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The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is the largest databank on primary biodiversity data. We examined the completeness and geographical biases for all insect data on GBIF to determine its representativeness. Our results demonstrate that GBIF is far from providing a reliable representation about the global distribution of insects. Despite the growing number of records during the last years, few spatial units are wellsurveyed. At coarse resolutions, 34% of the world terrestrial cells lack data and barely 0.5% have completeness values above 90%. Insects are crucial in many ecological functions, and their alarming decline makes it more pressing to have a representative sample to improve our predictive capacity. However, the dynamic nature of species distributions and the strength of anthropogenic forces call for immediate conservation decisions that cannot wait for the empirical data on the identity and distribution of insects

Temporal changes in the composition and abundance of floral visitors during floral anthesis influence the rate of deposition and germination of pollen in stigmas, as well as the rate of removal of pollen from anthers. In the tropics, the squash (Cucurbita pepo) is visited by a great diversity of bees, but little is known regarding the dynamics of its pollinators and pollination during its floral anthesis in tropical environments. We studied the foraging cycle of different species of bees in squash crops in Costa Rica and the relationship of this cycle with nectar production, pollen loads in anthers and bees, and number of pollen grains and pollen tubes in stigmas and styles. It was determined that despite the short duration of the floral anthesis of this crop, there are changes in the composition of visitors during anthesis from bees with twilight flight capacity that visit male flowers in the opening to primarily social bees at later hours. Loss of pollen from anthers and deposition of pollen on stigmas occurs rapidly in early hours. Pollen transport by bees may be facilitated by pollen accumulation at the bottom of the corolla of male flowers. After 6 a.m., little change occurs in crop pollination levels. The dominance of stingless bees in the flowers after 6:30 a.m. appears to displace other bees from these flowers, despite the permanence of nectar flow. The Cucurbita species may be an important crop for maintaining bee diversity and enhancing the pollination of other crops in agricultural ecosystems.

Pseudoryzomys simplex (Winge 1887) is a small to medium sized terrestrial oryzomyine rodent (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae) widely distributed in humid environments of tropical and subtropical lowlands of South America with a marked rainy season. The occurrence of this species in the south-central Pampean region between 4700 and 200 ka cal BP was originally associated with some warm climatic episodes. A later hypothesis points out that P. simplex was a typical element of the Humid Pampa subregion during this period, whose distribution was retracted to the north due to the strong anthropic modifications in the area. To corroborate these hypotheses, the niche of occurrence of P. simplex was calculated to analyse the preferred climatic conditions of contemporaneous and fossil record of the species since 4700 ka cal BP. The derived climatic niche of P. simplex shows a marked preference for areas with seasonality precipitation patterns and tropical/subtropical conditions. Geographical estimations and climatic niches derived revealed a moderate overlapping between contemporaneous and Pampean late-Holocene projection, which in no case includes the localities where fossil data were found. Although a better comprehension of the ecological requirements of the species is necessary to discard a shift in its realized climatic niche, it is probable that P. simplex is able to maintain stable populations under similar conditions to the ones represented by fossil occurrences. The distribution of the species in the Humid Pampa subregion is probably affected by non-climatic factors today which are reducing its contemporaneous realized climatic niche and distorting the derived climatic niches obtained. These results support that this species cannot be considered a reliable palaeoclimatic indicator of more Brazilian conditions in the Humid Pampean subregion during the past.

In Mediterranean countries, inventories of many animal groups, particularly insects, are incomplete or nonexistent. Hence, a feasible spatial picture of unequally surveyed areas is required to ascertain which faunistic surveys are good enough to produce reliable estimates of species richness. We used generalized linear models to build a multiple-regression function through which we predicted the distribution of Iberian dung beetle species richness. Given the scarcity and unevenness of the species-richness spatial distribution, the number of records of a dung beetle database ( BANDASCA ), falling within each of the 50 × 50 km grid squares, was chosen as a measure of the sampling effort for that square. Examining the asymptotic relationship between the number of dung-beetle species and database records for each physioclimatic Iberian subregion, we found that 82 grid squares (32% of the total) were adequately sampled. Dung-beetle species richness was related in each of these 82 cells to 24 explanatory variables. Curvilinear functions, interaction terms, and the significant third-degree polynomial terms of latitude and longitude were included to model species-richness distribution. The final model accounted for 62.4% of the total deviance after we eliminated seven outlier squares, with maximum elevation, grassland area, land-use diversity, forest area, geological diversity, interaction of terrestrial area and maximum elevation, and interaction between calcareous rock and geological diversity and latitude being the most significant independent variables. The residuals of the function were not spatially autocorrelated, and we validated the final model by a jackknife procedure. Large and environmentally complex hotspots in the Iberian Central, Baetic, and Subbaetic mountain ranges stand out from the emerging map of species richness. Further detailed research is required to determine the complementarity of the faunas of these two main hotspots, the key question in conservation planning for a dung-feeding beetle.Los inventarios de muchos grupos de animales, particularmente insectos, son incompletos o totalmente ausentes en los países Mediterráneos. Por ello, se requiere de un panorama espacial viable de áreas poco estudiadas para determinar que estudios faunísticos son suficientemente buenos para producir estimaciones confiables de la riqueza de especies. Utilizamos modelos lineales generalizados para construir una función de regresión múltiple con la cual predijimos la distribución de la riqueza de especies de escarabajos coprófilos ibéricos. Dada la escasez y desigualdad de la distribución espacial de la riqueza de especies, el número de registros de una base de datos de escarabajos coprófilos ( BANDASCA ) en cada uno de los cuadrantes de 50 × 50 km fue seleccionado como una medida del esfuerzo de muestreo para ese cuadro. Al examinar la relación asintótica entre el número de escarabajos coprófilos y los registros en la base de datos para cada región fisioclimática, encontramos que 82 cuadros (32 % del total) fueron adecuadamente muestreados. La riqueza de especies de escarabajos coprófilos se relacionó con 24 variables explicativas en cada uno de estas 82 celdas. Se incluyeron funciones curvilíneas, términos de interacción y los significativos términos polinomiales de tercer grado de latitud y longitud en el modelo de distribución espacial de la riqueza de especies. El modelo final consideró el 62.4 % de la desviación total después de eliminar siete cuadros externos, elevación máxima, superficie de pastizal, diversidad de uso de suelo, superficie forestal, diversidad geológica, la interacción entre superficie terrestre y elevación máxima, la interacción entre roca calcárea y diversidad geológica y latitud, les variables independiente más significativa. Los residuos de la correlación no fueron autocorrelacionados espacialmente, y validamos el modelo final con un procedimiento de navaja. En el mapa emergente de la riqueza de especies sobresalen sitios conflictivos extensos y ambientalmente complejos en las cadenas montañosas de Iberia Central, Baética y Subaética. Se requiere de más investigación detallada para determinar la complementariedad de la fauna de estos sitios conflictivos principales como el punto central en la planeación de la conservación de escarabajos coprófagos.

Tropical trees are particularly vulnerable to forest fragmentation because of their low densities, self-incompatibilty system, and high rates of outbreeding. Forest fragmentation is likely to decrease gene flow, increase endogamy, and eventually produce a high differentiation among remnant populations. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of forest fragmentation on the reproductive success, progeny vigor, and genetic variation of the tropical dry-forest tree Samanea saman. We conducted our study in the dry forest of Costa Rica and compared two tree conditions to evaluate forest fragmentation: (1) isolated, individual trees more than 500 m from the nearest conspecific and surrounded by agricultural fields, pastures, or small remnant forest patches and (2) trees in continuous populations of 10 or more individuals per hectare and surrounded by undisturbed forest. We compared the probability of natural pollination, seed production, genetic variation, and progeny vigor of trees in isolation and in continuous populations. The probability of flowers receiving more than 23 pollen tubes at the base of styles (the flowers more likely to produce a mature fruit) was significantly greater for trees in continuous populations (2.1%) than for trees in isolation (0.4%). However, flowers from the two tree conditions received similar pollen loads on their stigmas. Fruits of trees from continuous populations produced similar numbers of seeds as isolated trees did and had a similar probability of seed abortion. The probability of seed predation by bruchid beetles was significantly greater in continuous populations (30%) than in isolated trees (20%). The number of undamaged seeds ( potentially viable) was similar for both tree conditions. A genetic analysis of progeny showed that levels of genetic diversity in trees in isolation and in continuous populations were comparable. The effective self-fertilization rate and inbreeding coefficient of the progeny were slightly higher for isolated trees than for trees in continuous populations. In addition, there was more genetic similarity in the progeny of isolated trees, within and between fruits. Seeds produced by different fruits within a tree were more likely to be related in an isolated tree than in a tree from continuous populations. Seeds produced by trees from continuous populations were more likely to germinate and to produce greater leaf area and biomass as seedlings than progeny from isolated trees. We concluded that the fragmentation of tropical dry forests affects the genetic variation and vigor of S. saman progeny. Isolated trees showed high reproductive capacity, however, in spite of their habitat condition. Resumen: Los arboles tropicales son particularmente vulnerables a la fragmentacion de bosques debido a su baja densidad, su sistema de auto-incompatibilidad y altas tasas de exogamia. La fragmentacion del bosque posiblemente decrece el flujo de genes, incrementa la endogamia y eventualmente produce una alta diferenciacion entre las poblaciones remanentes. Nuestros objetivos fueron evaluar el efecto de la fragmentacion del bosque sobre el exito reproductivo, el vigor de la progenie y la variacion genetica del arbol de bosque tropical seco Samanea saman. Realizamos nuestro estudio en el bosque tropical seco de Costa Rica y comparamos dos condiciones de los arboles para evaluar la fragmentacion del bosque: (1) individuos aislados mas de 500 m del individuo conespecifico mas cercano y rodeados por campos agricolas, ganaderos o pequenos fragmentos de bosque y (2) arboles en poblaciones continuas de 10 o mas individuos por hectarea y rodeados de bosque no perturbado. Comparamos la probabilidad de la polinizacion natural, produccion de semillas, variacion genetica y vigor de la progenie en arboles aislados y en poblaciones continuas. La probabilidad de que las flores reciban mas de 23 tubos de polen en la base de los pistilos ( las flores con mayor probabilidad de producir un fruto maduro) fue significativamente mayor para arboles en poblaciones continuas (2.1%) que en arboles aislados (0.4%). Sin embargo, flores en arboles en las dos condiciones recibieron similares cargas de polen en sus estigmas. Los frutos de arboles de poblaciones continuas produjeron similares numeros de semillas y tuvieron similar probabilidad de abortar que los de arboles aislados. La probabilidad de depredacion de semillas por escarabajos bruquidos fue significativamente mayor en las poblaciones continuas (30%) que en arboles aislados (20%). El numero de semillas sin dano ( potencialmente viables) fue similar en arboles en las dos condiciones. El analisis genetico de la progenie mostro que los niveles de diversidad genetica de arboles aislados y en poblaciones continuas fueron comparables. La tasa de autofecundacion efectiva y el coeficiente de endogamia de la progenie fue ligeramente mayor en arboles aislados que en los de poblaciones continuas. Adicionalmente, hubo mayor similitud genetica en la progenie de arboles aislados, dentro y entre frutos. Semillas producidas por distintos frutos del mismo arbol tuvieron mas probabilidad de relacion que los de poblaciones continuas. Semillas producidas por arboles en poblaciones continuas tuvieron mayor posibilidad de germinar y producir mayor area foliar y biomasa que las plantulas de la progenie de arboles aislados. Concluimos que la fragmentacion de bosques tropicales secos afecta la variacion genetica y el vigor de la progenie de S. saman. Sin embargo, los arboles aislados tuvieron una alta capacidad reproductiva a pesar de la condicion de su habitat.

Habitat conversion is one of the major threats for biodiversity conservation and viability of natural populations. Thus, habitat disturbance alters distinct ecological processes, such as plant reproductive success and diaspore fate. In this study, we determined the effects of seasonally tropical dry forests (STDFs) conversion by anthropogenic disturbance by assessing diaspore fate of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. We compared 20 adult trees present in a STDFs preserved area and 20 adult trees present in a human-converted area. In general, diaspore fates from both areas were similar, i.e., there was no difference in the reproductive success of trees in STDFs and human-converted area. Habitat disturbance did not affect the length or width of fruits; only fruit thickness was larger in trees of STDFs habitat. None of the biometric seed measures differed between different habitat conditions. Likewise, the number of undamaged seeds, aborted seeds, pre-dispersal predated seeds, and seed production were independent of habitat conditions. Besides, we did not observe any effect of habitat disturbance on germination percentage. However, seeds from preserved STDFs germinated faster than seeds from the human-converted area. Even though the effects of human-modified habitats on the diaspore fate have already been studied, tree species exhibit different responses to habitat conversion regarding seed predation, seed dispersal, seed germination, and seedling establishment. Overall, our results show that habitat disturbance does not affect the diaspore fate of E. contortisiliquum. This study also highlights the importance of remnants trees in converted landscapes as the population’s connectors which maintain plant–animal mutualistic and antagonistic interactions that mitigate the effects of habitat disturbance.

This project had financial support provided by PVE-Ciencias Sem Fronteiras program of the Ministerio da Educacao via Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior – CAPES: Efeito comparado do clima e das mudancas no uso do solo na distribuicao espacial de um grupo de isnsetos indicadores (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) na Mata Atlântica (Process 88881.068089/2014-01).

The quality and coverage of the available taxonomical and geographical information and the recognition that diversity is multi-faceted are two main factors that hinder to understand the spatial and temporal variations of biodiversity. In this study, we aim to quantify the global distribution of five diversity components used to assess freshwater fish diversity in river basins around the world. The multidimensional character of these diversity components was estimated and the so obtained diversity dimensions mapped. This was done taking into account those well-surveyed basins discriminated by considering collector’s curves, and additionally by controlling for the effect of survey effort on all considered diversity components. A total of 1,472,109 occurrence records were analysed, corresponding to 17,292 species of freshwater fishes. Five diversity components were considered: functional richness, species richness, taxonomic diversity, and two rarity measures. Well-surveyed river basins were discriminated using accumulation curves. The effects of survey biases and knowledge gaps were minimized by determining the relationship of each component with the completeness values calculated for each river basin. The geographical pattern derived from raw data is skewed by the unequal knowledge available, and all diversity components were positively correlated with completeness values. The first dimension described the association between species richness and functional diversity. The second dimension represented rarity and taxonomic diversity. The congruence between species richness and functional diversity suggests that ecosystem functions increase with the number of fish species present in river basins and that a decrease in species richness may involve a loss of functionality. The levels of rarity and taxonomic diversity of many species-poor basins found in arid and cold regions suggest that the distinctiveness of their freshwater fishes is primarily a consequence of how isolated these basins are.

O endomarketing é uma ferramenta que pode ser aplicada no âmbito organizacional, a fim de auxiliar a organização a crescer e alcançar seus objetivos, promovendo ações que visam maior comprometimento dos empregados e melhorias na comunicação interna. Nesse cenário, o presente artigo, tem como questão norteadora: quais são as ferramentas do endomarketing e como elas impactam o ambiente organizacional? Sendo assim, tem-se como objetivo relatar algumas ferramentas do endomarketing e demonstrar a influência dessas para o crescimento de uma organização. Para isso, adotou-se, como metodologia, a revisão bibliográfica. Como resultados, verificou-se que o endomarketing, por meio de suas ferramentas, busca ensinar que é possível desenvolver melhores relações entre os funcionários e a empresa, motivando-os a realizar seu trabalho com maior qualidade e comprometimento. Por fim, conclui-se que o impacto do endomarketing no ambiente organizacional pode ser verificado através dos resultados positivos que a aplicação de suas ferramentas traz, motivando e aumentando o nível de produtividade dos colaboradores.

[AIM]: Local suitability estimated with species distribution models (SDMs) could indicate the maximum abundance attainable by species. Often the abundance–suitability relationship is wedge-shaped because species do not reach their maximum potential in every suitable location. We explore how SDM performance, the amount of information lost when converting continuous abundance into presence–absence data and species prevalence influence the abundance–suitability relationship., [LOCATION] Undefined, [TIME PERIORD] Undefined, [MAJOR TAXA] Virtual species, [METHODS] Different abundance scenarios were simulated and converted into presence–absence maps. SDMs were parameterized using simulated predictors with different explanatory capacities. Quantile regressions were performed to characterize the abundance–suitability relationship. The strength of the wedge-shaped pattern was estimated using the difference in slopes between the 90th and 50th quantile lines, the goodness-of-fit of the 90th quantile regressions was calculated, and variation of both parameters was analysed as a function of SDM performance, prevalence and maximum abundance., [RESULTS] The degree of wedge shape was directly related to maximum abundance. It also depended on SDM quality; the higher the discrimination capacity, the less wedge-shaped the abundance–suitability relationship and higher the goodness-of-fit of the 90th quantile regressions. Prevalence exerted a significant effect on the shape of the relationship by influencing—together with maximum abundance—the extent of information loss., [MAIN CONCLUSIONS] SDMs cannot predict actual abundance even when the true determinants of abundance are included as predictors. Because presence–absence and abundance data are related but are different variables, wedge-shaped patterns are unavoidable. Discrimination capacity and prevalence affect the strength of the wedge-shaped pattern, so understanding their effects is necessary before any biological explanation is provided for the abundance–suitability relationship. Suitability maps derived from SDMs may transmit a false sense of precision at a local scale and should not be used as a perfect surrogate when abundance information is required., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Grant/Award Number: CGL2014-56416-P, CGL2017-89000-P, RYC-2011-07670 and RYC-2013-14441

The Artery in Microgravity (AIM) project was the first experiment to be selected for the “Orbit Your Thesis!” programme of the European Space Agency Academy. It is a 2U cube experiment that will be operated in the International Commercial Experiment (ICE) Cubes facility onboard the International Space Station. The experiment is expected to be launched on SpaceX-25 in mid-2022. The project is being developed by an international group of students from ISAE-SUPAERO and Politecnico di Torino. The objective of the experiment is to study haemodynamics in the space environment applied to coronary heart disease. The outcomes of this testbench will contribute to understanding the effects of radiation and microgravity on the circulatory system of an astronaut, specifically the behaviour in long-term human spaceflight. It will also help to ascertain the feasibility of individuals suffering from this kind of disease going to space someday. The cornerstones of the experiment are two models of 3D-printed artificial arteries, in stenotic and stented conditions respectively. Blood-mimicking fluid composed of water and glycerol is circulated through the arteries in a closed hydraulic loop, and a red dye is injected for flow visualisation. Drops of pressure and image analysis of the flow will be studied with the corresponding sensors and camera. The pH of the fluid will also be monitored to assess the effect of augmented radiation levels on the release of particles from the metallic stent. Some delays were experienced in the project due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to implement design improvements. Improvements were made to several aspects of the design including mechanics (e.g. remanufacturing the reservoir with surface treatment against corrosion, leak prevention measures), software (e.g. upgrading to Odroid-C4 and migrating the code to Python), and electronics (e.g. several iterations of the interface PCB design). This iterative process of identifying areas of concern and designing and implementing solutions has resulted in many lessons learned. The paper will outline in detail Phase D – Qualification and Production of the AIM experiment cube, with special insight on the implementation of the improvements. Previously, at the Symposium on Space Educational Activities in 2019 in Leicester, the initial phases of the design and development of the cube were presented. This year, the final flight model and the results of validation testing before launching on SpaceX-25 are presented. Lessons learned throughout the course of the project are also highlighted for students embarking on their own space-related educational activities.

Protected areas are fundamental in conservation, but their intactness is increasingly threatened by the effects of climate and land-cover changes. Here, a methodological procedure is proposed able to determine the representative climatic conditions of a protected area in central Spain (Guadarrama National Park) pinpointing the natural areas that will host future analogous conditions, but also assessing the effects of land-cover changes on the connectivity of these areas. Future conditions provided by two 2050 IPCC climatic change scenarios and land-cover change simulations were jointly used for this purpose. According to the results obtained, climate change will produce notable effects, displacing its representative climatic conditions as well as modifying the land cover in the neighboring localities. Three areas appear as fundamental for the future maintenance of this reserve: two within the Iberian Central System (Gredos Mountains and Ayllón Mountains) and one in the Iberian System (Urbión Mountains). The proposed approach can be implemented in any protected area to examine its capacity to represent in the future the environmental conditions for which it was created.

A terrestrial test system to investigate the biomagnification potential and tissue-specific distribution of ivermectin, a widely used parasiticide, in the non-target dung beetle Thorectes lusitanicus (Jekel) was developed and validated. Biomagnification kinetics of ivermectin in T. lusitanicus was investigated by following uptake, elimination, and distribution of the compound in dung beetles feeding on contaminated faeces. Results showed that ivermectin was biomagnified in adults of T. lusitanicus when exposed to non-lethal doses via food uptake. Ivermectin was quickly transferred from the gut to the haemolymph, generating a biomagnification factor (BMF) three times higher in the haemolymph than in the gut after an uptake period of 12 days. The fat body appeared to exert a major role on the biomagnification of ivermectin in the insect body, showing a BMF 1.6 times higher than in the haemolymph. The results of this study highlight that the biomagnification of ivermectin should be investigated from a global dung-based food web perspective and that the use of these antiparasitic substances should be monitored and controlled on a precautionary basis. Thus, we suggest that an additional effort be made in the development of standardised regulatory recommendations to guide biomagnification studies in terrestrial organisms, but also that it is necessary to adapt existing methods to assess the effects of such veterinary medical products., Financial support was provided by the project CGL2015-68207-R of the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

Evaluating data quality and inventory completeness must be a preliminary step inany biodiversity research, particularly in the case of insects and high biodiversityareas. Yet, this step is often neglected or, at best, assessed only for one insectgroup, and the degree of congruence of sampling effort ffor different insect groupsremains unexplored. We assess the congruence in the spatial distribution of sampling effort for fiveinsect groups (butterflies, caddisflies, dung beetles, moths, and aquatic beetles) inthe Iberian Peninsula. We identify well-surveyed areas for each taxonomic groupand examine the degree to which the patterns of sampling effort can be explainedby a set of variables related to environmental conditions and accessibility. Irrespective of the general lack of reliable inventories, we found a general but lowcongruence in the completeness patterns of the different taxa. This suggests thatthere is not a common geographical pattern in survey effort and that idiosyncraticand contingent factors (mainly the proximity to the workplaces of entomologists)are differentially affecting each group. After many decades of taxonomic and faunistic work, distributional databases ofIberian insects are still in a very preliminary stage, thus limiting our capacity toobtain reliable answers to basic and applied questions. We recommend carrying out long-term, standardised and well-designed entomolog-ical surveys able to generate a reliable image of the distribution of different insect groups. This will allow us to estimate accurately insect trends and better under-stand the full extent of global biodiversity loss., This study has been supported by the projects BioWeb (MINECO:CGL2011-15622-E BOS), BANDENCO (JCMM: POII11-0277-5747)and IBERARTRO (SBPLY/17/180501/000492) founded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Consejería de Educación, Ciencia y Cultura, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. David Sánchez-Fernández is funded by a postdoctoral contract fromthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ramón y Cajal program; RYC2019-027446-I

Coping with aridity is a physiological challenge for all organisms, including fresh-water ones. Aridity shapes distributions of aquatic species at fine and large geo-graphical scales. Specifically, for aquatic beetles, the desiccation resistance of the adults is a potential constraint for the colonisation of arid regions. We assessed the congruence between the fundamental and realised aridity niche in eight species of a Palearctic lineage of water beetles (subgenus Lumetus, genus Enochrus, family Hydrophilidae). We also estimated the relative explanatory capacity of aridity-related versus other environmental variables in species distributions. Most of the species, even those most sensitive to desiccation stress in laboratory experiments, occur in areas with high aridity within the Palearctic region. Our results suggest a lack of association between the physiological (desiccation resistance) and environmental distance matrix (realised aridity niche), or between either of these and phylogenetic distances. Aridity-related variables had generally a similar explanatory capacity in explaining the distribution of species than non-related ones. Our results indicate that desiccation resistance has not been an important physiological constraint for the colonisation of arid environments by this clade and suggest that other non-physiological factors are more important in shaping their distributions along aridity gradients. The studied beetle lineage might conserve a high basal desiccation resistance from relatively recent terrestrial ancestors, which could have provided a physiological advantage for the colonisation of arid areas. Further research could shed light on whether these unexpected results are common to other groups of aquatic insects living in arid areas or are particular to this group of beetles., Part of this work was funded by the project CGL2013-48950-C2-1&2-P from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). S.P. and D.S.-F. are funded by postdoctoral contracts from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Juan de la Cierva-Formación, FJC2018-035577-I and Ramón y Cajal, RYC2019-027446-I programmes, respectively).

Species distribution models (SDMs) are subject to many sources of uncertainty, lim-iting their application in research and practice. One of their main limitations is the quality of the distributional data used to calibrate them, which directly influences the accuracy of model predictions. We propose a standardized methodology to cre-ate maps, describing the limitations of occurrence data for covering the distribution of a species. We develop a set of tools based on the general framework of Maps of Biogeographical Ignorance to describe the main sources of data-driven uncertainty: taxonomic stability, environmental similarity, geographical proximity and temporal decay of the underlying biodiversity data. The so-derived indicators of data-driven uncertainty account for inventory completeness, taxonomic quality, time since the surveys and geographical (and environmental) distance to localities with information. These indicators form the basis of ignorance maps, which can be used to visualize the reliability of SDM projections in geographical space, to estimate the uncertainty of these predictions and to identify target survey areas. To demonstrate the application of our approach, we use data on fourteen Iberian species of Scarabaeidae dung beetles. Data-driven uncertainty is widespread even for this well-surveyed group; more than 60% of the region has distributional uncertainty values higher than 0.6, and 30% higher than 0.7. Ignorance maps can be jointly evaluated with SDM predictions to generate spatially explicit maps of uncertainty, identifying where predictions are reli-able/unreliable. Neglecting such uncertainty can severely affect SDM effectiveness, as it can introduce biases and inaccuracies into the measured species–environment rela-tionships. These errors could result in incorrect theoretical or practical applications, including ill-advised conservation actions. We therefore advocate for the routine use of ignorance maps or similar techniques as supporting information in SDM applications., This work has been funded by the Brazilian CNPq PVE grant 314523/2014-6 and the Brazilian National Inst. for Science and Technology in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation (INCT-EECBio), supported by MCTIC/CNPq (465610/2014-5) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás (201810267000023). GT was supported by CAPES REUNI doctorate fellowship and PDSE grant no. 11842121. RJL is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 854248.

1. Global warming may especially affect ectothermic insect species, making it necessary to forecast the capacity of these species to cope with climatic changes., 2. In this study, we use circular statistics to examine the seasonal plasticity of 32 dung beetle species in 17 localities of a mountain Iberian assemblage. We assume that the high variability between localities in the seasonal patterns for the same species suggests that seasonal plasticity could minimise the demographic effects of climate change on local populations., 3. Our results suggest that the populations of at least one-third of the dung beetle species could partially adapt to the effects of climate change by modifying their phenological occurrence, and that the degree of concentration of the seasonal occurrences is generally maintained independently of the locality. However, we have not detected clear seasonal pattern variations or a clear effect of environmental temperature on seasonal variations in around two-thirds of the studied species., 4. The dung beetle assemblages of this mountain region will experience deep changes in the future. Plasticity in seasonal patterns does not seem to be associated with species characteristics such as high-rank taxonomic identity, body weight, or geographical distribution. Only the general functional character of species would have some explanatory power. Endophagic Aphodiidae dung beetle species would be more capable than hypophagic species in mitigating the effects of climate change by modifying their phenological traits, whereas that Scarabaeidae hypophagic species may cope better with these climatic changes without having to change their seasonal activities., This work was supported by the MINECOFEDER Project CGL2015-64489-P and the MINECO-FEDER Contract BES-2016-077087 granted to the First author.

Protected areas (PAs) are intended to preserve natural places, aiming to sustain ecosystem functionality and preserve biodiversity. However, PAs are spatially static, while major threats to biodiversity, such as climate and land-use change, are dynamic. The climatic conditions represented in a PA could vanish in the future and appear in other places more or less far away from the PA; these places could be considered as recipient areas potentially suited to receive propagules from the source PAs, which tend to lose the climatic conditions that motivated their protection. This study estimates the current and future climatic representativeness of mainland Iberian national parks by identifying future areas with a similar climate to those existing now in the parks and taking into account the degree of anthropogenic alteration and protection. We identify a network of ecological corridors connecting Iberian national parks with their recipient areas, as well as discriminating those most conflicting areas that impede network connectivity due to their degree of land-use transformation. Our results identify important areas for maintaining the climatic representativeness of Iberian national parks in the future, showing a substantial reduction in the climatic representativeness of the Iberian national parks. Although most of the recipient areas now have forest and semi-natural land uses and more than half of their whole area has protected status, current land uses in the Iberian Peninsula severely obstruct the corridor network connecting the parks and recipient areas., This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

Historical gaps and biases in the literature may have influenced the current knowledge of the impacts of invaders on global biodiversity. We performed a systematic review and compiled the main gaps and biases in the literature and the reported negative, neutral and positive effects of exotic species on local invertebrates worldwide. We analysed the relation of these reported effects to the biogeographical origin of the exotic species, the environmental characteristics of the invaded area, the trophic level of the exotic species and of the invaded local fauna, and the elapsed time after first introduction. We analysed 1276 publications comprising 2984 study cases. From these, 1786 cases included “control” situations (without exotics) and provided quantitative supporting evidence of the effects of exotic species on local invertebrates. The main gaps in the literature included tropical and arid climates, estuaries and marine ecosystems, as well as exotic species coming from Neotropical, Australian, Oriental, Ethiopian and Antarctic regions. Carnivorous and herbivorous species were underreported as exotic species and as impacted invertebrates. The considered variables were mostly unrelated to the reported effects, suggesting that the effects of exotic species on local invertebrates are heterogeneous and not unidirectional. Many impacted invertebrates were assemblages of undefined composition in terms of the native or exotic nature of the invaded organisms. Further avenues to reduce the identified biases in the current knowledge about the effects of exotic species on local invertebrates are also indicated., The MF’s grant was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq (401045/2014-5), program Ciência sem Fronteiras, and by the Universidad de Alcalá. MF’s contract is currently supported by the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. We are grateful to Bruno R. Ribeiro, Geiziane Tessarolo and Marcelo Weber for helping with map formatting, and to Javier Seoane Pinilla and Elena Velado Alonso for statistical suggestions. Regular meetings with Asunción Saldaña, Pilar Castro-Díez and Álvaro Alonso (group of Invasive Species of the Universidad de Alcalá) also provided useful comments for the elaboration of an early version of this manuscript. LMB has been supported by the National Institutes for Science and Technology (INCT) in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation (MCTIC/CNPq, 465610/2014-5, FAPEG) and by a CNPq Grant (304314/2014-5).

[EN] Knowing how recent environmental changes may have affected species diversity is a major objective to estimate the consequences of habitat alteration and climate change. In this study two dung beetle inventories made in the same locality of the Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, Spain) 34 years apart (1983–2017) are compared. Changes in diversity, species richness, abundances and composition were analysed and species replacements described considering the three main functional dung beetle groups: large paracoprids, small paracoprids and small endocoprids. In addition, changes in vegetation cover and climate between the two periods were also analysed to examine their association with the detected faunistic changes. Both the vegetation and climatic data show that the surveyed locality would have experienced an increase in the area covered by bushes and forest and an increase in temperature and warm conditions during the 34 years. These changes are associated with a probable increase in species richness and species dominance, a decrease in diversity and an important change in composition that would have positively affected small paracoprids but negatively affected large paracoprids.

We also thank the financial support provided by Ciencias Sem Fronteiras program of the Ministerio da Educacao via Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior – CAPES (Process 88881.068089/2014-01).PGdS and VA thank CAPES for a Post -doctoral grant (Process 88881.068089/2014-01) and MIMH thanks the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) for the Productivity grant (Process 309030/2013-7).

The seasonal and diel variations of dung beetle species were studied in an Iberian mid-mountain locality to examine the interaction between these two temporal rhythms. We assume that a seasonal variation in the diel activity would support the notion that both rhythms may assist in achieving a quick and flexible response when the climatic conditions change. Data coming from 4,104 pitfall traps placed during 15 sampling periods and totalling 30 daily sampling cycles were analysed using circular statistics and General Linear Models. A wide variety of seasonal patterns are observed, highlighting those species with a clear unimodal or spring-autumn bimodal seasonal pattern. However, a midday diel pattern is the norm in most of the species, except in the case of those exhibiting a high body weight that prefer dusk or night periods. We hypothesize that most of the dung beetle species fly at noon to promote the passive heating of their muscle activity and minimize the metabolic energy expenditure. Results only partially support the seasonal variation in diel activity. Diel preferences are mainly manifested at the time of the year in which the abundance is greater. Approximately two-thirds of the considered species exhibit a similar diel activity along their seasonal active period. As consequence, a significant portion of the dung beetle species currently inhabiting Mediterranean mid-mountains are not able to use the daily variation in climatic conditions to limit the inconveniences of climate change., This work was supported by the MINECO FEDER Project CGL2015-64489-P and the MINECO-FEDER Contract BES-2016-077087 granted to Eva Cuesta.We also acknowledge institutional support from the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the "Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas" (CSIC) for the article-processing charges contribution”

Introduction. The species and functional diversity of pollinators are important components for the reproduction of cultivated plants. More information is necessary about this diversity and its geographical variation in crops such as Cucurbita pepo, one of the most important crops in global agriculture. Objective. To describe the diversity and geographic variation of the community of bees that visit C. pepo crops in Costa Rica and their foraging s Introduction: The species and functional diversity of pollinators are important components for the reproduction of cultivated plants. More information is necessary about this diversity and its geographical variation in crops such as Cucurbita pepo, an important crop in global agriculture. Objective: To describe the taxonomic diversity, geographic variation and foraging patterns of the community of bees that visit C. pepo crops in Costa Rica. Methods: Squash fields were visited at 11 locations within three geographic regions of the country, where the groups of bees and their relative frequency were determined. Through video recordings, information was obtained on their behavior at two locations. Results: A minimum of 27 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 families of bees were found. Three species were dominant in 10 localities (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera and Trigona corvina). Altitude reduces bee diversity due to the dominance of Bombus ephipiatus in high regions. Two genera of halictids (Megalopta and Caenaugochlora) that are rarely reported in this crop were frequently observed. Trigona bees dominated among the flowers later in the morning, lacerating nectary holes to facilitate nectar collection. Conclusions: Squash fields in Costa Rica are visited by a highly diverse bee community, which may ensure pollination via complementarity in the face of spatial or seasonal changes in environmental conditions. chedule and intrafloral behavior. Methods. Squash fields were visited at 12 locations within three geographic regions of the country, where the groups of bees and their relative frequency were determined. Through video recordings, information was obtained on their behavior at two locations. Results. A minimum of 27 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 families of bees were found. Three species were dominant at many localities (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera and Trigona corvina). Altitude causes drastic changes in their diversity and composition. Two genera of halictids (Megalopta and Caenaugochlora) that are rarely reported in this crop were frequently observed. Trigona bees dominated among the flowers later in the morning. Conclusions. Squash fields in Costa Rica are visited by a highly diverse bee community, which may ensure pollination via complementarity in the face of spatial or seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Introducción. Dada la importancia del componente diversidad para la polinización de plantas cultivadas, es necesario obtener más información de esta diversidad y su variación geográfica en cultivos como Cucurbita pepo, uno de los cultivos más importantes de la agricultura centroamericana. Objetivo: Describir la diversidad y la variación geográfica de la comunidad de abejas que visitan este cultivo en Costa Rica, y algunos aspectos de sus patrones de búsqueda de alimento. Métodos: Se visitaron cultivos de C. pepo en 11 localidades dentro de tres regiones geográficas de Costa Rica, donde se determinó los grupos de abejas y su frecuencia relativa. Por medio de grabaciones de video se registró el comportamiento de cada grupo en dos localidades. Resultados: Fueron encontradas un mínimo de 27 especies pertenecientes a 19 géneros y 2 familias de abejas. Tres especies son dominantes en 10 localidades (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera y Trigona corvina). La altitud reduce la diversidad de abejas debido a la dominancia de Bombus ephipiatus en regiones altas. Se observaron dos géneros de halíctidos (Megalopta y Caenaugochlora) no previamente reportados en este cultivo. Abejas Trigona dominan las flores en horarios más tardíos de la mañana, donde algunas veces muerden los orificios de los nectarios para facilitar la recolecta de néctar. Conclusiones: La diversidad de abejas que visitan C. pepo en Costa Rica parece asegurar su polinización ante cambios espaciales o estacionales en condiciones ambientales.

Species distribution models (SDM) are widely used as indicators of different aspects of geographical ranges for many purposes, from conservation to biogeographical and evolutionary analyses. However, these techniques are susceptible to various sources of uncertainty. Data coverage, species’ ecology, and the characteristics of their geographic distributions can affect SDM results, often generating critical errors in predicted distribution maps. We assess the influence of data quality, the characteristics of species distributions, and ecological traits on SDM performance. We predict the distributions of dung beetle species in Madrid region (central Spain) using six SDM techniques and validate them on an independent dataset. We relate variations in model performance with environmental completeness, data characteristics, and species traits through a partial least squares analysis. In this analysis, body size, nesting behaviour, marginality, rarity, data prevalence, Relative Occurrence Area (ROA), range size, niche breadth, and completeness are used as predictors of six assessment metrics (sensitivity, specificity, kappa, TSS, CCR, and AUC). Marginality and data prevalence were the variables that most influenced SDM performance, followed by range size, ROA, and niche breadth: species presenting higher marginality and data prevalence, and smaller ROA and niche breadth were associated with better models. Nesting behaviour, rarity, niche completeness, and body size had minor importance for SDM performance. Our results highlight the importance of taking species’ and data characteristics into account when modelling and comparing large groups of species using SDM. This implies that estimates of species richness and composition based on stacked SDMs can show high levels of error if they are constructed for groups of species with diverse ecological traits and types of geographic distributions. We suggest that the species holding characteristics that lead to poor SDM performance should not be included when constructing composite biodiversity variables. Further effort is needed to develop SDM methodologies and protocols that account for such source of uncertainty., This work was funded by the Brazilian CNPq project PVE 314523/2014-6. GT was funded by CAPES REUNI and PDSE grant n° 11842121.

Much recent scientific, media and public attention has focussed on the evidence for and consequences of declines in insect biodiversity. Reliable, complete inventories can be used to estimate insect trends accurately, but incomplete data may distort assessments of biodi-versity change. Thus, it is essential to understand the completeness of insect inventories. Assessing the database of Great Britain butterfly occurrences, likely the most complete database for any group of insects in the world (with 10,046,366 records for 58 butterfly species), we found that only 62% of the cells have complete inventories at the finest scale evaluated. The dynamic nature of butterfly distributions in response to climate change could explain this result, as the distribution of completeness values is related to the increas-ing occurrence of some species at higher latitudes as a consequence of recent range expan-sions. The exceptional quantity of information collected in Great Britain about this appeal-ing group of insects is insufficient to provide a complete picture. Consequently, we cannot expect to build complete inventories for less popular taxa, especially in less comprehen-sively sampled countries, and will require other techniques to understand the full extent of global biodiversity loss., D. S-F was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the University of Murcia (Spain).

The aim of the present study was to predict future changes in biodiversity attributes (richness, rarity, heterogeneity, evenness, functional diversity and taxonomic diversity) of freshwater fish species in river basins around the world, under different climate scenarios. To do this, we use a new methodological approach implemented within the ModestR software (NOO3D) which allows estimating simple species distribution predictions for future climatic scenarios. Data from 16,825 freshwater fish species were used, representing a total of 1,464,232 occurrence records. WorldClim 1.4 variables representing average climate variables for the 1960¿1990 period, together with elevation measurements, were used as predictors in these distribution models, as well as in the selection of the most important variables that account for species distribution changes in two scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 6.0). The predictions produced suggest the extinction of almost half of current freshwater fish species in the coming decades, with a pronounced decline in tropical regions and a greater extinction likelihood for species with smaller body size and/or limited geographical ranges., We acknowledge institutional support from the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the "Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas" (CSIC) for the article-processing charges contribution.

The detection of three Gongylonema sp. infective larvae in two specimens of the dung beetle Geotrupes mutator (Marsham, 1802) from western Spain is reported here for the first time in Europe. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the analyzed specimens belong to the genus Gongylonema, but it was not possible to determine the species identity by the lack of morphological information in the literature and because many of the phenotypic characteristics had not yet fully developed at this juvenile stage. Nevertheless, a phylogenetic analysis using amplified cox1 nucleotide sequences has revealed that the studied larvae could be clearly discriminated (< 89% identity) from all the other Gongylonema cox1 sequences available in public genetic databases. While our results are limited by the scarcity of genetic information available for this genus, the possibility that the analyzed specimens might correspond to a new species should not be ruled out, and more studies are needed. The results provided in this report indicate that G. mutator is involved in the transmission cycle of Gongylonema sp. to vertebrates in Europe., The Authors also appreciate the technical and human support provided by the facility of analysis and characterization of solids and surfaces of SAIUEx (financed by UEX, Junta de Extremadura, MICINN, FEDER, and FSE).

1. The description of how biological information is compiled over time is essential to detect temporal biases in biodiversity data that could directly influence the utility, comparability, and reliability of ecological and biogeographical studies. 2. We explore trends in species recording over time using one of the most spatially and temporally comprehensive country-level databases for any group of insects in the world – the database of butterfly occurrences from Great Britain. 3. Firstly, we used two crucial milestones (the year in which the taxonomic inventory is complete, i.e., when the last species was recorded, the year in which all species are recorded together for the first time) to delimit threemain phases in the process of biodiversity recording (taxonomic, faunistic and exhaustive phases). Secondly, we aimed to quantify how far species features (attractiveness and detectability) influence the process of recording through time. 4. During the first stage of biodiversity compilation,when the main aim is to complete the taxonomic inventory (taxonomic period), entomologists tend to record attractive species more frequently. However, once the inventory is complete, particularly in the period during whichmore spatially and temporally comprehensive information about species distribution is amassed (the exhaustive period), the recording pattern clearly changes to more detectable species. 5. Common, highly detectable species are undersampled in the first phase of biodiversity data compilation and oversampled in the final stages. Awareness of such temporal patterns in recording is necessary in order to correctly interpret and address bias in insect biodiversity trends

[Aim]: Adequate responses of species to climate changes require that thermal changes remain compatible across different key biological aspects (e.g. reproduction, feeding and development). However, limits of thermal compatibility to such biological aspects are largely unknown in extant ectotherm groups. To fill this gap, we studied the in-traspecific congruence of thermal responses across biological aspects., [Location]: Iberian Peninsula., [Taxon]: Scarabaeidae Dung beetles., [Methods]: We studied the role of temperature in determining the diel, seasonal and geographical occurrences of 16 dung beetle species. We fitted polynomial GLMs of the abundance/occurrence of each species as a function of temperature and alterna-tive predictors for each spatiotemporal scale, using deviance partitioning to explore the relative contribution of temperature. We used the fitted models to estimate real-ized thermal niche attributes at these three spatiotemporal scales, and assessed their intraspecific congruence through the correlation of niche attributes from different scales., [Results]: We found that temperature has relatively low—but not negligible—explanatory capacity at the three spatiotemporal scales, once alternative predictors are taken into account. More importantly, the estimated thermal responses were largely incongru-ent across scales, indicating that these species have multidimensional thermal niches., [Main conclusions]: The multidimensionality of thermal niches entails that species’ adjustments to fulfil temperature requirements for one biological aspect (such as sea-sonal ontogenetic cycles) may result in detrimental effects on other elements (e.g. diel activity). These trade-offs could expose individuals to inadequate temperatures at certain moments, reducing populations’ performance. Paradoxically, the weak effects of temperature we found may have severe consequences for species responses to warming if temperature regulates essential aspects of their biology in divergent ways.

The emergence of infectious diseases is reviewed highlighting the potential role played by main environmental anthropogenic disturbances as, deforestation, land-use change, human-induced climate change, biodiversity loss and the illegal wildlife trade. Ultimately, it is plausible that the human impact on the biosphere could be the root cause of these emerging diseases, and that economic globalization, population growth and landscape anthropization might increase the likelihood of the emergence of novel zoonoses. This pattern bears similarities to phenomena that occurred during the Neolithic period with the emergence of agriculture and cattle domestication. Still today such phenomena could be accelerated by the vastly increased traffic of people and goods. Finally, we argue in favour of strong policies and actions aiming to mitigate the human impact on natural ecosystems as a key strategy to prevent future zoonoses., This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

The Mediterranean Red List assessment is a review of the regional conservation status of approximately 6,000 species (amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds, fishes, butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, corals and plants) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level to guide appropriate conservation actions for improving their status. This report summarises the results for Mediterranean dung beetles. All the dung beetles that are endemic or nearly endemic to the Mediterranean region – 200 species – are included. The geographical scope is the Mediterranean region according to the Mediterranean Basin Biodiversity Hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004), with the exception of the Macaronesian islands, which have not been included in this study. Of the 644 species of dung beetles inhabiting the Mediterranean region, 200 (32%) have at least 75% of their distribution range within the borders of the region. The other 444 species, which occur over a wider area, were excluded from this assessment. Of the 200 species analysed, 150 are considered endemic as they cannot be found anywhere else in the world.