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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) after coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination has been reported. There are no data about thrombosis risk in prior CVST patients. The objective of the study was to describe short-term serious adverse events to COVID-19 vaccines in patients with history of CVST.We present an observational prospective study of patients with known CVST who received COVID-19 vaccination. Serious event rates within 30 days after second dose vaccination (except one dose for Janssen) were evaluated, including recurrences, hospital admission and death.The 62 vaccinated patients received: BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) in 43 patients (69.4%), mRNA-1273 (Moderna) in 7 patients (11.3%), AZD1222 (ChAdOx1) in 7 patients (11.3%) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) in 5 patients (8.1%). There were no thrombotic recurrences within 30 days of vaccination (95% confidence interval, 0.0-5.8). There was one death (1.6%), not attributable to the vaccine.COVID-19 vaccines are safe for previous CVST patients.

The analysis of the algorithms dedicated to the identification of sequential patterns described in the literature, shows that not all are suitable for the type of scenarios with which video surveillance often deals, in particular for the recognition of behavior patterns suspects to classify human behavior as normal or suspicious, it is necessary to analyze all the monitored actions. This is the reason why in this study the main proposal is a modification of the Generalized Sequential Patterns, which we call Generalized Sequential Patterns+memory, which mainly incorporates a module that manages the number of repetitions and combinations of actions (and not only of the sequence) that make up patterns. For the experimentation scenes of theft in supermarkets have been recorded with labels representing states that we assume can be recognized by an artificial vision system. The results obtained were analyzed and their performance was evaluated by comparing them with the results obtained from the GSP application.

The application of an adequate rate and splitting of nitrogen (N) is essential for the efficient use of N fertiliser and to maintain the economic sustainability of cropping systems. A 3-year field experiment was conducted on a Vertisol under Mediterranean conditions to determine the effect of tillage systems, crop rotation, and variations in N timing on the grain yield and N recovery of 15 N-labelled fertiliser ( N R ) in hard red spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was designed as a randomised complete block with a split–split plot arrangement and 3 replications. The main plots were tillage system (no-tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), and the subplots were the preceding crop with 2-year rotations (wheat–sunflower [WS], wheat–chickpea [WC], and wheat–faba bean [WFB]). Sub-subplots were the N timing (all at the same rate of 100 kg N ha −1 ), and the fertiliser was applied 50% at sowing and 50% at stem elongation and 50% at tillering and 50% at stem elongation. The area of each basic plot was 50 m 2 (5 m × 10 m). The residual NO 3 –N content (0–90 cm) was significantly higher in CT than in NT, the opposite occurring with grain yield. The N R of NT was greater than that of CT. According to the previous crop, the N R was WS > WFB = WC. The soil nitrate content was twice as much when the preceding crop was a legume compared with sunflower and the wheat yields were as follows: WFB > WC > WS. Although the N timing did not have an effect on overall grain yield, the interactions with year, tillage system and previous crop were significant. The average recovery of 15 N fertiliser by wheat was 44.6%, with 33.7% obtained in the grain (41% in stem elongation, 32% in tillering and 27% in sowing). The habitual use of high rates of N fertiliser and the frequency of dry years in the agrosystem studied generated a progressive accumulation of residual in the soil profile. This can represent an important source of mineral N for the cereal and can reduce the need to apply N fertiliser to the crop.

La categorización como un proceso gracias al cual organizamos y damos coherencia al mundo, es objeto de estudio y de controversias dentro de la tradición en psicología. Específicamente, las características de la categorización en el desarrollo, son tema de discusiones que cobran más interés hoy en día. En este artículo recogemos artículos de los más importantes investigadores en este tema, para mostrar las perspectivas tradicionales desde el debate forma-función, y las nuevas perspectivas desde la cognición corporizada, que ven la categorización, al igual que otros procesos cognitivos, como producto de la relación perceptuomotora con el mundo. Veremos qué aportes a la categorización nos ofrecen estas visiones y cuáles son las preguntas que quedan pendientes para la investigación en esta área.

Efficient management of legumes in order to maximize benefits depends on a correct field assessment of N2 fixation. A field experiment was conducted during a 6-year period (2001–2002 to 2006–2007) in Cordoba (Southern Spain) on a rainfed Vertisol within the wheat-chickpea and wheat-faba bean rotation framework of a long-term experiment started in 1986. The aim was to determine the effect of tillage systems [no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] on chickpea and faba bean N2 fixation. Fixation was calculated using the 15N isotopic dilution (ID) and 15N natural abundance (NA) methods with the reference being the wheat crop. The strong inter-annual rain variation caused great differences in the behaviour of both leguminous plants with regard to grain yield, nodule biomass and N2 fixation. The NT system showed more nodule biomass than the CT system in both legumes. The ID method was more accurate than the NA method in determining N2 fixation. The average amount of fixed N in faba bean (80 kg ha−1 year−1) was much greater than that in chickpea (31 kg ha−1 year−1). The Vertisol under the NT system offered more favourable conditions for the stimulation of the N2 fixation, with fixed N values that were significantly higher than under CT. The N added to the system through N2 fixation was low in faba bean and virtually nonexistent in chickpea, only in terms of above-ground biomass.

The quantification of the below-ground N of legumes is a key to understand its effect on soil N fertility and the N economy of subsequent legume-based rotations. Significant amounts of the N fixed by legumes are incorporated into the soil as fallen leaves and stems. However, the N from roots, nodules and root exudates has rarely been quantified under field conditions, nor have the management effects been evaluated. This study measured the effects of tillage system [no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] on N rhizodeposition in faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) during a 3-year period (2003–2004, 2005–2006 and 2006–2007) in a Vertisol under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Faba bean and chickpea plants were labelled in situ with 15 N using stem feeding and leaf feeding, respectively. NT increased the N derived from rhizodeposition (NdfR) with respect to CT (135 vs. 68 kg N ha −1 in faba bean and 115 vs. 97 kg N ha −1 in chickpea). Such differences between tillage methods can be attributed to the more favourable conditions for root growth produced by NT. NdfR was significantly influenced by depth; in faba bean, the greatest amount (70%) was found in the 0–30 cm layer, whereas in chickpea, 41% of the NdfR was concentrated in the 30–60 cm depth. The 54% and 61% of total plant N was NdfR (in faba bean and chickpea, respectively) representing 90% of the below-ground plant N in both crops. Our results show that the N derived from rhizodeposition is an important source for N balance and is a key to soil fertility in rain-fed Mediterranean cropping systems.

Good root system development is essential for optimum wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, especially under water-limiting conditions. Published information about the influence of tillage system on root dynamic and their effect on grain yield in Mediterranean rainfed Vertisols is scarce. A three-year field study was conducted on a typical Mediterranean rainfed Vertisol to determine, using a minirhizotron system, the effects of tillage system on root growth and grain yield in wheat. Tillage treatments were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The parameters measured were root length (RL) and root diameter (RD) for 6 depths. Minirhizotron measurements were performed at 5 wheat growth stages. The RL was greater under NT than under CT for most growth stages and depths, this being the key to its greater grain yield (3.2 vs 3.0 Mg ha−1, respectively). The RD was not significantly affected by the tillage treatments, but was lower from stem elongation onward and during the dry years. The key to the development of a good wheat root system is the rainfall received during the tillering stage, regardless of soil water content at planting and rainfall before or after this growth stage. Under the rainfed Mediterranean Vertisol studied, wheat productivity is greater under NT due to better root system development.

Little research has examined the influence of tillage system on root growth in wheat grown on rainfed Vertisols. A 3-year field study (2003, 2004 and 2005) was carried out on a typical Vertisol (southern Spain), to determine the effects of tillage system on root growth in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grown in continuous rotation with faba bean (Vicia faba L), within the framework of the long-term “Malagon” experiment started in 1986. Tillage treatments were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and the experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with three replications. The following parameters were measured: above-ground biomass, grain yield, root length density (RLD), root biomass (RB) and root N content. In the topmost 10 cm of soil, higher values were found under CT than under NT for RLD in the rainiest year (20.2 km m−3 vs. 9.6 km m−3 respectively) and for RB (512 kg ha−1 vs. 261 kg ha−1 respectively) in all study years. In deeper layers, no difference was recorded between the two tillage systems. Greater wheat root development in the upper soil layer under CT may reflect the greater soil penetration resistance found in the topmost 10 cm under NT. Root separation using a sieve with a 0.5 mm mesh screen led to a marked underestimation of RLD and RB, with values up to three times higher when using a 0.2 mm mesh screen. Mean wheat root N content in the topmost 30 cm of soil accounted for over 80% of total root N content. The highest grain yield was observed under NT, since this system provided greater water storage in the soil profile in the mostly dry study years.

Under rainfed Mediterranean conditions, water economy must be based on a suitable choice of agronomic techniques. A 6-yr study was undertaken to determine the effects of tillage system, preceding crop, and N fertilizer on soil water at wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting and harvest in a Vertisol. Tillage treatments were no-tillage and conventional tillage. Preceding crops, in 2-yr rotations, were sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), fallow, and continuous wheat. Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0,50,100, and 150 kg N ha -1 applied to wheat only. No-tillage did not provide more water at wheat planting for any of the rotations. Preceding crop effect on soil water content (SWC) at planting was as follows: fallow ≥ faba bean > wheat ≥ chickpea > sunflower. At harvest, SWC was higher in continuous wheat. Only at harvest were there differences among N fertilizer rates for SWC. Besides, measurement of SWC at harvest for sunflower, chickpea, faba bean, and fallow were performed to determine soil water storage and precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) for 2 yr. Soil water storage was higher for rotations with sunflower or fallow. Nevertheless, fallow PSE was the lowest (10%). The mean PSE was 29%. Under the conditions of this study, no-tillage is not more efficient than conventional tillage in soil water accumulation. Fallow is not a useful tool for increasing water availability.

A field experiment was conducted during a 2-year period (2001–2002 and 2002–2003) in Cordoba (Southern Spain) on a rainfed Vertisol, within the wheat-faba bean rotation framework of a long-term experiment started en 1986, to determine the effects of tillage systems [no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)], on faba bean N 2 fixation. Fixation was calculated using the 15 N dilution and 15 N natural abundance methods using wheat as reference crop. Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) percentages ranged between 70 and 96%, and N 2 fixed between 39 and 144 kg N ha −1 . The N balance was positive for all years and treatments, with a mean value of 18.3 kg N ha −1 and a maximum of 40 kg N ha −1 , in terms of above-ground biomass only. No significant difference was recorded between faba bean N 2 fixation values as calculated by the 15 N enriched (ID) method and the 15 N natural abundance (NA) method. The effect of tillage system on %Ndfa and the amount of N 2 fixed was not significant, possibly due to the negligible difference in soil NO 3 − –N content between the two systems.

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