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The spatial dynamics of marine populations are shaped by habitat availability, environmental variability and individual interactions, particularly when multiple species share limited habitat such as patchy offshore reefs. The yellowmouth barracuda Sphyraena viridensis and the almaco jack Seriola rivoliana are the 2 most abundant bentho-pelagic reef predators in the Azores archipelago (central North Atlantic). They aggregate at shallow offshore seamounts, and largely share diet preferences, but very little is known about how habitat and resources are shared by these predators intra- and inter-specifically. Here we use long-term (over 3 yr) passive acoustic telemetry to investigate the patterns of activity, space use and associative behaviour at an isolated, small shallow seamount. By quantifying fine-scale spatiotemporal overlaps and performing null model randomization tests, we found evidence of non-random associations, mostly between conspecifics of both species, as well as shifts in diel and seasonal patterns of space occupancy. Both species were detected more often during spring, and appear to be more active during daytime, suggesting the absence of fine-scale temporal habitat partitioning. Additionally, we found evidence of size-dependent spatial behaviour in almaco jack, with similarly sized individuals co-occurring more often and larger specimens being more infrequently detected. This study quantitatively assesses individual associations using solely presence-absence data collected through passive acoustic telemetry, showing the potential of this approach in a broader application to a significant number of past and ongoing studies, even if many were not originally designed to study this important aspect of fish ecology.

O estágio de natureza profissional foi realizado na Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Fiães, por representar um contexto de excelência para o desenvolvimento de competências na área da Enfermagem de Saúde Familiar. Paralelamente, serviu de contexto para a realização de um estudo de investigação alusivo à problemática dos registos dos enfermeiros de família (EF´S) associados à prevenção e tratamento de Úlceras Por Pressão (UPP), as quais se revestem de um impacto importante nos utentes, famílias e serviços de saúde. Concomitantemente, tem-se assistido a uma crescente evolução científica e tecnológica, com o aparecimento e aperfeiçoamento dos “Sistemas de Informação em Saúde” (SIS’s), relevando, desta forma, a importância dos registos de enfermagem para a continuidade e qualidade dos cuidados prestados, assim como para a produção de conhecimento científico e valorização profissional. O objetivo da realização do presente relatório foi descrever o percurso de aprendizagem, efetuando uma análise critico-reflexiva das competências desenvolvidas, assim como, no âmbito da investigação, analisar os registos informatizados de uma USF, relativos à prevenção e tratamento de UPP´s e o significado que lhes é atribuído pelos EF´s. Para tal, foi utilizada uma metodologia mista: na primeira parte do estudo, uma abordagem quantitativa, observacional, retrospetiva e descritiva; na segunda parte, adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, observacional, descritiva e analítica, com a realização de um Grupo Focal com os enfermeiros. A análise dos dados foi efetuada com recurso à estatística descritiva e a análise de conteúdo do Grupo Focal foi efetuada seguindo o Modelo de Bardin. Relativamente aos utentes dependentes, apresentavam uma média de cerca de 80 anos e de baixa escolaridade e, maioritariamente, um nível de dependência grave, multimorbilidades associadas e “alto risco” de desenvolvimento de UPP. A taxa de incidência de UPP´s obtida, para 2019, foi de 11,6%, com ponto de prevalência, a 31-12-2019, de 4,5%. Foram identificadas 36 UPP´s, com maior prevalência de categoria II e localizadas nas regiões sagrada, trocantérica e calcânea. De forma generalizada, verificou-se um défice de registos dos cuidados prestados e de documentação das UPP´s, destacando-se a avaliação do risco nutricional, os conhecimentos e capacidades dos prestadores de cuidados, a categorização das UPP´s, os tratamentos instituídos e a monitorização da dor. Apesar deste défice, os enfermeiros evidenciam conhecimentos alusivos à temática, enumerando a principal informação a registar, e demonstram compreender a importância dos registos de enfermagem e dos SIS´s, identificando, como justificação, inúmeros constrangimentos para a elaboração de registos, destacando-se uma desvalorização dos registos e falta de sensibilização, falta de formação e limitações na operacionalidade do SClínico e no acesso aos dados registados. Concomitantemente, este estudo revelou lacunas ao nível da prevenção de UPP´s, sendo a gestão organizacional, a falta de tempo e uma desvalorização da vertente preventiva, os principais obstáculos, aliado a uma crescente responsabilização do prestador de cuidados. Os objetivos do estágio, conjugados como desenvolvimento do trabalho de investigação, foram atingidos, com o consequente desenvolvimento das competências definidas. The internship of a professional nature was carried out at the Family Health Unit (USF) Fiães, as it represents a context of excellence for the development of skills in the area of Family Health Nursing. At the same time, it served as a context for conducting a research study alluding to the problem of family nurses (EF´s)' records (FE's) associated with the highlighting a devaluation of the registers and lack of awareness, lack of training and limitations in the operation of the SClinic and in the access to the registered data. Concomitantly, this study revealed gaps in the prevention of UPPs: organizational management, lack of time and a devaluation of the preventive aspect are assumed as the main obstacles, along with a growing responsibility of the caregiver. The objectives of the internship, combined with the development of the research work, were achieved, with the consequent development of the defined competences. prevention and treatment of Pressure Ulcers (UPP), which have an important impact on users, families and health services. Concomitantly, there has been a growing scientific and technological evolution, with the appearance and improvement of "Health Information Systems" (SIS's), thus highlighting the importance of nursing records for the continuity and quality of care provided, as well as to produce scientific knowledge and professional development. The purpose of this report was to describe the learning path, carrying out a critical-reflective analysis of the skills developed, as well as, within the scope of the investigation, to analyze the computerized records of a USF, related to the prevention and treatment of UPP's and their meaning assigned to them by the FE's. For this, a mixed methodology was used: in the first part of the study, quantitative, observational, retrospective and descriptive approach; in the second part, a qualitative, observational, descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, with the realization of a Focus Group with nurses. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Focus Group content analysis was performed following the Bardin Model. Regarding dependent users, they had an average of 80 years and low education and, mostly, a severe dependency level, associated multi-morbidities and “high risk” of developing UPP. The incidence rate of UPP's obtained, for 2019, was 11.6%, with a prevalence point, on 12- 31-2019, of 4.5%. Thirty-six UPP's were identified, with a higher prevalence of category II and located in the sacred, trochanteric and calcaneal regions. In general, there was a lack of records of regarding the provided care and documentation of the UPP's, highlighting the assessment of nutritional risk, the knowledge and skills of caregivers, the categorization of UPP's, the treatments instituted and pain monitorization. Despite this deficit, nurses show knowledge related to the subject, listing the main information to be recorded and show evidence that understand the importance of nursing records and SIS's, identifying, as justification, numerous constraints for the preparation of records, Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Familiar

Many large marine predators make excursions from surface waters to the deep ocean below 200 m. Moreover, the ability to access meso- and bathypelagic habitats has evolved independently across marine mammals, reptiles, birds, teleost fishes, and elasmobranchs. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a number of plausible functional hypotheses for deep-diving behavior. Developing ways to test among these hypotheses will, however, require new ways to quantify animal behavior and biophysical oceanographic processes at coherent spatiotemporal scales. Current knowledge gaps include quantifying ecological links between surface waters and mesopelagic habitats and the value of ecosystem services provided by biomass in the ocean twilight zone. Growing pressure for ocean twilight zone fisheries creates an urgent need to understand the importance of the deep pelagic ocean to large marine predators. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science, Volume 14 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

REPLYING TO H. Murua et al. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03396-4 (2021) Our previously published paper1 provided global fine-scale spatiotemporal estimates (1° × 1°; monthly) of overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) between satellite-tracked shark space use and automatic identification system (AIS) longline fishing effort. We did not assess shark mortality directly, but in addition to replying to the Comment by Murua et al.2, we confirm—using regression analysis of spatially matched data—that fishing-induced pelagic shark mortality (catch per unit effort (CPUE)) is greater where FEI is higher. We focused on assessing shark horizontal spatiotemporal overlap and exposure risk with fisheries because spatial overlap is a major driver of fishing capture susceptibility and previous shark ecological risk assessments (ERAs) assumed a homogenous shark density within species-range distributions3,4,5 or used coarse-scale modelled occurrence data, rather than more ecologically realistic risk estimates in heterogeneous habitats that were selected by sharks over time. Furthermore, our shark spatial exposure risk implicitly accounts for other susceptibility factors with equal or similar probabilities to those commonly used in shark ERAs3,5.

Broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a key species in commercial fisheries, but management efforts continue to be hindered by data gaps in their basic biology, including ongoing debate over stock boundaries and movement between management zones. We deployed 20 pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags on juvenile swordfish in the Azores and adults in the northwest Atlantic (NWA). We applied a recently developed geolocation approach that synthesizes tag data with a global observation-assimilating ocean model to improve geolocation accuracy. Resulting tracks from 16 individuals averaged 3751 km (range 345–7247 km) over 93 days (range 17–181 days). Juveniles tagged in the Azores made regional movements while adults tagged in the NWA moved between summer foraging grounds near the Grand Banks to winter habitats near the Antillean Arc. All individuals spent considerable time in the mesopelagic zone during the day, and this behaviour increased with fish size. We integrate results from our PSAT-based movements with conventional tag and catch-per-unit effort data, which indicates complex stock structure within the North Atlantic that largely supports current stock boundaries. Our work demonstrates the utility in synthesizing fishery-independent electronic tag data and fisheries datasets to improve our understanding of large pelagic fish ecology.

Deep-sea exploration relies on cutting-edge technology, which generally requires expensive instruments, highly specialized technicians and ship time. The increasing need to gather large-scale data on the distribution and conservation status of deep-sea benthic species and habitats could benefit from the availability of low-cost imaging tools to facilitate the access to the deep sea world-wide. Here we describe the Azor drift-cam, a cost-effective video platform designed to conduct rapid appraisals of deep-sea benthic habitats. Built with off-the-shelf components, the Azor drift-cam should be regarded as an effective, affordable, simple-to-assemble, easy-to-operate, resilient, operational and reliable tool to visually explore the deep sea to 1,000m depth. Its performance was assessed during the MapGES_2019 cruise, where 135 successful dives between 100 and 800m depth were carried out in 22 working days, providing over 100hr of images for almost 80km of seabed, mostly in areas that had never been explored before. The system does not aim to become a substitute for more sophisticated underwater video and photography platforms, such as ROVs, AUVs or manned submersibles. Rather, it aims to provide the means to perform quick assessments of deep-sea benthic habitats in a simple and affordable manner. This drift-cam system has the potential to make deep-sea exploration more accessible, playing an important role in the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy and measuring some of the Essential Ocean Variables for deep-sea monitoring and conservation strategies.

29 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables.-- This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credite, Climate-driven expansions of ocean hypoxic zones are predicted to concentrate pelagic fish in oxygenated surface layers, but how expanding hypoxia and fisheries will interact to affect threatened pelagic sharks remains unknown. Here, analysis of satellite-tracked blue sharks and environmental modelling in the eastern tropical Atlantic oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) shows shark maximum dive depths decreased due to combined effects of decreasing dissolved oxygen (DO) at depth, high sea surface temperatures, and increased surface-layer net primary production. Multiple factors associated with climate-driven deoxygenation contributed to blue shark vertical habitat compression, potentially increasing their vulnerability to surface fisheries. Greater intensity of longline fishing effort occurred above the OMZ compared to adjacent waters. Higher shark catches were associated with strong DO gradients, suggesting potential aggregation along suitable DO gradients contributed to habitat compression and higher fishing-induced mortality. Fisheries controls to counteract deoxygenation effects on shark catches will be needed as oceans continue warming, Funding was provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/R00997/X/1), European Research Council (ERC-AdG-2019 883583 OCEAN DEOXYFISH), NERC Oceans 2025 Strategic Programme (all to DWS), the Save Our Seas Foundation (DWS, NQ), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PTDC/BIA/28855/2017 and COMPETE POCI-01–0145-FEDER-028855 (NQ, DWS), and MARINFO–NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000031 (funded by Norte Portugal Regional Research article Ecology Operational Program [NORTE2020], under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund-RDF), and Xunta de Galicia Spain under the Isabel Barreto Program 2009–2012 (GM). FCT supported NQ (CEECIND/02857/2018), MV (PTDC/BIA-COM/28855/2017), GM (PTDC/MAR-BIO/4458/2012), FV (CEECIND/03469/2017), and JF (through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 to MARE). Direccao Regional de Cieˆ ncia e Tecnologia (DRCT) also supported JF (M3.1a/F/062/2016). DWS was supported by a Marine Biological Association Senior Research Fellowship

REPLYING TO A. V. Harry & J. M. Braccini Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03463-w (2021) Our global analysis1 estimated the overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) using the space use of satellite-tracked sharks and longline fishing effort monitored by the automatic identification system (AIS). In the accompanying Comment, Harry and Braccini2 draw attention to two localized shark–longline vessel overlap hotspots in Australian waters, stating that 47 fishing vessels were misclassified as longline and purse seine vessels in the Global Fishing Watch (GFW)3 2012–2016 AIS fishing effort data product that we used. This, they propose2, results in misidentifications that highlight fishing exposure hotspots that are subject to an unexpected level of sensitivity in the analysis and they suggest that misidentifications could broadly affect the calculations of fishing exposure and the central conclusions of our study1. We acknowledged in our previously published paper1 that gear reclassifications were likely to occur for a small percentage of the more than 70,000 vessels studied, however, here we demonstrate that even using much larger numbers of vessel reclassifications than those proposed by Harry and Braccini2, the central results and conclusions of our paper1 do not change.

Resumo Neste artigo argumentamos que a característica fundamental da revolução portuguesa de 1974/75 é a luta sociológica de classes sociais travada dentro das empresas e, sobretudo, nas grandes unidades industriais. Defendemos, no âmbito de uma revisão da literatura, dever essa disputa definir-se como controlo operário, distinguindo-o quer do seu contrário - o controlo da produção, ou seja, estatalnacional - quer de formas de cogestão ou autogestão, as quais aparecem frequentemente misturadas. Abstract In this article we argue that the fundamental feature of the 1974/75 Portuguese revolution is the sociological struggle of social classes within companies and, above all, in large industrial units. We argue, in the context of a literature review, that this dispute should be defined as workers’ control, distinguishing it from its opposite - production control, that is, state-national control - or from forms of co-management or self-management, which often appear mixed.

Marine reserves across different eco-regions and habitats have proven to benefit exploited fish populations within their borders. There is also mounting evidence, mostly from continental shelf regions, that such positive effects will depend on the species ecological traits (e.g. mobility) and on the characteristics of the reserves (e.g. design, age and enforcement). This study examines the effects of protection on commercial coastal fishes with different ecological traits from three marine reserves with distinct habitats (coastal vs. offshore reefs), protection regime (legal vs. voluntary, partial vs. total protection) and age (8, 15 and 26 years old) across the oceanic archipelago of the Azores, mid North Atlantic. Overall, positive effects of protection on fish abundance or individual size were limited to species of larger maximum size and lower mobility in reserves with higher compliance levels. This result agrees with many studies elsewhere showing that reserves of small size and/or insufficient compliance do not provide adequate protection to the entire fish community, limiting their contribution to manage fisheries and conserve biodiversity. That might very well be the case of Azorean marine reserves but a more conclusive result will require testing the effects of protection on larger, well enforced reserves, which still do not exist in the region. There was also a clear influence of depth in commercial fish distribution and a common preference for substrates of higher complexity across ecological traits. Combined, these results highlight the need to include complex reef structures, diverse coastal habitats and larger areas when designing multispecies marine reserves and stress that an appropriate management regime is crucial for the success of the reserve, in particular to promote compliance.

Synchronous reproduction has been reported in many tropical damselfishes, and it appears that temperature is the main driver of synchrony at these latitudes. However, reproductive synchrony and its relation to temperature is less well understood in temperate damselfish. The endemic Azores chromis (Chromis limbata) was chosen as a study species to address this topic. First, an ethogram of the reproductive behaviour and embryo development of the Azores chromis is provided. Then, are investigated (1) the reproductive dynamics at the colonial and inter-colonial levels, (2) how these are affected by temperature, and (3) the relation between reproductive dynamics and the social organization of temperate damselfish. In the Azores chromis, reproduction was cyclic with a high periodicity of 7.2 ± 0.63 days on average. Embryo development was synchronous within colonies towards the beginning and the end of incubation, but not at intermediate stages of development. Colonies that were closer were more synchronized than those located further apart, despite contrasting temperature and depth profiles. Embryo size differences were also greater between colonies that were further apart, and embryos tended to grow larger in warmer water. A literature review revealed that reproductive synchrony was common in colonial breeding damselfish species. Although these results suggest that within the breeding season, the timing and length of reproductive cycles cannot be explained by temperature alone, the observed changes in embryo size raise concern about the effects of changing oceanic conditions on this species.

Postsettlement spillover from marine protected areas (MPAs) can support adjacent fished populations and has been subject of many scientific studies. The larval subsidy effect, on the contrary, is more challenging to study and less demonstrated, although it, arguably, provides key benefits for fisheries. We modeled and predicted the spatial distribution of fish spawning biomass and fecundity across a temperate insular MPA network (Azores archipelago, Northeast Atlantic) and identified potential single- and multispecies reproductive habitats (RHs) in shallow reefs. Reproductive strategies or skewed sex ratios influenced spatial patterns of potential spawning biomass and fecundity. Predicted multispecies RHs covered 5%–20% of the studied reef habitat. Given their potentially high reproductive output, we argue that such sites should be considered in marine conservation planning to increase chances of achieving fisheries and conservation benefits. Spatial patterns of the reproductive output may function as surrogates for larval subsidy when limited or no larval connectivity information is available and also may assist in identifying potential larval sources and priority sites for conservation.

Effective ocean management and the conservation of highly migratory species depend on resolving the overlap between animal movements and distributions, and fishing effort. However, this information is lacking at a global scale. Here we show, using a big-data approach that combines satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and global fishing fleets, that 24% of the mean monthly space used by sharks falls under the footprint of pelagic longline fisheries. Space-use hotspots of commercially valuable sharks and of internationally protected species had the highest overlap with longlines (up to 76% and 64%, respectively), and were also associated with significant increases in fishing effort. We conclude that pelagic sharks have limited spatial refuge from current levels of fishing effort in marine areas beyond national jurisdictions (the high seas). Our results demonstrate an urgent need for conservation and management measures at high-seas hotspots of shark space use, and highlight the potential of simultaneous satellite surveillance of megafauna and fishers as a tool for near-real-time, dynamic management., Data analysis was funded in part by the Marine Biological Association (MBA) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/R00997X/1) (to D.W.S.) with additional research support from the Save Our Seas Foundation and the NERC Oceans 2025 Strategic Research Programme, in which D.W.S. was a principal investigator. D.W.S. was supported by an MBA Senior Research Fellowship, N.Q. by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) via the Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE), National Funds via Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PTDC/MAR/100345/2008 and COMPETE FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-010580 (to N.Q. and D.W.S.), and Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in project MarInfo (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000031). Additional support was provided by an FCT Investigator Fellowship IF/01611/2013 (N.Q.), FCT Doctoral Fellowship PD/BD/52603/2014 (M.V.), PTDC/MAR-BIO/4458/2012, Xunta de Galicia - Isabel Barreto Program 2009-2012 (G.M.), Australian Research Council (ARC) grant DE170100841 and operational funds from the Australian Institute for Marine Science (AIMS) (both to A.M.M.S.).

Squid are mobile, diverse, ecologically important marine organisms whose behavior and habitat use can have substantial impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. However, as a consequence in part of the inherent challenges of monitoring squid in their natural marine environment, fine-scale behavioral observations of these free-swimming, soft-bodied animals are rare. Bio-logging tags provide an emerging way to remotely study squid behavior in their natural environments. Here, we applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid, Loligo forbesii, in a controlled experimental environment to quantify their short-term (24 h) behavioral patterns. Tag accelerometer, magnetometer and pressure data were used to develop automated gait classification algorithms based on overall dynamic body acceleration, and a subset of the events were assessed and confirmed using concurrently collected video data. Finning, flapping and jetting gaits were observed, with the low-acceleration finning gaits detected most often. The animals routinely used a finning gait to ascend (climb) and then glide during descent with fins extended in the tank9s water column, a possible strategy to improve swimming efficiency for these negatively buoyant animals. Arms- and mantle-first directional swimming were observed in approximately equal proportions, and the squid were slightly but significantly more active at night. These tag-based observations are novel for squid and indicate a more efficient mode of movement than suggested by some previous observations. The combination of sensing, classification and estimation developed and applied here will enable the quantification of squid activity patterns in the wild to provide new biological information, such as in situ identification of behavioral states, temporal patterns, habitat requirements, energy expenditure and interactions of squid through space–time in the wild.

Squid are mobile, diverse, ecologically important marine organisms whose behavior and habitat use can have substantial impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. However, as a consequence in part of the inherent challenges of monitoring squid in their natural marine environment, fine-scale behavioral observations of these free-swimming, soft-bodied animals are rare. Bio-logging tags provide an emerging way to remotely study squid behavior in their natural environments. Here, we applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid

Concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb were determined in muscle, liver and gonads of two ecologically contrasting fishes, Helicolenus dactylopterus (benthic) and Pagellus bogaraveo (benthopelagic). Elevated concentrations of As, Se and Cd found in tissues of both species appear to mirror the contribution of volcanic activity to the natural inputs of elements to Azorean waters. Results showed different element accumulation between the two species. Whereas higher concentrations were found in the liver of P. bogaraveo, elevated values were observed in the muscle of H. dactylopterus. Differences in accumulation are most likely related to metabolic rates, diet specificities and habitat. Concentrations in gonads varied up to four orders of magnitude, being higher and more variable in P. bogaraveo than H. dactylopterus. Elevated values of Cd were detected in gonads of both species despite its non-essential role on metabolic functions, presumably related to elimination.

The common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is an epipelagic, mid-trophic level, highly migratory species distributed throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical oceans in waters greater than 20°C. Life-history variables, migratory behaviour, and genetic markers have been used to define major stocks in the central Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Here, we used the mitochondrial DNA gene NADH subunit 1 (688 bp) to test for differences between population groups. A total of 103 haplotypes were detected among 203 fish. Gene diversities in samples were large and similar among populations (mean h = 0.932; range 0.894–0.987), but nucleotide diversities varied widely among samples (range π = 0.004–0.034) and appear to reflect population histories. Principal component analysis revealed two large populations groups, and the analysis of molecular variation and pairwise values of ΦST resolved population structure within these groups. Populations in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean showed the largest amounts of divergence from one another (ΦCT = 0.331). Adult movement and biophysical barriers to larval dispersal may explain contemporary differences between stocks, but the divergent populations in the Mediterranean Sea are likely due to isolations by cold temperature barriers during Pleistocene glaciations. The geographically large stock groupings require international cooperation in the harvest management and conservation of local dolphinfish populations.

The paper describes the seventh edition of Rapid Environmental Picture Atlantic exercise (REP16-Atlantic) which took place in July 2016 along the coast of Sesimbra and Troia, Portugal. The intent was to demonstrate coordinated operations of unmanned underwater, surface, and air vehicles contributed by participants coming from different European institutions from both research and industry fields. The REP-Atlantic is a yearly demonstration exercise targeted at advancing the state of art in networked vehicle systems through large scale experimentation in real-life operational scenarios. The exercise allows for the collaboration between manned and unmanned assets with a focus on exploring technological levels of operational readiness on all layers of the autonomous systems' system breakdown structure.

The effectiveness of marine reserves for highly mobile reef fishes such as jacks and trevallies is normally assumed to be small, even though we generally lack the understanding of their long-term movement patterns. In this work, we combined the analysis of multi-year landings and underwater visual census with acoustic telemetry to investigate the long-term movement patterns (up to 4 years) of almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana, a large reef top predator, in one protected and one unprotected offshore shallow seamount in the Azores, central North Atlantic. Although the analysis of visual census and landing data suggests a pronounced seasonal pattern of occurrence, we found that tagged fish were almost continuously detected at the seamounts for up to four consecutive years. Some individuals showed a few long periods of undetection of 1–2 months in the Formigas reserve, mostly in the fall and winter. Mobility within this seamount increased during spring and summer, and geostrophic current speed was negatively correlated with detection probability. Overall, the acoustic telemetry results showed that adult almaco jacks were resident year-round, refuting the traditional view that these fish are essentially migratory and a seasonal occurrence in the Azores. Given the intrinsic vulnerability of resident fish to fishing, our results highlight the importance of protecting these sites in order to preserve these mature fish aggregations with high reproductive potential.

The yellowmouth barracuda Sphyraena viridensis, a highly mobile predator, is considered a migratory seasonal visitor to the Azores Islands by local fishers. This perception is challenged here through a combined analysis of multi-annual commercial landings, underwater visual census and telemetry data from acoustically tagged fish to investigate the long-term movement patterns and residency (up to 4 years) in a seamount marine reserve. Although the landing patterns suggested a strong seasonal variation in abundance, the visual census and the telemetry experiment results were consistent with year-round residency in the Azores. Barracudas occurred consistently in underwater census throughout the year, and most tagged fish were almost continuously detected at the seamounts for up to four consecutive years. Detection probability did, however, decrease over time and showed seasonal variability as tagged fish were less mobile with longer absences during summer and fall. Given the intrinsic vulnerability of fish aggregations to exploitation, our results highlight the need to protect shallow seamount habitats and preserve sexually mature fish aggregations and their reproductive potential, contributing to the sustainable management and conservation of these vulnerable ecosystems.

Seven coastal fish species are newly reported for the remote north Atlantic archipelago of the Azores: Mediterranean sand eel Gymnammodytes cicerelus, bar jack Caranx ruber, two-banded seabream Diplodus vulgaris, bastard grunt Pomadasys incisus, unicorn leatherjacket filefish Aluterus scriptus and longspined porcupinefish Diodon holacanthus. The occurrence is also confirmed for 19 species that had been hitherto cited occasionally for the region, totalling a list of two elasmobranchs and 23 teleosts. Diplodus vulgaris, which appears to have recently colonized the islands, as well as roughtail stingray Dasyatis centroura and golden grey mullet Liza aurata, re-cited based on new records, are frequent or common coastal species in the Azores. The remaining 22 species, exceptional or rare in the region, are of tropical or subtropical affinity and find their northernmost distribution limit within the central and north-east Atlantic Ocean precisely in the Azores. This biogeographical pattern contrasts with that of the Azorean coastal fish community and suggests a tropicalization process in the region in line with previous findings of similar patterns across the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. These novel data from the most isolated archipelago of the North Atlantic Ocean, located in a biogeographic boundary area where colonization opportunities are reduced, reinforce the need for long-term monitoring programmes of coastal fish communities and, in particular, of indicator species groups to improve understanding of the effects of climate change on marine communities.

Summary Background Changes that occur to red blood cells (RBCs) during routine blood bank storage include decreased deformability, increased haemolysis and oxidative damage. Oxidative injury to the RBC membrane and haemoglobin can affect changes in shape and deformability. Ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant that maintains haemoglobin in a reduced state and minimises RBC oxidative injury. We hypothesised that AA would improve membrane fragility and decrease haemolysis during storage. Methods Whole blood derived, AS-5 preserved, pre-storage leucoreduced RBC units were exposed to either AA or saline control solutions. Several rheological and biochemical parameters were measured serially during storage, including RBC membrane mechanical fragility, percent haemolysis and methaemoglobin levels. Results AA exposure significantly reduced mechanical fragility and haemolysis over the entire storage period. The highest two concentrations of AA affected the greatest reductions in mechanical fragility and percent haemolysis. Addition of AA to the RBCs did not significantly alter their biochemical parameters compared to control RBCs incubated with saline. Conclusion AA reduced RBC membrane fragility and decreased haemolysis during storage without adversely affecting other RBC biochemical parameters. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be determined.

article i nfo The application of the "ecosystem approach" to fisheries management demands knowledge of the patterns of habitat use of target species but in the case of seamounts, this information is still very limited or, for most species, simply unavailable. Novel approaches, such as the use of acoustic biotelemetry in deep sea envi- ronments can potentially elucidate the spatial behaviour of seamount associated fishes. We tested the use of passive acoustic telemetry to study the residency of sub-adult and adult blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) at the Condor seamount, Azores, mid-north Atlantic. Twenty-eight fish tagged with acoustic transmitters were monitored by two receivers moored at the summit of the seamount (ca. 200 m depth) over two and a half years. Twenty-two of these fish were detected by the receivers but only twelve fish (43%) were detected beyond the two initial days after release. This sub-group of fish was detected at the seamount summit for an average 25% of the days monitored and up to 829 days, with a predicted 50% chance of detection at the seamount 278 days after release. While at the summit, fish were typically site attached to one side of the seamount summit, particularly at night. Our data indicate that 1) there is high individual variability in the residency at the seamount, ranging from short interspersed visits to year-long residency and 2) the fine-scale movements of blackspot seabream at the Condor seamount could well be characterised by horizontal displacements smaller than previously thought and by frequent diel vertical migrations. This work demonstrates the great potential of acoustic telemetry as a tool to study the habitat use of seamount fishes and to provide information relevant for the spatial management and conservation of these species and habitats. Concurrently, it also highlights the problems and methodological challenges with post-release mortality, particularly in larger individuals, and appropriate receiver coverage, that need to be addressed in future studies.

UID/HIS/04209/2013 Os trabalhadores da indústria naval na empresa Setenave servem como um excelente exemplo da história das relações sociais e da classe trabalhadora ao longo do século XX português. Um dos últimos grandes projectos industriais no crepúsculo do Estado Novo será nacionalizado pelo V Governo Provisório enquanto os trabalhadores ensaiavam formas de controlo operário. A institucionalização das relações de produção na nova formulação democrático liberal conduzirá a um renovado fôlego de lutas, defensivas, cuja derrota se saldará com a assinatura de pioneiros “Pactos Sociais”, os quais, na nossa hipótese de trabalho, independentemente do seu invólucro jurídico, significam historicamente, a inversão estrutural do arranjo de força das classes sociais no período pós-revolucionário. authorsversion published

We present a classification framework to detect underwater terrain deformations commonly caused by marine species in real time during AUV surveys. The method uses two classifiers in a hierarchical manner to overcome the fact that there are no substantial datasets in the literature about underwater terrain and the creation of one would involve a great consumption of human and technological resources. The first classifier based on Haar cascades, scans the image from an AUV stereo camera and detects all possible candidates of interest. Then, a Multi-Descriptor Random Forest is used to classify these candidates according to which species is more likely to have caused the associated terrain deformation. This classifier is able to integrate multiple descriptors to ensure the robustness of the system despite the vast amount of image distortions that happen underwater. The performance of the method is shown during a multiple AUV survey mission, where the Camera Vehicles follow the underwater ground up close. A comparison of the framework's output with the one from marine biologists exemplifies the accuracy of the system and its usefulness while supporting activities such as marine population monitoring to preserve nursery areas.

Protection inside marine reserves and the desired ‘reserve effect’ depend directly on the home rangeand sedentary behaviour of fishes throughout their lives. Benthic territorial predators are typically seenas major candidates to beneficiaries, but empirical evidence of short-versus long term residency is stillsurprisingly rare. We studied the inter-annual patterns of site fidelity and finer scale movements in twoof the most abundant benthic predators of the NE Atlantic coastal reefs, the dusky grouper (Epinephelusmarginatus) and the blacktail comber (Serranus atricauda), using passive acoustic telemetry inside andaround a small marine reserve in the Azores islands, central North Atlantic. Individuals of both speciesresided in the reserve year-round, occupying stable core activity areas within relatively small homeranges. Groupers were detected nearly every day (n = 11, median = 5.0 years) while combers were stilldetected in 2/3 of the days (n = 9, median = 2.0 years). Some dusky groupers underwent daily short-rangeforays during the summer, most probably related to spawning events, whereas combers appeared toforay for longer periods with no direct relation with reproductive activity. The two species also contrastin their diel pattern, strictly diurnal in the comber but crepuscular in the grouper. This study evidencesthat even small reserves within the size range of most coastal reserves can accommodate the multiple-scale patterns of space use of exploited benthic territorial species, and promote the recovery of theirlocal exploited populations in the long-term via the ‘reserve effect’ and, potentially, via the ‘larval export’effect. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background The Azores archipelago lies at the limit of whale shark (WS) distribution in the North Atlantic, where sporadic sightings of “pintado” (local name) date back to the early tuna fishing operation from the mid XX century. From 1998 and 2008, only nine adult whale shark sightings had been confirmed by the Azores Fisheries Observer Program. However, from 2008 onwards there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of reported adult individuals around the most southern island of Santa Maria. A recent study found that this increase in sighting frequency was related to an increase in local SST (above 22.5°C), and decrease in chlorophyll-a, with local variation around the large seamounts in the area. While whale sharks and tuna have long been known to associate, the nature and motivation of these associations remains unclear. Moreover the WS-tuna associations in the region remain to be characterized as well as the potential impact of fishing these associations. Approach In this study, we analysed a 13-year observer dataset (1998–2011) from the pole-and-line tuna fisheries from the Azores EEZ to investigate the regional behaviour (distribution in catch abundance and composition) of three tuna species, skipjack, bigeye and albacore during this period. We also examined how these patterns have responded to the environmental drivers, the distribution and abundance of whale sharks and compared whale shark associated fishing events and events targeting free swimming schools. We also detailed an elaborate protocol to guide future research to investigate the impact of fishing the WS-tuna associations and test the “functional bycatch” theory by combining state of the art electronic tracking and behaviour technology with physiological proxies of stress and condition of both whale shark and tuna. Results Changes in the distribution the tuna species were evident with the centre of gravity found closest to the whale shark aggregations in the latter years (2008 in particular) and was independent of fishing effort. Between 2008 and 2011 for the areas where whale sharks have been found we find the associated whale shark fishing events have significantly more individuals of skipjack and bigeye tuna and the area surrounding the eastern islands (Santa Maria etc.) also yielded the highest catches per fishing event. The albacore did not show any significant variation in CPUE for either predictor. Overall, catch rates of tuna were higher and multi-species aggregations were more likely when associated with whale sharks. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that the presence of WS during the tuna fishing season may have an effect on fishing yields and tuna species composition of catches. It is also apparent that the fishing fleet behaviour could be responding to WS distribution and abundance. Our results support the need to investigate the potential detrimental effects that fishing WS-tuna associations may have on both the WS and tuna.

The protection of exploited species offered by marine reserves is maximised if individual fish live within the boundaries of the reserve for most of their lives. The direct benefit of this protection, the so called ‘reserve effect’, is the build-up of biomass through an increase in individual numbers and size. This effect can take several years depending on the life history traits of the target species. However, empirical studies on individual fish spatial behaviour at temporal scales long enough to be compatible with that of invoking the reserve effect are still virtually lacking. We studied the inter-annual patterns of habitat use of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), an endangered reef fish predator, using passive acoustic telemetry inside and around a small marine reserve in the Azores, mid-north Atlantic. All 11 individuals resided in the reserve year-round for up to 5 years. During these periods, fish were detected nearly every day and utilised stable core activity areas. Two smaller fish apparently abandoned the area after some time, probably relocating outside the reserve. Our results indicate that even small marine reserves can promote the long-term recovery of some endangered species if the long-term behaviour (i.e. site fidelity) of individuals is appropriate. This result bears direct implications for most existing coastal marine reserves, given that they fall into the small size range and many overexploited reef fish species may be highly site attached.

Understanding the causes of variation in recruitment of marine fishes has been a central goal for marine ecologists, fishery scientists and resource managers over the last century. Although the idea that recruitment variability is linked to the pelagic environmental conditions that enhance larval growth, survival, and/or delivery is consensual, such relationship is poorly known for most species. In this study we analyzed patterns of recruitment and early life history of a temperate reef fish, Coris julis from the Azores archipelago to test the relationships between early life history and recruitment success over two consecutive years. Growth from hatch to larval age 30 d was the best predictor of recruitment, implying that fast growing larger-at-age larvae have a survival advantage and contribute more to high recruitment, supporting the “bigger-is-better” hypothesis. The “stage-duration” hypothesis and the predictions regarding the relationships between size at age (SAA), size at settlement (SAS) and recruit abundance were also partially supported. The results presented in this study highlight the importance of understanding the early life traits that determine recruitment and larval-survivorship patterns, especially early larval growth, as this may provide a basis for prediction of recruitment and thus management of resources.

Recruitment of the temperate reef fish Coris julis was studied across the Azores Archipelago (central North Atlantic), over four consecutive recruitment seasons and at three spatial scales: between islands (separated by 100s of km), sites within islands (separated by 10s of km) and transects within sites (separated by 10s of m). At the largest scale (i.e. between islands) spatial recruitment patterns were highly variable, suggesting the influence of stochastic processes. Recruitment was spatially consistent within islands, even though magnitude was unpredictable between years, indicating that processes at meso-scales are probably more deterministic. Recruits settled randomly at the transect scale, probably reflecting habitat homogeneity. It was proposed that large and island-scale patterns reflect larval availability, driven by physical and biological processes occurring in the plankton. No evidence was found for a density-dependent relationship between newly settled and 2 week settled C. julis nor between cumulative recruitment and young-of-the-year. It appears that adult density is limited by larval supply (pre-settlement regulation) at low recruitment sites, and determined by post-settlement, density-dependent processes at high recruitment sites. This work is one of few to investigate multiple spatial and temporal scales of recruitment for a coastal fish species inhabiting isolated, temperate oceanic islands and hence, provides a novel comparison to the many studies of recruitment on coral reefs and other, more connected systems.

To estimate connectivity between populations, we used trace-element composition in otoliths of the temperate wrasse Coris julis as a proxy for the environmental conditions experienced from hatch to settlement. Recruits collected at different sites in the Azores archipelago (northeastern Atlantic) differed significantly in their natal chemical signatures, and were sufficiently diverse to be separated into in 4 distinct natal types. Types 1 and 4 were both low in Mg and Ba, although Mg was dominant in Type 1, and Type 4 was more Ba enriched. Type 2 had high Ba and intermediate Mg con- centrations, while Type 3 showed the highest Mg and intermediate Ba concentrations. We identified at least 2 natal types present in recruits at each site, which suggests multiple larval sources per site. Recruits from 3 sites did not differ greatly in their natal type composition, suggesting a common set of sources, but also limiting our ability to describe meaningful connectivity and dispersal scenarios. In contrast, we found that the prevalent Natal Type 4 was absent at 1 site, suggesting that the source characterized by Natal Type 4 does not contribute to the replenishment of C. julis populations at the site. The most striking difference was observed at the smallest scale (10s of kilometers), where we found distinct natal type compositions between north and south shores on the same island, suggest- ing that these 2 sites have consistent differences in the contribution of specific natal sources. Further, the south shore site had recruits with elevated Mg:Ca concentrations from the otolith core to edge, which suggests that these larvae developed in inshore areas and experienced local retention.