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1. Effects of spray drying on physicochemical properties of chitosan acid salts

Author

Tommi Virtanen, Sirkka Liisa Maunu, Mirna Fernández Cervera, Orestes Darío López, Antonio Nogueira, Nilia de la Paz, Timo Hatanpää, Jouko Yliruusi, Jorge Fundora, Jyrki Heinämäki, and Osmo Antikainen

Subjects
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical Science, macromolecular substances, physicochemical properties, Aquatic Science, chitin, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Acetic acid, Chitin, Amide, Drug Discovery, Organic chemistry, Animals, Carboxylate, Lactic Acid, spray drying, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Palinuridae, Particle Size, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Acetic Acid, Ecology, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Medicine, chitosan salt, equipment and supplies, carbohydrates (lipids), chemistry, Spray drying, Salts, Citric acid, Agronomy and Crop Science, lobster (Panulirus argus), Research Article
Abstract

The effects of spray-drying process and acidic solvent system on physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated. Chitosan used in spray dryings was obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (Panulirus argus) origin. The chitosan acid salts were prepared in a laboratory-scale spray drier, and organic acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid were used as solvents in the process. The physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated by means of solid-state CP-MAS (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and near-infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of spray-dried chitosan acid salts showed tendency toward higher sphericity when higher temperatures in a spray-drying process were applied. Analysis by XRPD indicated that all chitosan acid salts studied were amorphous solids. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectra revealed the evidence of the partial conversion of chitosan acetate to chitin and also conversion to acetyl amide form which appears to be dependent on the spray-drying process. The FTIR spectra suggested that the organic acids applied in spray drying may interact with chitosan at the position of amino groups to form chitosan salts. With all three chitosan acid salts, the FTIR bands at 1,597 and 1,615 cm(-1) were diminished suggesting that -NH groups are protonated. The FTIR spectra of all chitosan acid salts exhibited ammonium and carboxylate bands at 1,630 and 1,556 cm(-1), respectively. In conclusion, spray drying is a potential method of preparing acid salts from chitosan obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (P. argus) origin.

Published
2011
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2. ESTRATEGIA PARA EL PERFECCIONAMIENTO DE LA ACTIVIDAD CIENTÍFICA DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE MEDICINA.

Author

Fernández, Miriam Jorge, Olivares, Doris Yisell Rubio, Sánchez, Raquel González, Mirabal, Jorge Fundora, Laviña, Julio César Castellanos, Menéndez, Ormandy Cubelo, Miranda, Hilda Arrabal, Betancourt, Caridad Llanes, Castro, Gladys de la Torre, Jardines, Esperanza Quintana, and Milián, Juan René Llapur

Subjects
*EDUCATION methodology, *TEACHING methods, *MEDICAL students, *ACTIVITY programs in education, *RESEARCH methodology, *MEDICAL school curriculum, *EDUCATION
Abstract

The present paper shows the results of an on-going pedagogical research project at Calixto García Medical School. It aimed at designing and applying a pedagogical strategy in this school to improve the scientific skills of medical students and residents. The project was based on the need to improve the quality of students' papers presented at their Scientific Conferences. To test the students' scientific skills, a pilot study was done by means of reviewing some students' papers and giving questionnaires. These instruments revealed the students' strengths and weaknesses in doing research. The study took into consideration the importance of research skills since the undergraduate level, so that future doctors can write better dissertation reports for specialization, master's programmes or PhD theses. The results of the study indicated that there is a need to improve students' scientific activity and to perform pedagogical interventions for a better training of both students and tutors. Consequently, a supplementary course on research methodology and paper writing was designed and taught at Calixto García School. Benefits were obviously obtained since students and residents from this school won the first place in the Havana Higher Institute of Medical Sciences (ISCM-H) Scientific Conference in the years 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

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