameter enlargement, required a complex solution involving placement of a thoracic endovascular graft inside a Dacron graft with a 180° curved shape in three-stage surgery. At 9 months of follow-up, he had no evidence of type I endoleaks, and the aortic diameter had decreased.

ABSTRACT: Formulating diets with high AME, especially in the grower and finisher phases, hinders the inclusion of alternative ingredients that are usually cheaper and have lower AME. Moreover, as the chicken grows the feed intake capacity is greater and may be able to maintain BW over a wide range of AME. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of chickens fed diets with progressive AME reductions, at constant or increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine:AME ratio (Lys:AME). Treatment 1 (control) was formulated following the SID lysine and AME recommendations for a 4-phase feeding program. Treatment 5 was formulated with −4, −8, and −12% AME in the grower-1, grower-2, and finisher phases, respectively, and with the same Lys:AME compared with the control. Treatment 9 had the same AME as treatment 5 but higher SID lysine, increasing the Lys:AME by 1.5, 3.5, and 5.0% compared with treatment 5. In the grower-1, grower-2, and finisher phases, the final 9 dietary treatments were prepared by mixing the control diet with either treatment 5 or 9 at different proportions (75:25, 50:50, or 25:75). All birds were fed the same starter control diet. Treatments were replicated in 10 pens with 31 male chickens each, and the growth performance of birds was monitored for 42 d. Final BW linearly decreased (P < 0.05) when lowering dietary AME, but it followed a positive quadratic response with higher Lys:AME (P < 0.05). Feed intake increased (P < 0.05) with low AME, independently of the Lys:AME; but the linear regression in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) had a lower slope when the Lys:AME increased. At the end of the study, there were no differences in carcass or breast meat yield (P > 0.10). Progressively reducing AME in the last feeding phases may be a viable nutritional strategy to increase the inclusion of alternative ingredients and potentially reduce feeding costs, despite increments in feed intake and FCR. Adjusting the Lys:AME in low AME diets may help maintain the final BW of birds.

Calculation expressions for the electric and magnetic fields produced by a horizontal cloud-to-cloud lightning channel, assuming a perfectly conducted ground, are proposed in this paper. These expressions depend on the current model traveling through the channel and serve as the starting point to calculate the induced fields and potentials at any point in space. The derived expressions for the fields are used to calculate the induced potentials by the channel on metallic structures such as vertically driven rods in the ground and aircraft in flight. The influence of soil with finite conductivity is discussed, and an estimation of the induced potentials in this situation is proposed.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of phenolic compound incorporation from blueberry juice into pear slices (PS) using a combination of ohmic heating (OH) and vacuum impregnation (VI), followed by air-drying (AD) or freeze-drying (FD). Our results showed that OH increased the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of blueberry juice, with the optimal OH condition set at 50 °C for 20 min under an electric field of 13 V·cm−1. Furthermore, the combination of VI and OH was efficient in enriching PS with bioactive compounds from blueberry juice (such as cyanidin and epigallocatechin), with the optimal VI/OH condition set at 50 °C for 90 min under an electric field of 7.8 V·cm−1. Moreover, anthocyanin pigments from blueberry juice affected the color parameters of PS by increasing the a* parameter and decreasing the b* and L* parameters. However, both FD and AD (at 40, 50, and 60 °C) negatively affected (p ≤ 0.05) the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Notably, AD at 60 °C showed the highest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential for both impregnated and non-impregnated PS.

Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) represents a promising platform for nucleic acid delivery of vaccine immunogens. Unlike plasmid DNA, saRNA does not require entry into the nucleus of target cells for expression, having the capacity to drive higher protein expression compared to mRNA as it replicates within the cytoplasm. In this study, we examined the potential of stabilized native-like HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers to elicit immune responses when delivered by saRNA polyplexes (PLXs), assembled with linear polyethylenimine. We showed that Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) saRNA induces a stronger humoral immune response to the encoded transgene compared to Semliki Forest virus saRNA. Moreover, we characterized the immunogenicity of the soluble and membrane-bound ConSOSL.UFO Env design in mice and showed a faster humoral kinetic and an immunoglobulin G (IgG)2a skew using a membrane-bound design. The immune response generated by PLX VEEV saRNA encoding the membrane-bound Env was then evaluated in larger animal models including macaques, in which low doses induced high IgG responses. Our data demonstrated that the VEEV saRNA PLX nanoparticle formulation represents a suitable platform for the delivery of stabilized HIV-1 Env and has the potential to be used in a variety of vaccine regimens.

Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

The benefits of physical exercise on health are diminished when it is non-planned, strenuous, or vigorous, which causes an increase in oxygen consumption and production of free radicals, particularly serious at the muscular level. Ubiquinol could help achieve an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a supplementation of ubiquinol during a short period could have a positive effect on muscle aggression, physical performance, and fatigue perception in non-elite athletes after high intensity circuit weight training. One hundred healthy and well-trained men, (firemen of the Fire Department of Granada) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and randomized study, and separated into two groups: the placebo group (PG, n = 50); and the ubiquinol group (UG, n = 50), supplemented with an oral dose. Before and after the intervention, data related to the number of repetitions, muscle strength, and perceived exertion, as well as blood samples were collected. An increase was observed in the UG regarding average load and repetitions, revealing an improvement in muscle performance. Ubiquinol supplementation also reduced muscle damage markers, showing a protective effect on muscle fibers. Therefore, this study provides evidence that ubiquinol supplementation improves muscle performance and prevents muscle damage after strenuous exercise in a population of well-trained individuals who are not elite athletes.

Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic appeared, both governments and the scientific community have focused their efforts on the search for prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives in order to reduce its effects. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved and administered, playing a key role in the overcoming of this situation. However, they have not reached the whole world population, and several doses will be needed in the future in order to successfully protect individuals. The disease is still here, so other strategies should be explored with the aim of supporting the immune system before and during the infection. An adequate diet is certainly associated with an optimal inflammatory and oxidative stress status, as poor levels of different nutrients could be related to altered immune responses and, consequently, an augmented susceptibility to infections and severe outcomes derived from them. Minerals exert a wide range of immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, which may be useful for fighting this illness. Although they cannot be considered as a definitive therapeutic solution, the available evidence to date, obtained from studies on similar respiratory diseases, might reflect the rationality of deeper investigations of the use of minerals during this pandemic.

Background: Obesity and being overweight have become one of the world’s most severe health issues, not only because of the pathology but also because of the development of related comorbidities. Even when children reach adulthood, the mother’s environment during pregnancy has been found to have a significant impact on obesity prevention in children. Thus, both maternal dietary habits and other factors such as gestational diabetes mellitus, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, smoking, or endocrine factors, among others, could influence newborn growth, adiposity, and body composition at birth, in childhood and adolescence, hence programming health in adulthood. Methods: The aim of this review is to analyze the most recent human studies on the programming of fetal adipose tissue to determine which modifiable factors may influence adiposity and thus prevent specific disorders later in life by means of a bibliographic review of articles related to the subject over the last ten years. Conclusions: The importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle not only during pregnancy and the first months of life but also throughout childhood, especially during the first two years of life as this is a period of great plasticity, where the foundations for optimal health in later life will be laid, preventing the emergence of noncommunicable diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, being overweight, and any other pathology linked to metabolic syndrome, which is so prevalent today, through health programs beginning at a young age.

ABSTRACT Purpose To review current literature regarding sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) focused on indications, barriers and latest technological developments. Material and Methods A PubMed database search was performed in April 2020, focusing on SNM and various neuro-urological conditions. Results SNM has been increasingly indicated for lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in neuro-urological patients. Most studies are cases series with several methodological limitations and limited follow-up, lacking standardized definition for SNM clinical success. Most series focused on neurogenic overactive bladder in spinal cord injured (incomplete lesions) and multiple sclerosis patients. Barriers for applying this therapy in neurogenic LUTD were mainly related to magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility, size of the implantable pulse generator (IPG), and battery depletion. Newer technological advances have been made to address these limitations and will be widely available in the near future. Conclusions SNM seems a promising therapy for neurogenic LUTD in carefully selected patients with incomplete lesions. Further studies are still needed to define which subgroups of neurological patients benefit the most from this minimally invasive technique.

En tanto una sociedad libre debe fundamentarse en intercambios voluntarios, veremos en qué consisten estos y los definiremos, desarrollando sus dos tipos: el directo, con sus limitaciones, y el indirecto, con los beneficios que conlleva. Los indirectos necesitan de un medio para su ejecución, el dinero, que definiremos, estudiando su origen y las características que han de cumplirse para que un medio de intercambio pueda ser efectivamente considerado como dinero. Señalaremos los tipos de dinero, y la importancia que tienen en la formación de los precios, y estudiaremos la determinación del poder adquisitivo del propio dinero. Se señalará por qué pensamos que las criptomonedas no pueden ser consideradas como dinero, y se terminará el artículo con las características que debería poseer el dinero en una sociedad libre.

We examine the effect of parental entreprenurial role model in nascent entrepreneur's activity by gender perspective. We distinguish between father and mother entreprenurial role models and investigate how their influence on students’ decision to become nascent entreprenuer activity is moderated by gender We employ a logit model on a sample of 15.424 university students from Colombia GUESSS 2018. The findings show not only that the presence of parental entreprenurial role model impact the decision to become nascent entrepreneur, but also the effect of this impact is moderated by gender. This effect is significant in the case of father entrepreneurial role model. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on entrepreneurial families and parental role models.

We employ the Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE-2) physics model to study how the properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) evolve during galaxy mergers. We conduct a pixel-by-pixel analysis of molecular gas properties in both the simulated control galaxies and galaxy major mergers. The simulated GMC pixels in the control galaxies follow a similar trend in a diagram of velocity dispersion ( σ _v ) versus gas surface density (Σ _mol ) to the one observed in local spiral galaxies in the Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS) survey. For GMC pixels in simulated mergers, we see a significant increase of a factor of 5–10 in both Σ _mol and σ _v , which puts these pixels above the trend of PHANGS galaxies in the σ _v versus Σ _mol diagram. This deviation may indicate that GMCs in the simulated mergers are much less gravitationally bound compared with simulated control galaxies with virial parameters ( α _vir ) reaching 10–100. Furthermore, we find that the increase in α _vir happens at the same time as the increase in global star formation rate, which suggests that stellar feedback is responsible for dispersing the gas. We also find that the gas depletion time is significantly lower for high- α _vir GMCs during a starburst event. This is in contrast to the simple physical picture that low- α _vir GMCs are easier to collapse and form stars on shorter depletion times. This might suggest that some other physical mechanisms besides self-gravity are helping the GMCs in starbursting mergers collapse and form stars.

We present the first detailed comparison of populations of dwarf galaxy stellar streams in cosmological simulations and the Milky Way. In particular, we compare streams identified around 13 Milky Way analogs in the FIRE-2 simulations to streams observed by the Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey ( S ^5 ). For an accurate comparison, we produce mock Dark Energy Survey (DES) observations of the FIRE streams and estimate the detectability of their tidal tails and progenitors. The number and stellar mass distributions of detectable stellar streams is consistent between observations and simulations. However, there are discrepancies in the distributions of pericenters and apocenters, with the detectable FIRE streams, on average, forming at larger pericenters (out to >110 kpc) and surviving only at larger apocenters (≳40 kpc) than those observed in the Milky Way. We find that the population of high-stellar-mass dwarf galaxy streams in the Milky Way is incomplete. Interestingly, a large fraction of the FIRE streams would only be detected as intact satellites in DES-like observations, since their tidal tails have too low surface brightness to be detectable. We thus predict a population of yet-undetected tidal tails around Milky Way satellites, as well as a population of fully undetected low-surface-brightness stellar streams, and estimate their detectability with the Rubin Observatory. Finally, we discuss the causes and implications of the discrepancies between the stream populations in FIRE and the Milky Way, and explore future avenues for tests of satellite disruption in cosmological simulations.

¿Cómo se mueven las fotografías familiares dentro del espacio doméstico? ¿Qué ocurre cuando esas imágenes pertenecen a las víctimas del franquismo? El artículo examina los usos intergeneracionales que sufren esas imágenes y que permiten analizar la transmisión de la memoria familiar en un contexto traumático. Esto se realiza a partir del estudio de un caso paradigmático: el de la familia de Emilio Silva, fundador de la Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica. Será precisamente una fotografía familiar escondida en la rendija de la pared la que impulse a Emilio a reconstruir la historia de su abuelo, algo que fortuitamente desencadenará con el inicio del movimiento memorialista en España.

Practicing exercise is one of the best strategies to promote well-being and quality of life, however physical activity in schoolchildren and adolescents is developed in an unpredictable, intermittent way and in short periods. There are relatively few intervention studies investigating the role of physical activity in schoolchildren endocrine function of adipose tissue and cognitive function. One hundred and three boys, divided into two groups: control (n = 51, did not perform additional physical activity) and exercise (n = 52, performed vigorous physical activity after the regular school classes). The exercise group, developed a 6 months physical activity protocol delivered by the physical education teacher during the second semester of the academic course (6 months). Body composition measurements, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, nutritional intake, hematological and biochemical parameters, endocrine function of the adipose tissue and biomarkers of brain molecular function were assessed at enrolment and after 6 months of intervention. No statistically significant differences between both groups were found for age, height and bone mass. Weight and BMI was lower in the exercise group compared to the control group, increasing lean mass and reducing fat mass. 58.68% of children in the exercise group showed high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet compared to 46.32% of the control group. The exercise group was more concerned about their diet consumed more fiber, vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, D, Niacin, Folic acid, Fe, Zn, Se and Cu. Triglycerides levels and HDL-cholesterol were higher in the exercise group at the end of the study. Leptin, MCP-1, lipocalin-2, adipsin and PAI-1 levels were lower in the exercise group at the end of the exercise protocol. In contrast, adiponectin and osteocrin markedly increased in the exercise group. Moreover, marked increases were recorded in healthy brain state biomarkers (NGF, BDNF, and irisin) in the exercise group, which could have a positive impact on academic performance. Taken together, all the findings reported are consistent with many benefits of the exercise protocol on adipose tissue and brain molecular function, demonstrating the usefulness of early interventions based on physical activity in children to reduce risk factors related to sedentary lifestyle.

The calculation of the grounding resistance of electrodes built with partially oxidized non-perfect conductors is addressed in this paper. A model based on circuit analysis to account for internal resistance is used, while the oxidation or partial coating of the conductor surface is modeled using the concept of the equivalent radius of the coated electrode. From the proposed model, the values of the electrical parameters of the grounding electrodes, such as the grounding resistance and the step and touch potentials, are calculated for real electrodes affected by coating or corrosion and compared with those values under ideal conditions. The results show significant differences in certain configurations that may compromise the safety margins established by current regulations.

Los elementos de protección personal (EPP) son el conjunto de equipamiento, componente de las precauciones estándares, destinados a proteger la piel y mucosas del operador evitando el contacto con agentes infecciosos. Los funcionarios de salud que tratan con pacientes COVID-19 se encuentran más expuestos a infectarse en comparación con el resto de los funcionarios de salud, razón por la cual deben utilizar de manera adecuada estos elementos de protección, para protegerse de una posible infección por COVID-19. El objetivo del estudio es determinar disponibilidad, manejo y uso EPP utilizados por los funcionarios del Servicio de Urgencia del Complejo Asistencial Barros Luco Trudeau. Este es un estudio transversal descriptivo realizado por medio de encuesta a los funcionarios de la Unidad de Emergencia HBLT a través de Google Forms®. Del total de funcionarios de la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, un total de 123 funcionarios realizaron la encuesta cumpliendo con los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales 78 fueron mujeres y 45 hombres, con edades dentro del rango desde los 20 años a mayores de 61 años. Se observó que 39,0% de los funcionarios fue notificado como COVID-19 positivo. Un 60,2% de los funcionarios tuvo una secuencia predeterminada para instalación de los EPP y un 68,3% para el retiro de los EPP. Los más utilizados fueron mascarillas quirúrgicas (95,9%), mascarilla KN 95 (88,6%) y guantes (90,2%). Este estudio contribuye a destacar la importancia en la correcta utilización de los EPP por parte de los funcionarios de la salud, para limitar los contagios y mejorar el cuidado de los equipos de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Además, se describir un patrón de sintomatología más frecuente en los profesionales sanitarios del servicio de urgencia.

Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo asociados a complicaciones mayores en pacientes con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa sometidos a nefrectomía. Método: Análisis retrospectivo de expedientes clínicos de pacientes con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa sometidos a nefrectomía. Se analizaron el sexo, el índice de masa corporal, el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, la clasificación del estado físico de la American Society of Anesthesiologists, la etapa de Malek, el conteo leucocitario y los valores de creatinina. Las complicaciones se estratificaron en menores y mayores según la clasificación de Clavien- Dindo. Se realizó análisis univariado y bivariado usando las pruebas exacta de Fisher y ji al cuadrado de Pearson, y se establecieron medidas de riesgo utilizando la odds ratio (OR). Resultados: Se analizaron 72 pacientes con una edad media de 50 años, el 83% mujeres, el 58.3% con urocultivo positivo y el 66% con litiasis renal. El 32% tuvieron alguna complicación mayor y el 15% requirieron admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Los valores elevados de creatinina (OR: 3.8; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1.1-13; p = 0.02) y la etapa Malek II-III (OR: 4.5; IC95%: 1.2-17.5; p = 0.02) se asociaron con complicaciones mayores. Conclusión: El estadio de Malek y los valores elevados de creatinina incrementan el riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones mayores en los pacientes con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa sometidos a nefrectomía.

El objetivo del presente estudio es hacer un análisis descriptivo de la carrera dual (compaginar estudios y deporte) en deportistas peruanos que compiten a nivel internacional. Mediante una encuesta que recogía información sobre datos personales, entorno académico y trayectoria deportiva se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: las principales dificultades para llevar a cabo una carrera dual (CD) son el factor tiempo y el económico. La mayoría de deportistas no recibieron ningún beneficio económico por parte de su centro de estudio, ni contaron con un tutor deportivo, así mismo, un gran número de deportistas perciben la carrera dual como un proceso difícil de llevar. En cuanto al entorno familiar, los deportistas consideran a la familia como el principal agente social más importante para el desarrollo de la CD. Finalmente, en lo referente a los datos obtenidos sobre las expectativas una vez culminados los estudios se sitúa mayoritariamente en poder trabajar en lo estudiado. Consideramos tener en cuenta los datos obtenidos para el desarrollo de programas con miras a llevar a cabo una carrera dual exitosa.

Este texto reflexiona sobre el uso de las fotografías familiares en los contextos de la violencia política en España vinculado a las víctimas del franquismo. Una etnografía sobre las ausencias que busca entender la relación que con los seres desaparecidos ha establecido la familia través del tiempo. Imágenes que incorporan en su materialidad las adherencias de lo secreto y lo querido, la vida insuflada por aquellos que quedaron y que convirtieron los lugares donde las exponían o guardaban en un condensador de memoria.

Los gráficos constituyen una ayuda visual que usan los artículos para resaltar los resultados de una investigación. Estos permiten ilustrar los resultados con el fin de hacerlos más claros. Los gráficos, al igual que las pruebas estadísticas, se seleccionan a partir del objetivo del estudio, de los tipos de variable y de los análisis estadísticos que se desee ilustrar. Algunos de los gráficos más usados en la práctica clínica son los histogramas de frecuencia que ilustran las variables cualitativas o frecuencias, los gráficos de error se usan para variables cuantitativas con distribución normal, el gráfico de cajas o gráfico de violín para variables cuantitativas de libre distribución y las curvas de supervivencia para las variables que incluyen la variable tiempo/persona. Estos mismos gráficos pueden ser usados para ilustrar las comparaciones entre maniobras y desenlace dependiendo del tipo de variable que se analice. Cuando se comparan dos grupos y la variable dependiente es dicotómica se usan gráficos de bosque. Para los modelos multivariados los gráficos dependen del tipo de análisis, en el caso de la regresión logística se utilizan gráficos de árbol y para la regresión lineal de dispersión y para los riesgos proporcionales de Cox, gráficos de supervivencia. Si bien los gráficos son de gran utilidad, mal utilizados pueden mostrar diferencias donde no las hay, provocando una errónea interpretación de los estudios. En este artículo complementaremos con ejemplos los temas abordados con anterioridad en los artículos de esta misma serie.

Fermented dairy products are obtained from fermentation of milk, through the action of suitable and harmless microorganisms. In addition to lactic acid bacteria, fermented dairy products have bioactive compounds as well as bacteria derived metabolites produced during fermentation. Fermented dairy products, due to their special characteristics, are an excellent matrix for the incorporation of ingredients and/or nutrients that give the final product properties beyond purely nutritional, making them true functional foods, interesting in a healthy diet. This review is focused on existing scientific evidence regarding the consumption of fermented dairy products and their health benefits, principally hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, bone, hypotensive effects and immunological benefits, such as effects on the host́s intestine and microbiome, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulation and anti-allergenic effects. This review has extensively assessed the fermented dairy products which could be used as possible nutraceutical agents in food and health industries.

COVID-19 has reached pandemic proportions worldwide, with considerable consequences for both health and the economy. In pregnant women, COVID-19 can alter the metabolic environment, iron metabolism, and oxygen supply of trophoblastic cells, and therefore have a negative influence on essential mechanisms of fetal development. The purpose of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy with regard to the oxidative/antioxidant status in mothers’ serum and placenta, together with placental iron metabolism. Results showed no differences in superoxide dismutase activity and placental antioxidant capacity. However, antioxidant capacity decreased in the serum of infected mothers. Catalase activity decreased in the COVID-19 group, while an increase in 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, hydroperoxides, 15-FT-isoprostanes, and carbonyl groups were recorded in this group. Placental vitamin D, E, and Coenzyme-Q10 also showed to be increased in the COVID-19 group. As for iron-related proteins, an up-regulation of placental DMT1, ferroportin-1, and ferritin expression was recorded in infected women. Due to the potential role of iron metabolism and oxidative stress in placental function and complications, further research is needed to explain the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 that may affect pregnancy, so as to assess the short-term and long-term outcomes in mothers’ and infants’ health.

In southeastern Venezuela, malaria cases have increased since 2013. We found that 46% of 352 blood samples from symptomatic patients in 1 municipality tested positive for Plasmodium spp. In addition, the number of cases increased by 10 times in 4 years (2014–2017) and by 3 times in 1 year (2016–2017).

Since the appearance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its announcement as a global pandemic, the search for prophylactic and therapeutic options have become a priority for governments and the scientific community. The approval of several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is being crucial to overcome this situation, although the victory will not be achieved while the whole population worldwide is not protected against the virus. This is why alternatives should be studied in order to successfully support the immune system before and during a possible infection. An optimal inflammatory and oxidative stress status depends on an adequate diet. Poor levels of several nutrients could be related to an impaired immune response and, therefore, an increased susceptibility to infection and serious outcomes. Vitamins exert a number of anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which can be of use to fight against this and several other diseases (especially vitamin D and C). Even though they cannot be considered as a definitive therapeutic option, in part owing to the lack of solid conclusions from well-designed clinical trials, currently available evidence from similar respiratory diseases may indicate that it would be rational to deeply explore the use of vitamins during this global pandemic.

Since 2020, the world has been immersed in a change in lifestyle (social, lifestyle, nutri-tion and physical activity patterns), due to the appearance of COVID-19 and the strict mobility measures which were implemented to prevent its spread. All these changes had a nutritional impact on people, modifying their dietary guidelines. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess whether dietary habits, lifestyle, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among the Spanish adult population (25–65 years old) during confinement was modified during the post-confinement period, using an e-survey through social networks, involving 510 subjects. A decrease in the intake of ultra-processed products, with a correlation between weekly food delivery orders at home and the consumption of salty snacks, sugary drinks, and processed pastries was also recorded. Most of the subjects performed physical exercise on a regular basis, maintaining the body weight in half of the participants. During the post-confinement period a substantial proportion of the population had healthy lifestyle and dietary habits, including the adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes; adequate time was spent preparing meals and the population did not regularly order food at home, which in the long term, reduced the risk of several diseases.

The present research aims to understand the challenges faced by a Colombian city in the context of multidimensional risk scenarios, given the existing demographic and socio-economic conditions and local perspectives and perceptions regarding socio-environmental risks. The research was undertaken in the city of Barranquilla, northern Colombia. A survey was designed to analyze (1) the general socio-economic and vulnerability conditions of a communities’ sample, (2) information related to hazards and disaster risk in their neighbourhoods, and (3) information on actions to mitigate risk. Three hundred and ninety-one people were surveyed. Likert scale and Pearson's Chi-square test and descriptive, inferential statistical methods, regression models, and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to process the results. Respondents lived, in general, under precarious socio-economic conditions (such as low income or lack of infrastructure and others). Given socio-environmental constraints, the research revealed that hazards such as urban stream flooding and robbery were the most negatively associated with the respondent’s quality of life. Regarding the actions to avoid losses, 84% of respondents had not implemented any preventive action. Respondents also have low awareness of the need to implement risk prevention actions. Social risks and the configuration of anthropic hazards stand out as principal centres for concern.

Periodontal disease encompasses gingivitis and periodontitis and is one of the most common chronic infections in the adult population. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Spanish propolis extract (EEP) on the effect of the clinical and microbiological parameters as an adjuvant to scaling and root planning in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Forty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups for the treatment. In the control group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by gingival irrigation with physiological saline and in the test group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by subgingival placement of EEP. At baseline (BL), bleeding on probing positive (BOP+) sites with probing pocket (PPD) ≥ 4 mm were defined as study sites. Plaque index, PPD, BOP, clinical attachment level (CAL), and subgingival plaque were evaluated at BL and 1 month later. The results showed a significant clinical improvement (p < 0.05) in the PPD, CAL and BOP+ comparing them with BL and one month after the periodontal treatment and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) for Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola in both groups. In addition, the improvement of clinical parameters was observed with subgingival use of EEP and also statistically significant differences between groups were observed (p < 0.05) such as reductions of BOP+ % and reduced counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, considered as the “key pathogens” for the periodontal diseases. Our results suggest prophylactic and therapeutic potential for EEP against periodontal diseases, improving clinical parameters, reducing gingival bleeding and decreasing bacterial counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis. The subgingival use of EEP represents a promising modality as an adjuvant in periodontal therapy to avoid microbial resistance and other adverse effects.

This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of a mouthwash containing propolis and the effect of a propolis paste formulation on dental healing after teeth extraction in patients with periodontal disease. In the mouthwash experience, the population comprised 40 patients, which were divided as follows: the control mouthwash, 0.2% chlorhexidine (v/v) mouthwash, 2% (w/v) propolis mouthwash, and propolis + chlorhexidine mouthwash. The study of the propolis paste comprised a population of 60 patients with periodontal disease, and a total of 120 symmetric tooth extractions were performed. Propolis showed antimicrobial activity by itself, and especially with the chlorhexidine association. Three days after surgery in the teeth treated with control paste, only 13.4% had completely healed; however, with propolis paste, in 90% of the periodontal sockets, healing was complete. In addition, a reduction in Streptococci mutans and Lactobacilli cfu was observed with propolis, and especially with the association of chlorhexidine + propolis. Propolis mouthwash reduced bacterial proliferation, especially in association with chlorhexidine. Propolis paste is a viable alternative for socket healing after dental extraction. The knowledge gained from these findings will provide a foundation for similar propolis therapies in order to improve the healing process after dental surgery.

The paper presents the results of a case study that aims to investigate whether the presence of both bridging and bonding social capital, acting together, can stimulate entrepreneurial innovation within the wine industry at a regional level. The study also investigates the manner in which both types of social capital interact to motivate such innovation. This is done through the analysis of the Catalan region of Priorat, and more specifically the entrepreneurial innovations that the regionâs wine sector experienced over a twenty year period at the turn of the current millennium. The results indicate that both forms of social capital do not act in isolation, but on the contrary are jointly responsible for stimulating innovation within the wine-producing network. Keywords: Social capital, Social networks, Regional innovation, Entrepreneurs, Catalonia

This paper describes the effect of the various plant growth regulators of the culture medium on morphogenic processes in vitro in Cinchona officinalis L, a highly vulnerable species from southern Ecuador. To do this, different concentrations of NaOCl were used in combination with different immersion times for seed disinfection; for seed germination in vitro GA3 was added to the MS basal culture medium in different concentrations, and for morphogenic processes in vitro, different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were combined. The decrease in the contamination rate was with high concentrations of NaOCl and an increase in the germination rate in 45 days with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 GA3 to the culture medium the hormonal combination of 0.5 mg L-1 NAA + 2.5 mg L-1 BAP showed a high rate of shoot proliferation and with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA a high number of roots was obtained. In the callogenesis phase, the best results were obtained with 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP for callus proliferation. In vitro propagation protocols were generated in Cinchona officinalis L, for the preservation and conservation of the species.

Cryoconcentration allows the production of a fruit juice concentrate with retention of the physicochemical properties found in the original fresh raw materials. The objective was to study the physicochemical properties of cryoconcentrated orange juice from a vacuum-assisted cryoconcentration process. The orange juice was frozen in a static freezer and transferred to a suction stage using a vacuum pump (80 kPa) at controlled temperature condition (20 °C). The suction process using the vacuum pump was performed until reaching approximately a concentration of solutes in the concentrate two times the fresh sample. The results show an evident advantage using the vacuum-assisted cryoconcentration technique as compared to evaporation. Thus, in vitamin C from an initial value of around 74 mg/100 ml, the cryoconcentrate and the evaporated sample reached 198 and 124 mg/100 ml, respectively. The vacuum-assisted cryoconcentration is an effective technique to obtain an orange fruit juice concentrated with an important retention of the original physicochemical properties of the fresh juice.