Search

Understanding the thermal behavior of lakes is crucial for water quality management. Under climate change, lakes are warming and undergoing alterations in their thermal structure, including surface and deep-water temperatures. These changes require continuous monitoring due to the possible major ecological implications on water quality and lake processes. With the scarcity of long-term in situ water temperature datasets, we present a regional long-term water temperature dataset (LakeTSim: Lake Temperature Simulations) produced over 401 French lakes by combining numerical modelling and satellite thermal data. The dataset consists of daily epilimnion and hypolimnion temperatures for the period 1959–2020 simulated with the semi-empirical OKPLM (Ottosson-Kettle-Prats Lake Model). We also describe this model and its performance. We present the uncertainty analysis of simulations with default (parametrized with satellite thermal data over all lakes and in situ measurements) and calibrated (with in situ temperature measurements for each lake) model parameters as well as the sensitivity analysis of the latter. Overall, the 90 % confidence uncertainty range is largest for hypolimnion temperature simulations with a median of 8.5 ºC and 2.32 ºC respectively with default and calibrated parameter values. There is less uncertainty associated with epilimnion temperature simulations with a median of 5.42 ºC and 1.85 ºC before and after parameter calibration. This dataset will help provide insight into the thermal functioning of French lakes. It provides over six decades of epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature data, crucial for climate change studies at a regional scale. The dataset will also be of great advantage for decision making by stakeholders.

As the chess world reels from a cheating scandal, Jordi Prats looks at the problem of computer- assisted cheating and efforts to combat it

International audience; The management of French freshwater bodies (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, etc.) needs to face the challenges imposed by the effects of climate change and by legal requirements to develop standards for water temperature and other physicochemical indicators. While 1D hydrodynamical models could be helpful in improving the knowledge of the thermal and hydrodynamic behaviour of French water bodies, the scarcity of data for calibration and validation, in addition to the unavailability of some forcing data, makes their application difficult for most French water bodies. In this article we explore an alternative statistical approach that takes advantage of the available data in order to inform future modelling applications. We used official monitoring data and satellite measurements to study the thermal characteristics of more than 400 French water bodies (depth: 1–310 m, surface area: 0.1–577 km2, volume: 0.1–89,000 hm3). The objective was to identify the importance of size on their thermal behaviour. For this we analysed the annual temperature cycle, the summer temperature profiles and within-lake spatial variability. Together with size, geography and transparency determine the thermal behaviour of water bodies through complex interactions. As a result of the analysis we propose a classification of French water bodies as a function of depth and surface area that reflects the summer vertical temperature gradient and the processes influencing the deepening of the thermocline.

International audience; Thermal images of water bodies often show a radiance gradient perpendicular to the banks. This effect is frequently due to mixed land and water thermal pixels. In the case of the Landsat images, radiance mixing can also affect pure water pixels due the cubic convolution resampling of the native thermal measurements. Some authors recommended a general-purpose margin of two thermal pixels to the banks or a minimum river width of three pixels, to avoid near bank effects in water temperature retrievals. Given the relatively course spatial resolution of satellite thermal sensors, the three pixel margin severely restricts their application to temperature mapping in many rivers. This study proposes a new algorithm to enhance the retrieval of stream surface temperature using Landsat 8 thermal data, although it is also applicable to Landsat 7 and Landsat 5. The aim is not to perform a subpixel radiance unmixing but to refine the selection of unmixed, reliable pixels for temperature mapping. For this purpose, the spatial arrangement of native Landsat thermal pixels is approximated, and pure water pixels in the downscaled thermal band are selected accordingly. The least-favourable cubic convolution near-bank radiance mixing is simulated on image basis. Only pure thermal water pixels unaffected by the simulated worst-case resampling are selected. The algorithm allowed retrieving water surface temperature in reaches down to 120 m wide, clearly improving the existing three pixel, i.e. 300 m for Landsat 8, recommendation. The enhancing algorithm was applied to a reach in the Ebro River reach, Spain. It provided spatially distributed temperatures in narrow parts, upstream and downstream of a wide reservoir, offering new insight of the overall impact of the reservoir over the river thermal regime.

Simulations of tracer experiments conducted with a three‐dimensional primitive‐equation hydrodynamic and transport model are used to understand the processes controlling the rate of mixing between two rivers (Ebro and Segre), with distinct physical and chemical properties, at their confluence, upstream of a meandering reservoir (Ribarroja reservoir). Mixing rates downstream of the confluence are subject to hourly scale oscillations, driven partly by changes in inflow densities and also as a result of turbulent eddies that develop within the shear layer between the confluent rivers and near a dead zone located downstream of the confluence. Even though density contrasts are low—at most O(10−1) kg m−3difference among sources—and almost negligible from a dynamic point of view—compared with inertial forces—they are important for mixing. Mixing rates between the confluent streams under weakly buoyant conditions can be of up to 40% larger than those occurring under neutrally buoyant conditions. The buoyancy effects on mixing rates are interpreted as the result of changes in the contact area available for mixing (distortion of the mixing layer). For strong density contrasts, though, when the contact area between the streams becomes nearly horizontal, larger density differences between streams will lead to weaker mixing rates, as a result of the stabilizing effect of vertical density gradients.

We investigated sediment-water heat flux estimation in relation to applications (hydrodynamics simulation, evaporation studies, or global change effects assessment) in which sediment temperatures are not available because of technical complications (difficulties in installing sensors, for example) or because of methodology used (remote sensing, for example). We used field sediment temperature data measured every 10min to 1m depth at Doñana National Park marshland to obtain sediment thermal properties and to calculate diel sediment-water heat exchange through Beck’s sequential function specification method. We compare four models for the simulation of sediment-water heat flux by using surface temperatures. Two models need initial estimated inside sediment temperatures; the other two do not. Influence of estimated initial temperature profiles depends on the temperature distribution assumption and is significant for three days or fewer at the daily timescale. A model that does not use initial sediment temperatures provides accurate estimations with low computation time.

Controlling phosphorus is fundamental to limit the risk of eutrophication of continental aquatic ecosystems. Integrated modelling of its concentration in the aquatic continuum requires specific tools for water bodies. However, although simple static empirical models and complex biogeochemical models are numerous, there are few relatively simple and flexible models able to simulate seasonal variations in phosphorus concentrations in water bodies and particularly in reservoirs. In this study, the two-layer dynamic model, LakeMab, simulating phosphorus variations in water bodies, was enhanced to consider some tributary characteristics and reservoir specificities. It was then applied to the case of a reservoir in western France, Lake Bultiere. Without any calibration, the modified model reproduced reasonably well seasonal variations in phosphorus concentration in the lake. A sensitivity analysis showed the importance of improvements related to reservoir functioning (outlet depth, water level fluctuations) and the smaller importance of those related to tributaries (variable concentrations, depth of riverine inputs). The model can easily be applied to diverse lentic systems and could be coupled to stream models, thereby making it a useful tool for managing water quality in lakes and reservoirs.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a highly sensitive technique, well suited for and used in applications targeting the accurate measurement of water vapor in a wide range of concentrations. This work demonstrates the nonlinear photoacoustic response obtained for water vapor in air at typical atmospheric concentration levels, which is a result of the resonant vibrational coupling of water and oxygen. Relevant processes in the relaxation path of water in a mixture with air, excited with near-infrared radiation, are identified and a physical model for the acoustic signal measured with a resonant photoacoustic cell is presented. The model is valid for modulation frequencies typical for conventional and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and provides a simplified means of calibration for photoacoustic water vapor sensors. Estimated values for comprised model coefficients are evaluated from photoacoustic measurements of water vapor in synthetic air. Furthermore, it is shown experimentally that the process of vibrational excitation of nitrogen is of negligible importance in the relaxation path of water vapor and thus insignificant in the photoacoustic heat production in atmospheric measurement environments.

As freshwater ecosystems, lakes are essential resources on Earth and offer a wide variety of services to nature and society. Large lakes are iconic waterbodies due to their size and the wealth of ecosystem services they provide at local and regional scales. Ecosystem services provided by large lakes usually encompass all four major categories: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural. Accordingly, it is common that large lakes supply fish and water to surrounding populations that can reach millions of people. At the same time, large lakes provide water storage and facilitate varied recreational activities, making them attractive for tourism activities. Tourism, fisheries, power generation, and transportation are important categories of ecosystem services that deliver easily quantifiable economic benefits (Sterner et al., 2020), making large lakes of remarkable value. Conversely, degradation of lake ecosystems causes costly damages (Mueller et al., 2016; Sterner et al., 2020). As a consequence, managing the quality of large lakes has become a challenge for stakeholders and governmental entities.

Open educational resources (OERs) have become a key element in the development of quality education within the 2030 Agenda. This article discusses the current situation of OER in Spanish universities, analysing their publishing platforms, policies, strategies and incentives for authors. In addition, the characteristics of the existing OERs in institutional repositories are analysed and a proposal for development stages, according to their purpose and level of openness, is presented. This study concludes that, although there is growing interest in OER, there is currently no general awareness of what OER is or what its creation entails. Interdisciplinary cooperation of the professionals involved is, therefore, essential to create OER that can be found, shared and reused. Los recursos educativos abiertos (REA) se han convertido en un elemento clave para una educación de calidad dentro de la Agenda 2030. En este artículo se estudia la situación de los REA en las universidades españolas, analizando sus plataformas de publicación, las políticas de impulso y los incentivos para los autores. También se analizan las caracterís-ticas de los REA existentes en los repositorios institucionales, a partir de las cuales se hace una propuesta de estadios de desarrollo en función de su finalidad y nivel de apertura. El estudio concluye que, aunque hay un interés creciente por los REA, no existe una concienciación general sobre lo que son y lo que implica crearlos. Por ello resulta imprescindible la cooperación interdisciplinar de los profesionales involucrados para crear REA que se puedan encontrar, compartir y reutilizar de manera efectiva. Este estudio se ha realizado en el marco de la línea 3 de Rebiun (concretamente la acción 6, dentro del grupo de trabajo de repositorios) y el grupo de investigación consolidado Cultura i Continguts Digitals (SGR 2017-422), financiado por la Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (Agaur) de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Los autores agradecen la colaboración de Guillem Cebrián.

Summary The rates and patterns of mixing of two large rivers with large density differences at a strongly asymmetrical confluence in northern Spain are analyzed. We assess the factors controlling the site where the denser river plunges and the mixing rates between the rivers. In particular, we focus on the interaction between inertial and buoyancy forces, the effect of wind forcing, and the unsteady nature of the hydraulic forcing. The steady-state location of the plunge line is shown to be controlled by an inertia–buoyancy balance, which accounts for the relative magnitude of the buoyancy forcing associated with density differences between the confluent rivers, and the magnitudes of both the main-stream and the side-flow (tributary) inertia. The plunge line moves to upstream locations as the inertia of the tributary increases (for low tributary inertia) and/or the density contrast between the rivers increases. This has important consequences for river mixing since mixing rates increase as the plunging occurs at the confluence. The high mixing rates in this case occur as a result of a large mixing interface surface area and high diffusivities. As the plunging area moves upstream or downstream of the confluence, vertical diffusivities or the area of contact available for mixing decrease and constrain mixing rates. Wind forcing, depending on its velocity and direction, affects mixing rates through (1) altering the buoyancy–inertia equilibrium and so changing the location of the plunge line, (2) altering the pattern of secondary circulation within the confluence and/or (3) increasing shear at the confluence. Flow unsteadiness can lead to changes in the location of the plunge line through time and thus can strongly modify mixing rates at the confluence. The downstream movement of the plunge line is advection dominated, while its upstream movement seems to respond to a baroclinic response of the confluence.

One of the most important current issues in the management of lakes and reservoirs is the prediction of global climate change effects to determine appropriate mitigation and adaptation actions. In this paper we analyse whether management actions can limit the effects of climate change on water temperatures in a reservoir. For this, we used the model EOLE to simulate the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviour of the reservoir of Bimont (Provence region, France) in the medium term (2036-2065) and in the long term (2066-2095) using regionalised projections by the model CNRM-CERFACS-CNRM-CM5 under the emission scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Water temperature projections were compared to simulations for the reference period 1993-2013, the longest period for which we had year-long data for both hydrology and meteorology. We calibrated the model using profile measurements for the period 2010-2011 and we carried an extensive validation and assessment of model performance. In fact, we validated the model using profile measurements for 2012-2014, obtaining a root mean square error of 1.08°C and mean bias of -0.11°C, and we assured the consistency of model simulations in the long term by comparing simulated surface temperature to satellite measurements for 1999-2013. We assessed the effect using synthetic input data instead of measured input data by comparing simulations made using both kinds of data for the reference period. Using synthetic data resulted in slightly lower (-0.3°C) average and maximum epilimnion temperatures, a somewhat deeper thermocline, and slightly higher evaporation (+7%). To investigate the effect of different management strategies, we considered three management scenarios: i) bottom outlet and present water level; ii) bottom outlet and elevated water level; and iii) surface outlet and elevated water level. According to the simulations, the reservoir of Bimont will have a low rate of warming of the epilimnion of 0.009-0.024 °C·yr-1, but a rapid hypolimnion warming of 0.013-0.028°C·yr-1. The increase in surface temperatures will augment evaporation. However, the length of the stratification period and the thermocline depth are not expected to change. Elevating the water level and using a surface outlet in the reservoir of Bimont, would result in reductions of surface temperature of a similar magnitude as the expected increase because of climate change.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]QUASARE [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; Water temperature is an essential ecological variable that influences life beings at several organizational levels, but its monitoring at the regional level is costly. An alternative is using models, which summarise the knowledge of the functioning of the system so that they can be used to answer specific questions. We present a model to calculate the epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature of inland water bodies based on air temperature and on their geographical and morphological characteristics. The seven model parameters were parametrised by using official monitoring data and the satellite temperature data of the data set LakeSST for French water bodies. The performance of the parametrised model was compared to that of two widely used models (FLake and air2water with four parameters). The model showed a good performance in the simulation of epilimnion temperatures, especially in the summer. For hypolimnion temperatures the performance was worse, but still comparable to that of other models. Because of its good performance and the few data needed to run the model, it is a good choice for managers interested in the thermal behaviour of inland water bodies.; La température de l'eau est une variable écologique essentielle qui influence les êtres vivants à plusieurs niveaux, mais son suivi au niveau régional est coûteux. Une alternative consiste à utiliser des modèles, qui apportent des connaissances sur le fonctionnement des systèmes qui permettent de répondre à des questions spécifiques. Nous présentons ici un modèle pour simuler la température de l'épilimnion et de l'hypolimnion des masses d'eau douce continentales françaises en fonction de la température de l'air et de leurs caractéristiques géographiques et morphologiques. Les sept paramètres du modèle ont été paramétrés à l'aide de données de surveillance réglementaire et des données de température satellitaires LakeSST. La performance du modèle paramétré a été comparée à celle de deux modèles largement utilisés (FLake et air2water avec quatre paramètres). Le modèle est performant pour la simulation des températures de l'épilimnion, surtout en été. Pour les températures de l'hypolimnion, la performance est moins bonne mais toujours comparable à celle des autres modèles. En raison de sa bonne performance et du peu de données nécessaires pour exécuter le modèle, il constitue un bon choix pour les gestionnaires intéressés par connaître le comportement thermique des masses d'eau douce continentales.

[EN] This paper presents the main results of the study of water balance and surface heat balance in the Doñana marshlands. The study was based on a broad base of hydrometeorological data taken at 10 minute intervals from 2006 to 2011 by a network of six measuring stations located in areas of vegetation-free marsh. This information is used to characterize, at different time scales, the thermal behavior of the marsh by analyzing its hydrometeorology centering on the surface heat fluxes. Thus, we have modeled and analyzed the heat flux between the water and flooded soil and the processes of heat transfer between the water surface and the atmosphere. Special attention has been paid to evaporation, on which the marsh draining process depends, [ES] Este trabajo expone los principales resultados del estudio de los balances hídrico y térmico de la marisma de Doñana. El estudio se ha basado en una amplia base de datos hidrometeorológicos tomados a intervalos de 10 minutos entre los años 2006 y 2011 por una red de seis estaciones de medida localizadas en áreas no vegetadas de la marisma. Esta información ha permitido caracterizar, a diferente escala temporal, el comportamiento térmico de la marisma mediante la modelización y análisis de los flujos de calor entre el agua y el suelo inundado, así como los procesos de transferencia de calor entre la superficie libre del agua y la atmósfera. Se ha puesto especial atención en la cuantificación de la evaporación, de la que depende en gran medida el proceso de vaciado de la marisma., Los autores agradecen la asistencia del Espacio Natural Doñana y de la Estación Biológica de Doñana en la instalación y mantenimiento de la instrumentación de medida, labores esenciales realizadas por D. Ninyerola y J. Rabadà (Flumen, UPCCINME). Este estudio ha contado con la financiación de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, de un convenio con la Empresa de Gestión Ambiental (EGMASA) adscrita a la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, de la acción complementaria CMT2007-30881-E/TECNO del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, y del contrato GOCE-CT-2006-037081 del programa FP6 de la Unión Europea. Uno de los autores (ARF) contó con una beca FPI del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia., Este estudio ha contado con la financiación de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, de un convenio con la Empresa de Gestión Ambiental (EGMASA) adscrita a la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, de la acción complementaria CMT2007-30881-E/TECNO del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, y del contrato GOCE-CT-2006-037081 del programa FP6 de la Unión Europea. Uno de los autores (ARF) contó con una beca FPI del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los resultados de la aplicacion del sistema de clasificacion mediante grupos clinicos ajustados (GCA) en un centro de atencion primaria de salud (APS) de una poblacion espanola. METODOS: Estudio transversal retrospectivo a partir de los registros medicos informatizados de los pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente durante 2007 en el centro de salud La Roca, administrado por una empresa de gestion de servicios de salud en La Roca del Valles, Barcelona, Espana. Los GCA se conformaron segun la Clasificacion Internacional de Enfermedades, 9.a revision, modificacion clinica. Se calcularon los pesos relativos medios en dolares estadounidenses de cada GCA respecto al costo medio total y, a partir de ellos, se crearon las bandas de utilizacion de recursos. Se determinaron los indices de riesgo (IR) y eficiencia (IE) con respecto a 2006 y se estimo el poder explicativo de la clasificacion empleada. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 8 294 pacientes, para una cobertura de 82,7%, con una media de 4,1 episodios por paciente, 6,9 visitas por paciente y 5,7 visitas por habitante al ano. A siete GCA correspondio 51,0% de los pacientes atendidos. El IR fue de 1,015, el IE en las visitas de 0,975 y el poder explicativo de la clasificacion en GCA fue de 53,4% para las visitas y de 74,8% para los episodios. CONCLUSIONES: El sistema de GCA permitio agrupar a los pacientes de una poblacion segun su estado clinico y puede ayudar, entre otros aspectos, en la asignacion de recursos y la evaluacion de la eficiencia de los equipos de APS.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los resultados de la aplicación del sistema de clasificación mediante grupos clínicos ajustados (GCA) en un centro de atención primaria de salud (APS) de una población española. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal retrospectivo a partir de los registros médicos informatizados de los pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente durante 2007 en el centro de salud La Roca, administrado por una empresa de gestión de servicios de salud en La Roca del Vallès, Barcelona, España. Los GCA se conformaron según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, 9.ª revisión, modificación clínica. Se calcularon los pesos relativos medios en dólares estadounidenses de cada GCA respecto al costo medio total y, a partir de ellos, se crearon las bandas de utilización de recursos. Se determinaron los índices de riesgo (IR) y eficiencia (IE) con respecto a 2006 y se estimó el poder explicativo de la clasificación empleada. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 8 294 pacientes, para una cobertura de 82,7%, con una media de 4,1 episodios por paciente, 6,9 visitas por paciente y 5,7 visitas por habitante al año. A siete GCA correspondió 51,0% de los pacientes atendidos. El IR fue de 1,015, el IE en las visitas de 0,975 y el poder explicativo de la clasificación en GCA fue de 53,4% para las visitas y de 74,8% para los episodios. CONCLUSIONES: El sistema de GCA permitió agrupar a los pacientes de una población según su estado clínico y puede ayudar, entre otros aspectos, en la asignación de recursos y la evaluación de la eficiencia de los equipos de APS.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results of implementing a classification system based on adjusted clinical groups (ACG) at a primary health care (PHC) in a Spanish population. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study based on the computerized medical records of outpatients seen in 2007 by the La Roca clinic, administered by a health services management company in La Roca del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. The ACGs were formed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. The relative weight of each ACG's total average cost was calculated (in U.S. dollars) and based on these, the resources usage levels were established. The risk index (RI) and efficiency index (EI) for 2006 and the classification's explanatory power were determined. RESULTS: A total of 8 294 patients were studied (82.7% coverage), with an average of 4.1 incidents per patient, 6.9 visits per patient, and 5.7 visits per person per year. Seven GCAs accounted for 51.0% of patients seen. The RI was 1.015, the EI was 0.975 visits, and the explanatory power of the ACG classification was 53.4% for visits and 74.8% for incidents. CONCLUSIONS: The ACG system allowed this patient population to be grouped by clinical status, which can help to, among other things, allocate resources and evaluate PHC team efficiency.

Juvenile hormone content of Sesamia nonagrioides larvae reared under different environmental conditions that induce diapause was studied using a bioassay on newly-emerged Tribolium confusum pupae. Two analytical methods were also used to measure JHIII content. Extracts from larvae that developed under different conditions of photoperiod and temperature caused different effects in T. confusum pupae. This can be related to different diapause intensities. Extracts from diapausing larvae produced a higher juvenilizing effect than the expected, considering their JHIII titer calculated by the chromatographic analysis. This indicates that hormones other than JHIII must be present in extracts of diapausing larvae of S. nonagrioides. The analytical procedures confirm that diapausing larvae have a higher JHIII titer in the haemolymph than non-diapausing larvae. This shows that JH is involved in the maintenance of diapause in this species.

[1] The lower Ebro River (Spain) is subject to the thermal and hydrological alterations caused by the system of reservoirs of Mequinenza, Riba-roja, and Flix and to the thermal effluent of the nuclear power plant of Asco, located 5 km downstream from the three reservoirs. In this paper, a modeling approach is used to determine the equilibrium temperature and recuperation distance at the study reach for different seasons and hydrological years. The intensity of the alteration caused by the reservoirs and nuclear power plant effluent is studied in reference to the equilibrium temperature and discharge rate. Mean daily water temperature downstream from the reservoirs is higher than mean daily equilibrium temperature in the fall and is lower during the rest of the year. Changes in the heat fluxes induced by thermal alteration are also addressed, showing important variations in evaporation and conduction to the atmosphere.

(1994). History Of Pediatric Oncology In Spain. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 357-360.

The Ebro River is one of the longest rivers in Spain and it also has the greatest discharge. Its lower part is highly regulated and includes a system of three reservoirs (Mequinensa, Riba-roja and Flix). The water temperature is altered because of the release of hypolimnetic water and the use of water for cooling at the Ascó nuclear power plant. The thermal regime of the lower Ebro River on different time scales and the changes caused by anthropogenic factors, especially the system of reservoirs and the thermal effluent of the nuclear power plant, have been studied by installing a net of water temperature measuring stations and by using historical water temperature data provided by the thermal power plant at Escatrón. An increase of 2.3ºC in the mean annual water temperature could be demonstrated in the period 1955–2000 at this site. The effects of the system of reservoirs and of the nuclear power plant were the usual for this kind of structures and could be detected many kilometres downstream. In the summer, the cooling effect of the reservoirs and the warming effect of the nuclear power plant compensated each other. In winter, the warming effect of both summed up

[ES] La presencia de los embalses de Mequinenza, Riba-Roja y Flix en el tramo inferior del río Ebro ha dado lugar a una serie de alteraciones (reducción de la entidad y frecuencia de las avenidas, estabilización de caudales, etc.) que han favorecido el desarrollo de macrófitos sumergidos. La viabilidad diaria y anual del régimen de caudales del tramo inferior del río Ebro como consecuencia de la regulación ejercida por los embalses se analiza en este trabajo. Los principales efectos son: importantes variaciones diarias de caudal, un menor caudal los fines de semana y la estabilización de los caudales mínimos. Asimismo, se analiza la influencia de la proliferación de macrófitos en el comportamiento hidráulico del río. En el período estudiado (200-2006) el río presentó dos tipos de comportamiento hidráulico: un comportamiento que puede considerarse como ordinario, con el cauce limpio, y otro más lento, caracterizado por menores velocidades y mayores calados para un mismo caudal. Este segundo comportamiento coincidió con épocas de sequía, con caudales bajos durante gran parte del año y proliferación de macrófitos. El paso del comportamiento lento al comportamiento ordinario se produce con avenidas importantes, que tienen el poder suficiente para arrastrar a los macrófitos., Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Programa de Recursos Hídricos del Plan Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo y el Fondo Social Europeo, proyectos número CGL2004-05503-C02-01/HID, CGL2004-05503-C02-02/HID y CGL2008-06377-C02-02/BTE, y por el convenio con la Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellós II. Hay que agradecer a la CHE y a la Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellós II los datos proporcionados para la realización de este estudio.

To evaluate the results of implementing a classification system based on adjusted clinical groups (ACG) at a primary health care (PHC) in a Spanish population.A retrospective, cross-sectional study based on the computerized medical records of outpatients seen in 2007 by the La Roca clinic, administered by a health services management company in La Roca del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. The ACGs were formed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. The relative weight of each ACG's total average cost was calculated (in U.S. dollars) and based on these, the resources usage levels were established. The risk index (RI) and efficiency index (EI) for 2006 and the classification's explanatory power were determined.A total of 8 294 patients were studied (82.7% coverage), with an average of 4.1 incidents per patient, 6.9 visits per patient, and 5.7 visits per person per year. Seven GCAs accounted for 51.0% of patients seen. The RI was 1.015, the EI was 0.975 visits, and the explanatory power of the ACG classification was 53.4% for visits and 74.8% for incidents.The ACG system allowed this patient population to be grouped by clinical status, which can help to, among other things, allocate resources and evaluate PHC team efficiency.

Unerupted supernumerary teeth, depending on the morphology, number and distribution can give rise to various alterations in the eruption and development of those permanent teeth to which they are related.We aimed to make an epidemiological and descriptive study of the clinical characteristics of patients in Barcelona, their surgical treatment and how said treatment was hindered.A descriptive study including 113 supernumerary teeth from 79 healthy pediatric patients between 5 and 19 years of age, which underwent surgery in our hospital during a 2 year period (May 2005 / May 2007), taking into account the variables of personal data, gender, age, location, number, morphology, position-axis, radiological study, surgical treatment, related pathologies, and surgical complications.Male patients (51) were more frequently affected than female (28) patients mainly within the central incisors-mesiodens (53.16%), in which the unique form (68.52%) predominates in conoid morphology (69.62%). Surgical treatment was done by palatal/lingual extraction (49.37%), with few surgical complications (only 1 case of post-surgical bleeding).Incidence in supernumerary teeth is higher among male patients (ratio M:F of 1.82:1). They are most frequently located in the maxilla (82%), specifically, in the premaxilla (77%). Most cases presented only one supernumerary tooth (68.5%) and, in multiple cases, the premolar region is predominant. The conoid shape is the commonest morphology (69.62%). Surgical extraction, was done by palatal/lingual in 49.37% of the cases, as opposed to the vestibular approach in 45.57%.

Este taller tiene que ver con las estrategias de promoción de los repositorios desde la bilioteca o servicio de documentación universitario. Incluye aspectos relacionados con la difusión, el soporte y los servicios creados sobre los depósitos digitales.

Three-dimensional primitive equations (3DPE) become a reasonable approach in hydrodynamics in terms of computational costs when the length of the computational domain and/or computational time scales increases. However, given the simplified set of equations used in the analysis, results with 3DPE-based models are expected to be approximate and before attempting to reproduce complex natural flows they first need to be validated against more simple flows observed in laboratory settings. Here, the validity of Cartesian free-surface hydrodynamic models to reproduce three turbulent flows characteristic of river environments is tested: (1) the development of shallow mixing layers, (2) flow pass a lateral cavity and (3) flow in open channel with mild curvature. Errors between measured and modeled values were generally less than 10%, proving their validity to reproduce such turbulent flows and their potential for simulations in more complex natural environments, such it is the case of the confluence between the Ebro and Segre rivers into Ribarroja reservoir.

Les noves tecnologies de la informacio i la comunicacio estan modificant els mecanismes emprats per diferents comunitats per comunicar-se entre si. Si tractem de comunitats academiques o cientifiques, cal parlar, avui dia, d’arxius oberts o del moviment Open Access. Si partim del principi de l’acces obert al coneixement, els cientifics son conscients que els actuals sistemes de publicacio i comunicacio dels seus treballs son cada vegada mes elitistes i, per tant, excloents.

[ES] El presente trabajo describe algunas aportaciones de la limnología a la gestión de embalses a partir de la revisión de la bibliografía y de la experiencia de los autores. Después de explicar los principales retos a los que se enfrentan los gestores de embalses, se dan ejemplos de medidas a aplicar, destacando la importancia de tener en cuenta las diferentes escalas de gestión tanto temporales (escala plurianual, anual, diaria) como espaciales (cuenca, tramo fluvial, embalse o cadena de embalses). También se revisan los métodos disponibles para el estudio del estado ecológico de los embalses. [EN] This article describes some of the contributions of limnology to reservoir management according to a literature review and the authors’ experience. After explaining the main challenges that reservoir managers have to face, some examples of management measures are given and the need to take into account the different management scales are underlined, whether temporal (multiannual, annual, daily) or spatial (catchment, river reach, reservoir or reservoir chain). The available methods for the study of reservoir ecological status are also reviewed.

An application of Genetic Programming (an evolutionary computational tool) without and with standardization data is presented with the aim of modeling the behavior of the water temperature in a river in terms of meteorological variables that are easily measured, to explore their explanatory power and to emphasize the utility of the standardization of variables in order to reduce the effect of those with large variance. Recorded data corresponding to the water temperature behavior at the Ebro River, Spain, are used as analysis case, showing a performance improvement on the developedmodel when data are standardized. This improvement is reflected in a reduction of the mean square error. Finally, the models obtained in this document were applied to estimate the water temperature in 2004, in order to provide evidence about their applicability to forecasting purposes.

El contexto actual en el que se articula la comunicación académica está fuertemente marcado por un uso intensivo de la tecnología en la generación, acceso y consumo de información. Este nuevo escenario ha provocado por un lado que la cadena de valor en la generación de contenidos se haya visto fuertemente alterada, provocando fusiones en las figuras de los agentes que tradicionalmente han participado en ella, así como cambios en los usos tradicionales que se hace de los canales de distribución de contenidos. La evolución en estos cambios no se está realizando de forma paralela en los dos grandes ámbitos de la actividad universitaria: la investigación y la docencia. En la comunicación científica, se percibe un cierto proteccionismo sobre los métodos tradicionales de comunicación. Se trata de un modelo fuertemente arraigado y con gran impacto en la carrera del investigador, lo que conlleva que la evolución no sea tan abrupta como en otros ámbitos. Recientes estudios indican que la adopción de nuevos canales de comunicación (blogs, wikis, ...) es aún menor y las preferencias en los canales siguen priorizando la publicación de trabajos en revistas impresas o electrónicas, congresos o libros etc. La adopción de las llamadas herramientas colaborativas 2.0 es minoritaria, sin que ello signifique que existan barreras para la elaboración de trabajos colaborativos, método tradicional de elaboración del trabajo científico. En el ámbito de los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, si la intensificación en el uso de las tecnologías se centraba en la implementación de campus virtuales como herramientas principalmente de repositorio de contenidos y comunicación profesor/estudiante, nuevos modelos están surgiendo que trascienden el uso de contenidos generados por la propia institución. La adopción de contenidos en múltiples formatos, de acceso abierto en Internet, se produce de modo mucho más generalizado, así como el sudo de herramientas de comunicación colaborativas en el marco del contexto 2.0. Ejemplo los llamados Entornos Personales de Aprendizaje. Si pudiéramos encontrar un denominador común en los distintos modelos, este sería el consumo cada vez más masivo de contenidos en acceso abierto. En el ámbito de la investigación, consolidando el movimiento Open Access. En el ámbito de la docencia aprovechando y seleccionando la infinidad de recursos disponibles en Internet. Cabe destacar el papel que han jugado las universidades y sus bibliotecas con el desarrollo de repositorios institucionales y/o especializados, con el objetivo de visualizar su actividad, preservar su propia producción y compartir el conocimiento que generan.

This retrospective study compares the results obtained in 56 children with medulloblastoma treated with two different protocols at our center between 1975 and 1990. Since 1985 we have been enrolled in the medulloblastoma SIOP II protocol in which we have entered 27 patients. These patients form the SIOP group (SG) and the 29 children treated before 1985, the historical group (HG). When the two groups were compared for age and sex distribution, no differences were found; however, prognostic factors were worse in the HG than in SG: 21 versus 15 T3–T4 and 13 versus 8 high-risk, respectively. The relapse rate was 63% for the HG and 39% for the SG. Five-year disease-free survival was 31% for the HG and 56% for the SG (p = 0.037). Five-year survival was 52 and 70%, respectively (p = 0.055). When SG and HG were compared by stratifying for tumor size, surgical resection and the risk variable, better disease-free survival was obtained in SG than in HG. In a multivariate analysis, the HG and the high-risk proved to be variable independent predictors of poor survival. We observe an increase in survival in our patients with medulloblastoma.