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Membrane-based processes efforts are focused on mitigating membrane fouling by optimizing operating conditions, especially when low quality surface waters are treated. The study conducted here was driven to evaluate the current measures applied to mitigate fouling in Ultrafiltration (UF) stages when integrated as a pre-treatment of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP). First, the effect of coagulants in fouling and water quality was evaluated by using synthetic and surface waters in bench-scale. Both aluminum and ironbased coagulants rejected the organic compounds when dosed above 1 mg·L-1. Also, micro-coagulation with FeCl3 previous to the UF impacted positively the membrane performance. Then, two modes of operation were proposed and tested in bench-scale to improve the cleaning strategies when filtering waters from different sources. The results highlighted the feasibility to apply a different cleaning protocol when groundwater was filtered as it would improve the water yield and production by elongating the filtration times. To conclude, an exploratory analysis reviewed the membrane performance and cleaning strategies in the Ultrafiltration stage at full-scale during 1 year of operation. The results showed high variations in Specific flux (Js) throughout the year and, also, suggested that chemical cleaning procedures were being applied in excess.

The most distinctive characteristic of the Mediterranean climate is its strong seasonality, dry summers and intense rainfall episodes concentrated in spring and autumn. This changeability is translated into a wide variability of the water resources in terms of quantity and quality. Barcelona, located in the northeast extreme of the Iberian Peninsula, shows all the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate. The Llobregat River, which is the main conventional water source for drinking water production in Barcelona region, presents a poor and variable quality as well as high flow variability. This study is focused on testing ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, based on a submerged outside-in configuration, as direct pre-treatment of such water at demonstration scale. A prototype with Zeeweed® 500D membranes was optimised for the different scenarios tested during 2 years of continuous operation. It was demonstrated to be able to stand the extreme feed quality limits, obtaining water yields in the range of 89–92% in all conditions used. The prototype worked better in terms of water production yield at high turbidity episodes (>70 NTU), probably due to a layer formation which prevented organic species and particles reaching the membrane. Permeate water was shown, in spite of feed water quality fluctuations, to be constant and appropriate in quality terms. Water quality results obtained are compared to the ones obtained in a conventional pre-treatment. The preliminary results of a technical comparison between direct UF and conventional pre-treatment are also detailed in the study.

This paper explores the role of film and medical-health practices and discourses in the building and legitimating strategies of Franco's fascist regime in Spain. The analysis of five medical-colonial documentary films produced during the 1940s explores the relationship between mass media communication practices and techno-scientific knowledge production, circulation and management processes. These films portray a non-problematic colonial space where social order is articulated through scientific-medical practices and discourses that match the regime's need to consolidate and legitimize itself while asserting the inclusion-exclusion dynamics involved in the definition of social prototypes through processes of medicalization. O artigo explora o papel de práticas e discursos em saúde e cinema na construção e legitimação das estratégias do regime fascista de Franco na Espanha. A análise de cinco documentários médicos coloniais produzidos na década de 1940 explora a relação entre as práticas de comunicação de massa e os processos de produção, circulação e administração do conhecimento técnico-científico. Tais filmes retratam um espaço colonial não problemático onde a ordem social é articulada por meio de práticas e discursos médico-científicos que atendem à necessidade de consolidar e legitimar o regime, validando a dinâmica de inclusão-exclusão envolvida na representação de protótipos sociais por meio de processos de medicalização.

Las secciones periodísticas de preguntas y respuestas reflejan y contribuyen a las sociedades en que se publican, y pueden desempeñar roles tan diferentes como constituirse en una herramienta para mantener la normatividad social o, por el contrario, en un instrumento para el cambio de las normas sociales. En un contexto de complejas relaciones entre expertos y no-expertos dentro del movimiento libertario en la España del primer tercio del siglo XX, la sección «Preguntas y respuestas» (1930-1937) de la revista anarquista Estudios (1928-1937) se revela como un ejemplo particularmente ilustrativo de gestión multidimensional de conocimiento a través de la redefinición efectiva de la participación de muy diferentes colectivos. En este trabajo, analizamos el intercambio entre el médico Roberto Remartínez (1895-1977), coordinador de la sección, y los lectores, e identificamos las características de la puesta en práctica del ideario libertario de autogestión a través de prácticas comunicativas en las que intervienen conjuntamente expertos y no-expertos., Proyectos HAR2009-13389-C03-01 y HAR2009-13389-C03-03 financiados por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

El tema que proponemos en este monográfico se enmarca en los desarrollos conceptuales y teóricos que han tenido lugar en las últimas décadas acerca de los procesos de inclusión y exclusión social, ampliando las fronteras y alcances interpretativos de las propuestas elaboradas a lo largo del siglo XX en torno a distintas formas de discriminación social. Estos acercamientos, dentro de una nueva visión del mundo globalizado que se caracterizaría por su tendencia a dividir las sociedades y las personas en «incluidos» y «excluidos», servirían para preguntarse por grupos socialmente desfavorecidos y los mecanismos por los cuales han sido situados en esa posición en la que son total o parcialmente excluidos de participar en la sociedad en la que viven., Proyectos HAR2009- 13389-C03-01 y HAR2009-13389-C03-03 financiados por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

El objeto del presente trabajo es analizar la dinámica que se estableció dentro del anarcosindicalismo español entre los trabajadores manuales y los profesionales médicos que comulgaban con la ideología anarquista. La incorporación de técnicos e intelectuales al movimiento obrero fue una característica generalizada en el mundo occidental pero mientras que las organizaciones socialistas dejaban en manos de los médicos la dirección de todas sus políticas sanitarias, los sindicatos anarquistas no aceptaron estos principios tecnocráticos pues no consideraban al intelectual como el más indicado para tomar decisiones que concernían a toda la colectividad. En este contexto, podemos observar como los profesionales de la medicina desarrollaron distintas estrategias para ser aceptados por los militantes anarcosindicalistas, los cuales, a su vez mostraban distintos niveles de aceptación según las distintas corrientes de pensamiento existentes en el sindicato., Proyectos HAR2009-13389-C03-01 y HAR2009-13389-C03-03 financiados por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

Las secciones periodísticas de preguntas y respuestas reflejan y contribuyen a las sociedades en que se publican, y pueden desempeñar roles tan diferentes como constituirse en una herramienta para mantener la normatividad social o, por el contrario, en un instrumento para el cambio de las normas sociales. En un contexto de complejas relaciones entre expertos y no-expertos dentro del movimiento libertario en la España del primer tercio del siglo XX, la sección "Preguntas y respuestas" (1930-1937) de la revista anarquista Estudios (1928-1937) se revela como un ejemplo particularmente ilustrativo de gestión multidimensional de conocimiento a través de la redefinición efectiva de la participación de muy diferentes colectivos. En este trabajo, analizamos el intercambio entre el médico Roberto Remartínez (1895-1977), coordinador de la sección, y los lectores, e identificamos las características de la puesta en práctica del ideario libertario de autogestión a través de prácticas comunicativas en las que intervienen conjuntamente expertos y no-expertos. Newspaper Q&A sections reflect and contribute to the social historical context in which they are published, and they may play roles as distinct as becoming a tool to sustain social arrangements or, conversely, being an instrument for social change. In a context of complex relations between experts and non-experts within the libertarian movement in Spain in the first third of the 20th century, the Q&A section ("Preguntas y respuestas", 1930-1937) of the anarchist magazine Estudios (1928-1937) constitutes a particularly illustrative example of the multidimensional management of knowledge through the effective redefinition of the participation of quite different groups. In this paper, we analyze the exchange between physician Roberto Remartínez (1895-1977), the section coordinator, and its readers, and identify features of the implementation of the libertarian principles of self-management through communication practices in which experts and non-experts jointly take part.

The first proposals for organizing against tuberculosis were formulated quite early in Spain, put forward by Antonio Espina y Capó (Madrid, 1889) and Luis Comenge y Ferrer (Barcelona, 1892). Both these initiatives'failed because they did not meet with appropriate support from Spanish physicians. The first effective campaign was waged by Francisco Moliner y Nicolas (1851-1915) in Valencia starting in 1899. In that year he opened the Sanatorio de Porta-Coeli for tuberculosis patients without means, the first of its kind in the country. He also successfully founded the National League against Tuberculosis and for Aid to Poor Tuberculosis victims. He campaigned for the government to establish public sanatoria throughout Spain, taking the Porta-Coeli sanatorium as a model. In Moliner's view, assistance furnished to poor tuberculosis patients in such centres would afford the advantages of isolating sources of infection and of preventing social unrest. Establishment of these centres would help achieve this latter goal by coveying a feeling of social justice to the working class. Moliner's efforts helped introduce the theory of a contagious agent into Spanish society and subsequently influenced the course of the official fight against tuberculosis that was undertaken in 1906., Las primeras propuesta de organización antituberculosa surgieron en España muy tempranamente, patrocinadas por Antonio Espina y Capó (Madrid,1889) y Luis Comenge y Ferrer (Barcelona, 1892). Ambas iniciativas fracasaron al no encontrar el eco apropiado entre los médicos españoles. La primera campaña efectiva fue llevada a cabo en Valencia por Francisco Moliner y Nicolás (1851-1915) a partir de 1899. En este año abrió el Sanatorio de Porta-Coeli para tuberculosos indigentes, primero de este tipo que se erigía en nuestro territorio. Además fundó con éxito la Liga Nacional contra la Tuberculosis y de socorro a los tísicos pobres. Su campaña aspiraba a que el Estado crease en toda España sanatorios populares que tendrían al de Porta-Coeli como modelo. Para Moliner, la asistencia al tuberculoso pobre en estos centros reportaría la ventaja de aislar los focos de infección además de mantener la paz social. Esta última, sería posible gracias a que la instauración de estos centros transmitiría al proletariado una sensación de justicia social. Sus movilizaciones contribuyeron a la divulgación de las teorías contagionistas entre la sociedad española e influyeron en el posterior desarrollo de la lucha antituberculosa oficial que se inició en 1906.

En este trabajo analizamos los articulos del medico argentino Juan Lazarte publicados en la revista Estudios en los anos 30 del siglo XX. Este hecho se produjo en el marco de una politica editorial que pretendia superar la exclusion a que eran sometidos los discursos de oposicion al orden social establecido. La practica discursiva analizada se desarrollo sobre una dialogica en torno a las propuestas neomaltusianas y eugenesicas y a las causas historicas de unas relaciones sociales generizadas que estructuraban una doble moral sexual. Lazarte uso diversas formas de intertextualidad y senalo la compatibilidad de planteamientos que se mostraban opuestos en apariencia, sin obviar las diferencias, evitando los debates en terminos dicotomicos. Esta praxis hizo posible un uso tactico de la retorica eugenesica en la propuesta neomaltusiana con la que se pretendia que la especie humana alcanzase un estado de buen vivir. Al no concebir la historia desde una ideologia del progreso, y empenarse en considerar los distintos aspectos de los problemas (biologicos, economicos y culturales), el discurso de Lazarte en Estudios contribuia a conformar un mundo que desafiaba los supuestos de un biopoder determinista, constituyendose en un poder desestabilizador del orden sexual y social.

The decrease of water quantity and quality in water scarcity areas is palliated by improving water treatments with membrane technologies. System performance and efficiency, and then cost, is mainly affected by membrane fouling, which is still not well understood and controlled appropriately. In this study, the influence of content and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on a membrane ultrafiltration (UF) stage from a full-scale UF stage in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) fed with surface water, groundwater (or blends of them) was investigated. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was used to characterize and assess DOM changes in water samples Water streams feeding the UF stage showed high variability in DOM content and composition. FEEM-PARAFAC analysis allowed the differentiation of seven different organic components. Additionally to the characterization and monitoring of DOM in the full-scale UF stage, a bench scale UF pilot was run to experimentally correlate the impact of water quality with membrane performance. The experiments included testing synthetic solutions of model foulants (synthetic humic acid and bovine serum albumin) and blends of complex waters. To quantify fouling, the total fouling index (TFI) and the hydraulically irreversible fouling index (HIFI) were calculated for each filtration run. According to the results obtained, the correlation plots between the PARAFAC components and the fouling indices pointed at microbial byproducts (C1) and humic-like components (C2, C4, C5) as the ones showing higher correlations.

Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) spectroscopy was used to evaluate its applicability as a tool to track dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that incorporates a conventional line (consisting in ozonation and GAC filtration) and a membrane-based line (consisting in ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and mineralization) working in parallel. Seven sampling points within the different process stages were characterized monthly during 2014. A global Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was used to pull out underlying organic fractions from the fluorescence spectra. Accordingly a five components model was selected to describe the system and the pros and cons of the model were discussed by analysis of the residuals. Among the five fluorescent components, those associated to humic-like matter (C1, C3 and C4) showed a similar season variability in the river water feeding the DWTP (which resembled that of UV254 and TOC), whereas the two components associated to protein-like matter (C2 and C5) exhibited a different behavior. The maximum fluorescence intensity values (Fmax) were used to quantify DOM removals across the plant. Compared to the conventional line, water from the UF/RO membrane-based line showed between 6 and 14 times lower fluorescence intensity signal for the humic-like components and between 1 and 3 for the protein-like components as compared to the conventional line. The differences in DOM composition due to seasonal variations and along the treatment trains point out the suitability of using fluorescence measurements over other parameters such as UV254 as a monitoring tool to help optimize operation conditions of each treatment stage and improve produced water quality in a DWTP.

El objeto del presente trabajo es analizar la dinámica que se estableció dentro del anarcosindicalismo español entre los trabajadores manuales y los profesionales médicos que comulgaban con la ideología anarquista. La incorporación de técnicos e intelectuales al movimiento obrero fue una característica generalizada en el mundo occidental pero mientras que las organizaciones socialistas dejaban en manos de los médicos la dirección de todas sus políticas sanitarias, los sindicatos anarquistas no aceptaron estos principios tecnocráticos pues no consideraban al intelectual como el más indicado para tomar decisiones que concernían a toda la colectividad. En este contexto, podemos observar como los profesionales de la medicina desarrollaron distintas estrategias para ser aceptados por los militantes anarcosindicalistas, los cuales, a su vez mostraban distintos niveles de aceptación según las distintas corrientes de pensamiento existentes en el sindicato. The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamics within Spanish anarcho-syndicalism between manual workers and medical professionals who shared the anarchist ideology. The incorporation of technicians into the labour movement was a common feature in the Western world; however, while socialist organizations left health policies in the hands of physicians, anarchist unions did not accept these technocratic principles, given that they did not consider intellectuals as the best suited to take decisions concerning the whole community. In this context, we can see how medical professionals developed diverse strategies to be accepted by anarcho-syndicalist militants, who in turn showed different levels of acceptance according to the distinct lines of thought within the union.