Search

Introduction The pharmacological management of inflammatory arthritis often requires choices that involve trade-offs between benefits, risks and other attributes such as administration route, frequency and cost. This living systematic review aims to inform international clinical guidelines on inflammatory arthritis by creating an evidence map of patient preference studies concerning the trade-offs in pharmacological management of inflammatory arthritis.Methods and analysis We will include published and peer-reviewed full-text studies in any language that quantitatively assess preferences of patients for the pharmacological management of inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Studies must use either stated or revealed preference methods to assess preferences and provide a quantitative assessment of relevant characteristics, such as benefits, risks, costs and process attributes. Articles will identified through Medline and EMBASE database searches from inception using search terms that combine keywords and subject headings for inflammatory arthritis and preference-based methods, and a search in the Health Preference Study and Technology Registry using keywords for the populations of interest. Two independent reviewers will perform abstract and full-text screening. Risk of bias will be assessed using the GRADE risk of bias tool. An evidence map will be generated to summarise included studies and their assessments of each trade-off. The search will be conducted every 6 months with new studies added to the inventory.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required. Results from the base review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and findings will be presented at conferences. In the living model, we will publish updates and datasets on an Open Science Framework page, with periodic updates in peer-reviewed journals.

Abstract Background Involving collaborators and partners in research may increase relevance and uptake, while reducing health and social inequities. Collaborators and partners include people and groups interested in health research: health care providers, patients and caregivers, payers of health research, payers of health services, publishers, policymakers, researchers, product makers, program managers, and the public. Evidence syntheses inform decisions about health care services, treatments, and practice, which ultimately affect health outcomes. Our objectives are to: A. Identify, map, and synthesize qualitative and quantitative findings related to engagement in evidence syntheses B. Explore how engagement in evidence synthesis promotes health equity C. Develop equity-oriented guidance on methods for conducting, evaluating, and reporting engagement in evidence syntheses Methods Our diverse, international team will develop guidance for engagement with collaborators and partners throughout multiple sequential steps using an integrated knowledge translation approach: 1. Reviews. We will co-produce 1 scoping review, 3 systematic reviews and 1 evidence map focusing on (a) methods, (b) barriers and facilitators, (c) conflict of interest considerations, (d) impacts, and (e) equity considerations of engagement in evidence synthesis. 2. Methods study, interviews, and survey. We will contextualise the findings of step 1 by assessing a sample of evidence syntheses reporting on engagement with collaborators and partners and through conducting interviews with collaborators and partners who have been involved in producing evidence syntheses. We will use these findings to develop draft guidance checklists and will assess agreement with each item through an international survey. 3. Consensus. The guidance checklists will be co-produced and finalised at a consensus meeting with collaborators and partners. 4. Dissemination. We will develop a dissemination plan with our collaborators and partners and work collaboratively to improve adoption of our guidance by key organizations. Conclusion Our international team will develop guidance for collaborator and partner engagement in health care evidence syntheses. Incorporating partnership values and expectations may result in better uptake, potentially reducing health inequities.

IntroductionOver the last decade, there have been significant advances in treatments for anterior ischemic stroke, most notably endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Despite the success of EVT on overall outcomes, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important post-procedure complication, often associated with mortality and disability. Hence, predicting the risk of ICH can inform EVT decision making. The ASPECT score is used globally to predict patients' prognosis post-reperfusion therapy. Our objective is to perform a systematic review to collect and synthesize data on the association between ASPECT scores on CT, CTP and DWI-MRI (CT-ASPECT, CTP-ASPECT, and DWI-ASPECT) and the risk of symptomatic ICH after EVT for anterior circulation strokes.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a broad search of various electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to identify studies published after January 1st, 2012 (commonly accepted as the beginning of the modern EVT era based on availability of stent-retrievers). Two independent reviewers will screen and include studies evaluating associations between symptomatic ICH after thrombectomy and baseline CT-ASPECT, CTP-ASPECT and DWI-ASPECT scores. Data will be extracted to quantify the risk of sICH after EVT based on the ASPECT scoring.Trial registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42023459860.

Abstract Background The prioritisation of updating published systematic reviews of interventions is vital to prevent research waste and ensure relevance to stakeholders. The consideration of health equity in reviews is also important to ensure interventions will not exacerbate the existing inequities of the disadvantaged if universally implemented. This study aimed to pilot a priority setting exercise based on systematic reviews of interventions published in the Cochrane Library, to identify and prioritise reviews to be updated with a focus on health equity. Methods We conducted a priority setting exercise with a group of 13 international stakeholders. We identified Cochrane reviews of interventions that showed a reduction in mortality, had at least one Summary of Findings table and that focused on one of 42 conditions with a high global burden of disease from the 2019 WHO Global Burden of Disease report. This included 21 conditions used as indicators of success of the United Nations Universal Health Coverage in attaining the Sustainable Development Goals. Stakeholders prioritised reviews that were relevant to disadvantaged populations, or to characteristics of potential disadvantage within the general population. Results After searching for Cochrane reviews of interventions within 42 conditions, we identified 359 reviews that assessed mortality and included at least one Summary of Findings table. These pertained to 29 of the 42 conditions; 13 priority conditions had no reviews with the outcome mortality. Reducing the list to only reviews showing a clinically important reduction in mortality left 33 reviews. Stakeholders ranked these reviews in order of priority to be updated with a focus on health equity. Conclusions This project developed and implemented a methodology to set priorities for updating systematic reviews spanning multiple health topics with a health equity focus. It prioritised reviews that reduce overall mortality, are relevant to disadvantaged populations, and focus on conditions with a high global burden of disease. This approach to the prioritisation of systematic reviews of interventions that reduce mortality provides a template that can be extended to reducing morbidity, and the combination of mortality and morbidity as represented in Disability-Adjusted Life Years and Quality-Adjusted Life Years.

Not available.

Abstract Background Stakeholder engagement has become widely accepted as a necessary component of guideline development and implementation. While frameworks for developing guidelines express the need for those potentially affected by guideline recommendations to be involved in their development, there is a lack of consensus on how this should be done in practice. Further, there is a lack of guidance on how to equitably and meaningfully engage multiple stakeholders. We aim to develop guidance for the meaningful and equitable engagement of multiple stakeholders in guideline development and implementation. Methods This will be a multi-stage project. The first stage is to conduct a series of four systematic reviews. These will (1) describe existing guidance and methods for stakeholder engagement in guideline development and implementation, (2) characterize barriers and facilitators to stakeholder engagement in guideline development and implementation, (3) explore the impact of stakeholder engagement on guideline development and implementation, and (4) identify issues related to conflicts of interest when engaging multiple stakeholders in guideline development and implementation. Discussion We will collaborate with our multiple and diverse stakeholders to develop guidance for multi-stakeholder engagement in guideline development and implementation. We will use the results of the systematic reviews to develop a candidate list of draft guidance recommendations and will seek broad feedback on the draft guidance via an online survey of guideline developers and external stakeholders. An invited group of representatives from all stakeholder groups will discuss the results of the survey at a consensus meeting which will inform the development of the final guidance papers. Our overall goal is to improve the development of guidelines through meaningful and equitable multi-stakeholder engagement, and subsequently to improve health outcomes and reduce inequities in health.

Abstract This is a protocol for a co‐registered Cochrane and Campbell Review (Methodology). The objectives are as follows: To identify, describe and assess methods for: when to replicate a systematic review; how to replicate a systematic review.

Las tres teorías sobre las que se ha forjado la concepción de Amor en Ramón Llull son Platón, el sufismo y la Biblia. Es peculiar el profundo efecto el Amor de la doctrina platónica produce en el Llibre d'Amic e Amat, la manera en que esta doctrina se cristianiza. Más allá de la diferencia de contenido, se pueden encontrar grandes similitudes ya que tanto Platón como la Biblia el hombre es creatio ex nihilo, hecho a imagen y semejanza de Dios, lo que le conduce a la búsqueda del Bien. Hallamos pues una teología en Ramón Llull que casa con "la transformación del amado con el amante" tanto en el neoplatonismo, en la lírica árabe y en el Cantar de los Cantares.

En la época escolástica del siglo XIII y XIV dos pensadores, Santo Tomás de Aquino y Ramón Llull, se enfrentan el problema del deseo del conocimiento de Dios. Ambos toman una postura frente a la relación fe-razón que no las considera opuestas sino como conocimientos que se implican en un mismo objeto de conocimiento: la esencia de Dios. Fundamentarán la existencia de Dios a partir de las rationes necessariae y abandonarán las auctoritates. En ellos podemos observar una de las maneras de "filosofar" de la Edad Media escolástica y a su vez percibir marcadas diferencias en dos pensadores que beben en las mismas fuentes.

La pregunta central de la investigación es la de si hubo realmente en la España Medieval diálogo interreligioso. Ante ella hay distintas percepciones, unas a favor y otras en contra afirmando que hubo un diálogo forzado por los evangelizadores. Para responder a ella, partiremos de los fundamentos del diálogo interreligioso que han aportado el Concilio Vaticano II y el pontificado de Juan Pablo II. Desde ahí, se profundizará en la Edad Media española entre los siglos XIII y XIV. Esta es la etapa en la que se da una mayor amalgama cultural entre judíos, musulmanes y cristianos que permite profundizar sobre el diálogo entre estas tres religiones reveladas.

El presente artículo estudia cómo el autor medieval Ramon Llull desarrolló un sistema hermenéuticio, antropológico y teológico que, partiendo de elementos comunes a las tres grandes religiones monoteístas, Cristianismo, Judaísmo e Islam, llevara a los miembros de éstas dos últimas, mediante el diálogo y la educación, a «reconocer» la verdad de la primera y a la conversión. Un claro ejemplo de ello es la manera en que Ramon Llull desarrolla sus ideas en una obra como el Llibre del gentil e dels tres savis. Por otro lado, la antropología luliana se fundamenta en dos principios fundamentales: Dios como creador y la realidad como producto de este Dios creador. Dado que el hombre es el sujeto más perfecto de la creación divina, éste puede, según Llull, gracias a su fe, alcanzar el conocimiento de la divinidad (ascensus) y, por tanto, asimilarse, mutatis mutandis, a ella. Antropología y Teología se unirán para ejercer la labor apologética de conversión al infiel, mediante unas dignitates dei que se muestran como elementos incontestables para las tres religiones monoteístas que poblaron el medioevo.

This review assessed the effectiveness of interventions for improving outcomes among street‐connected children and young people, and for reducing some important health‐related risks; and to improve access to and integration into society, education, and employment opportunities. Eligible study designs compare outcomes from interventions for street‐connected children and young people aimed at reintegration, education, employment, improving health and/or harm reduction, and provision of shelter, versus a comparison group (e.g. shelter/drop‐in service as usual). The review identified 13 studies evaluating 19 interventions. All studies were conducted in the USA except one (South Korea). The outcome for integration was not measured in included studies. The same was the case for education and employment related outcomes – none of the included studies measured literacy, numeracy, or participation in education or skills‐based employment. Several studies measured health‐related outcomes. Five studies investigate the effect of interventions to encourage safe or reduced sexual activity (e.g. numbers of partners, frequency of sex, HIV knowledge, unprotected sex, condom use and rates of abstinence). The results are mixed, lacking enough evidence to support any of the interventions. Eight studies report outcomes of interventions promoting safe or reduced substance use. The outcomes used a variety of measures in different studies at various times making it difficult to get a clear overview. The overall effect was mixed; some studies report positive effect and the others reported negative or no effect. Three studies investigate the effect of family therapy on substance abuse and report improvements in some of the measures. Eight studies investigate the effect of therapeutic interventions to improve mental health (including self‐esteem and depression) in street‐connected kids. In general, there is no significant improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. In some instances, both groups improved from the baseline. Finally, two studies investigate the effect of family‐based approaches on family functioning. No differences were found between intervention and control conditions on most of the outcome measures used. Plain language summary Lack of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reintegrate street‐connected children There are a range of interventions to improve the integration and well‐being of street‐connected children, yet no studies measure integration, education or employment outcomes. There appears to be no effect on and mixed evidence for mental health. There may be reductions in substance abuse. What is this review about? Millions of street‐connected children throughout the world are at risk of exploitation, violence, substance abuse, and health problems, and are not receiving skills‐based education. Interventions to promote access to education, healthy and settled lifestyles, and reduction of risks are intended to give this group a better chance in life and prevent marginalization from society. What is the aim of this review? This review assessed the effectiveness of interventions for improving outcomes among street‐connected children and young people, and for reducing some important health‐related risks; and to improve access to and integration into society, education, and employment opportunities. This review investigates the effects of interventions for street‐connected children to promote integration to the society, skills‐based education, prospects of employment and health risk reduction. What are the main findings of this review? What studies are included? Eligible study designs compare outcomes from interventions for street‐connected children and young people aimed at reintegration, education, employment, improving health and/or harm reduction, and provision of shelter, versus a comparison group (e.g. shelter/drop‐in service as usual). The review identified 13 studies evaluating 19 interventions. All studies were conducted in the USA except one (South Korea). The outcome for integration was not measured in included studies. The same was the case for education and employment related outcomes – none of the included studies measured literacy, numeracy, or participation in education or skills‐based employment. Several studies measured health‐related outcomes. Five studies investigate the effect of interventions to encourage safe or reduced sexual activity (e.g. numbers of partners, frequency of sex, HIV knowledge, unprotected sex, condom use and rates of abstinence). The results are mixed, lacking enough evidence to support any of the interventions. Eight studies report outcomes of interventions promoting safe or reduced substance use. The outcomes used a variety of measures in different studies at various times making it difficult to get a clear overview. The overall effect was mixed; some studies report positive effect and the others reported negative or no effect. Three studies investigate the effect of family therapy on substance abuse and report improvements in some of the measures. Eight studies investigate the effect of therapeutic interventions to improve mental health (including self‐esteem and depression) in street‐connected kids. In general, there is no significant improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. In some instances, both groups improved from the baseline. Finally, two studies investigate the effect of family‐based approaches on family functioning. No differences were found between intervention and control conditions on most of the outcome measures used. What was the quality of the evidence? The quality of evidence was from low (i.e. for risk reduction in sexual activity and family therapy) to moderate (i.e. mental health improvement, harm reduction in substance abuse). What do the findings of this review mean? There is a dearth of evidence from controlled trials on interventions to improve integration of street‐connected children and young adults into society and providing skills‐based education. The evidence from health interventions aimed at engaging in safe sexual practices, and at improving mental health vary widely and are inconclusive as to their effectiveness. Some of the interventions aimed at reducing the risk of substance abuse may be effective. Further research in this area will be useful in understanding the effectiveness of these approaches and validating the effect of some of the interventions that are supported by moderate evidence. How up‐to‐date is this review? The review authors searched for relevant studies until April 2015. This Campbell review was published in 2016. Abstract Background Millions of street‐connected children and young people worldwide live or work in street environments. They are vulnerable to many risks, whether or not they remain connected to families of origin, and despite many strengths and resiliencies, they are excluded from mainstream social structures and opportunities. Objectives Primary research objectives To evaluate and summarise the effectiveness of interventions for street‐connected children and young people that aim to: • promote inclusion and reintegration; • increase literacy and numeracy; • facilitate access to education and employment; • promote mental health, including self esteem; • reduce harms associated with early sexual activity and substance misuse. Secondary research objectives • To explore whether effects of interventions differ within and between populations, and whether an equity gradient influences these effects, by extrapolating from all findings relevance for low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) (Peters 2004). • To describe other health, educational, psychosocial and behavioural effects, when appropriate outcomes are reported. • To explore the influence of context in design, delivery and outcomes of interventions. • To explore the relationship between numbers of components and duration and effects of interventions. • To highlight implications of these findings for further research and research methods to improve evidence in relation to the primary research objective. • To consider adverse or unintended outcomes. Search methods We searched the following bibliographic databases, searched for the original review, from inception to 2012, and various relevant non‐governmental and organisational websites: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE and Pre‐MEDLINE; EMBASE and EMBASE Classic; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); PsycINFO; Education Resource Information Center (ERIC); Sociological Abstracts; Social Services Abstracts; Social Work Abstracts; Healthstar; Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS); System for Grey literature in Europe (OpenGrey); ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; EconLit; IDEAS Economics and Finance Research; JOLIS Library Catalog of the holdings of the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Libraries; British Library for Development Studies (BLDS); Google and Google Scholar. We updated the search in April 2015 for the review update, using the same methods. Selection criteria This review includes data from harm reduction or reintegration intervention studies that used a comparison group study design; all were randomised or quasi‐randomised studies. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions provided for street‐connected children and young people, from birth to 24 years, in all contexts. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias and other factors presented in the Discussion and Summary quality assessment (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)). We extracted data on intervention delivery, context, process factors, equity and outcomes, and grouped outcomes into psychosocial outcomes, risky sexual behaviours or substance use. We conducted meta‐analyses for outcomes where the outcome measures were sufficiently similar. We evaluated other outcomes narratively. Main results We included 13 studies evaluating 19 interventions from high‐income countries (HICs). At update stage (from our 2015 search), one previously included study was removed and three new studies added (since our 2012 search). We found no sufficiently robust evaluations conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Study quality overall was low and measurements used by studies variable. Participants were classified as drop‐in and shelter‐based. No studies measured the primary outcome of reintegration and none reported on adverse effects. We found no consistent results on a range of relevant outcomes within domains of psychosocial health, substance misuse and sexually risky behaviours . Interventions evaluated consisted of time‐limited therapeutically based programmes that proved no more effective than standard shelter or drop‐in services and other control interventions used for most outcomes in most studies. Favourable changes from baseline were reported for outcomes for most participants following therapy interventions and standard services. We noted considerable heterogeneity between studies and inconsistent reporting of equity data. No studies measured the primary outcome of reintegration or reported on adverse effects. Authors' conclusions Analysis revealed no consistently significant benefit for focused therapeutic interventions compared with standard services such as drop‐in centres, case management and other comparable interventions for street‐connected children and young people. Commonly available services, however, were not rigorously evaluated. Robust evaluation of interventions, including comparison with no intervention, would establish a more reliable evidence base to inform service implementation. More robust research is needed in LMICs to examine interventions for street‐connected children and young people with different backgrounds and service needs.

This Campbell systematic review assesses the effectiveness of economic and educational strategies for ownership and appropriate use of insecticide‐treated bednets (‘ITN’) in developing countries. The review also examines whether changes in ITN ownership and use affect malaria‐specific morbidity rates. The review summarises findings from 10 studies, nine of which were conducted in rural Africa and one in rural India. Compared to providing ITNS at full market or a subsidized price, giving away ITNs for free increases the number of people owning an ITN. However, the provision of free ITNs increases their use only slightly or not at all. Providing education in the appropriate use of ITNs increases the number of people sleeping under bednets compared to a control group which didn't receive the education. Combining these strategies with unspecified incentives does not increase ITN ownership, leading to little or no differences in their appropriate use. Embedding the promotion of ITNs within specific health‐ or finance‐focused marketing messages only leads to small or no differences in bednet ownership and use. There is some evidence of improved malaria‐specific morbidities among children and adults as a result of increased ITN ownership and use. However, the evidence supporting this finding is of low certainty and should be interpreted with caution. Plain language summary STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE OWNERSHIP AND USE OF INSECTICIDE‐TREATED BEDNETS TO PREVENT MALARIA Researchers in the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations conducted a review of the effect of different strategies to increase people's ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria. In February 2013 they identified 10 relevant studies. Their findings are summarized below. What is malaria and how can insecticide‐treated bednets prevent it? Malaria is a life‐threatening disease caused by a parasite. A person becomes infected from being bitten by a mosquito carrying the parasite. People with malaria may have symptoms such as chills, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and jaundice. About 40 percent of the world's population is at risk of malaria, mostly in the poorest countries. Insecticide‐treated bednets fit over a bed and act as a barrier between insects and the person sleeping. The bednets are dipped in insecticide, a chemical that kills or repels mosquitoes, and effectively prevent malaria. Insecticide‐treated bednets cost money and it is important to find ways of ensuring that people who need them own them. Even when people own bednets they may not always use them properly. To be effective, bednets need to be used every night. They must also hang properly and be treated with enough insecticide. It is important to measure whether different strategies not only increase people's ownership but also people's use of bednets. What this research says: The studies included in this review took place in Africa and India. In five of the studies, people were either given insecticide‐treated bednets free, or could buy them at a subsidized price or full market price. In the other five studies, people were educated about how to use the bednets properly, for instance through visits at home or through information on the radio, on television and in the community. The included studies show the following: Providing free insecticide‐treated bednets: ‐ Probably increases the number of people who own bednets compared to providing subsidized bednets or bednets offered at full market price. ‐ Probably leads to little or no difference in the use of bednets compared to providing subsidized bednets or bednets offered at full market price. Providing education for the appropriate use of insecticide‐ treated bednets: ‐ May increase the number of adults and children under five using bednets (sleeping under bednets). Providing incentives to encourage use of insecticide‐treated bednets: ‐ Probably leads to little or no difference in ownership or use of bednets compared to those who did not receive an incentive. A possible side effect when providing free or subsidized insecticide‐treated bednets may be that the governments and institutions who pay for the bednets take this money from other priority issues. However, none of the included studies measured whether these or any other side effects had occurred. Abstract BACKGROUND Malaria is a life‐threatening parasitic disease and 40 percent of the world's population lives in areas affected by malaria. Insecticide‐treated bednets (ITNs) effectively prevent malaria, however, barriers to their use have been identified. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence on the effectiveness of available strategies that focus on delivery and appropriate use of ITNs. SEARCH METHODS We searched the EPOC Register of Studies, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, HealthStar, CINAHL, PubMed, Science Citation Index, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, African Index Medicus (AIM), World Health Organization Library and Information Networks for Knowledge (WHOLIS), LILACS, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and the World Health Organization Library Information System (WHOLIS). Initial searches were conducted in May 2011, updated in March 2012 and February 2013. Authors contacted organizations and individuals involved in ITN distribution programs or research to identify current initiatives, studies or unpublished data, and searched reference lists of relevant reviews and studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non‐randomized controlled trials, controlled before‐after (CBA) studies, and interrupted time series evaluating interventions focused on increasing ITN ownership and use were considered. The populations of interest were individuals in malaria‐endemic areas. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened studies to be included. They extracted data from the selected studies and assessed the risk of bias. For RCTs, we used the Cochrane Collaboration's ‘Risk of bias’ tool and we used the risk of bias criteria suggested by EPOC for other study designs. When consensus was not reached, any disagreements were discussed with a third author. The magnitude of effect and quality of evidence for each outcome was assessed. MAIN RESULTS Of the 3,032 possibly relevant records identified, 10 studies were included in this review; eight cluster RCTs, one RCT, and one CBA study. Overall, three studies were assessed as having moderate risk of bias and seven studies were assessed as high risk of bias. Effect of ITN cost on ownership: Four studies including 4,566 households and another study comprising 424 participants evaluated the effect of ITN price on ownership. These studies suggest that providing free ITNs probably increases ITN ownership when compared to subsidized ITNs or ITNs offered at full market price. Pooled data for two studies suggested that receiving an ITN at no cost probably increases ITN ownership, compared to purchasing an ITN at the market price (SMD 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.99, moderate‐certainty evidence) or purchasing an ITN using a loan (SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.47, moderate‐certainty evidence). There is probably little to no difference in ITN ownership when comparing groups in which ITNs were purchased using a loan and those in which ITNs were purchased at the market price (SMD 0.29, 95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.63, moderate‐certainty evidence). Effect of ITN cost on appropriate use of ITNs: Three studies including 9,968 households and another study comprising 259 individuals found that there is probably little or no difference in the use of ITNs when they are provided free, compared to providing subsidized ITNs or ITNs offered at full market price. Effect of education interventions on use of ITNs: Five studies, including 12,637 households, assessed educational interventions regarding ITN use and concluded that education may increase the number of adults and children using ITNs (sleeping under ITNs) compared to no education. One study, including 519 households, assessed the effects of providing an incentive (an undisclosed prize) to promote ITN ownership and use, and found that incentives probably lead to little or no difference in ownership or use of ITNs, compared to not receiving an incentive. None of the included studies reported on adverse effects. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND RESEARCH Five studies examined the effect of price on ITN ownership and found moderate‐certainty evidence that ownership was highest among the groups who received the ITN free versus those who purchased the ITN at any cost. In other words, demand for ITNs is elastic with regard to price and hence subsidies (providing full or partial cost recovery) will probably increase ownership. However, once the ITN is supplied, the price paid for the ITN probably has little to no effect on its use; the four studies addressing this outcome failed to confirm the hypothesis that people who purchase nets will use them more than those who receive them at no cost. Educational interventions for promoting ITN use have an additional positive effect. In other words, the evidence suggests that ITN use is highly inelastic with respect to price, and therefore additional encouragement (such as through education) is probably needed to promote appropriate use, over and above any subsidies to increase ownership. However, the impact of different types or intensities of education is unknown.

El tópico de la mujer adúltera en la novela del siglo diecinueve es el más reiterado en novelas de las características de "Madame Bovary", "Le rouge et le noir", o "La Regenta", entre muchas otras. Esta mujer es un nuevo prototipo literario, es un ente que hasta ahora no ha tenido trascendencia en el mundo ficticio, es decir, la mujer corno tal, como personaje, no ha cuajado hasta estos momentos en la literatura. Al hilo de este contexto, lo primero que debemos tener en cuenta es que nuestras protagonistas muestran una patología de comportamiento muy concreta, por la insatisfacción del vínculo matrimonial, y que en cierto modo podríamos relacionar con la concepción sexual que se tenía en la antigüedad: la enfermedad de amor. Dicho factor de sufrimiento, puede llevar a cotas devastadoras para la integridad ética, moral y personal del personaje, conduciéndolo en ocasiones a la desintegración social.

This review assessed the effectiveness of interventions for improving outcomes among street‐connected children and young people, and for reducing some important health‐related risks; and to improve access to and integration into society, education, and employment opportunities. The outcome for integration was not measured in included studies. The same was the case for education and employment related outcomes ‐ none of the included studies measured literacy, numeracy, or participation in education or skills‐based employment. Several studies measured health‐related outcomes. Five studies investigate the effect of interventions to encourage safe or reduced sexual activity (e.g. numbers of partners, frequency of sex, HIV knowledge, unprotected sex, condom use and rates of abstinence). The results are mixed, lacking enough evidence to support any of the interventions. Eight studies report outcomes of interventions promoting safe or reduced substance use. The outcomes used a variety of measures in different studies at various times making it difficult to get a clear overview. The overall effect was mixed; some studies report positive effect and the others reported negative or no effect. Three studies investigate the effect of family therapy on substance abuse and report improvements in some of the measures. Eight studies investigate the effect of therapeutic interventions to improve mental health (including self‐esteem and depression) in street‐connected kids. In general, there is no significant improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. In some instances, both groups improved from the baseline. Finally, two studies investigate the effect of family‐based approaches on family functioning. No differences were found between intervention and control conditions on most of the outcome measures used. Executive Summary/Abstract BACKGROUND Numbers of street‐connected children and young people run into many millions worldwide and include children and young people who live or work in street environments. Whether or not they remain connected to their families of origin, and despite many strengths and resiliencies, they are vulnerable to a range of risks and are excluded from mainstream social structures and opportunities. OBJECTIVES To summarise the effectiveness of interventions for street‐connected children and young people that promote inclusion and reintegration and reduce harms. To explore the processes of successful intervention and models of change in this area, and to understand how intervention effectiveness may vary in different contexts. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the following bibliographic databases, from inception to 2012, and various relevant non‐governmental and organisational websites: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE and PreMEDLINE; EMBASE and EMBASE Classic; CINAHL; PsycINFO; ERIC; Sociological Abstracts; Social Services Abstracts; Social Work Abstracts; Healthstar; LILACS; System for Grey literature in Europe (OpenGrey); ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; EconLit; IDEAS Economics and Finance Research; JOLIS Library Catalog of the holdings of the World Bank Group and IMF Libraries; BLDS (British Library for Development Studies); Google, Google Scholar. SELECTION CRITERIA The review included data from harm reduction or reintegration promotion intervention studies that used a comparison group study design and were all randomised or quasi‐randomised studies. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions aimed to benefit street‐connected children and young people, aged 0 to 24 years, in all contexts. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Data were extracted on intervention delivery, context, process factors, equity and outcomes. Outcome measures were grouped according to whether they measured psychosocial outcomes, risky sexual behaviours or substance use. A meta‐analysis was conducted for some outcomes though it was not possible for all due to differences in measurements between studies. Other outcomes were evaluated narratively. RESULTS We included 11 studies evaluating 12 interventions from high income countries. We did not find any sufficiently robust evaluations conducted in low and middle income countries (LMICs) despite the existence of many relevant programmes. Study quality overall was low to moderate and there was great variation in the measurement used by studies, making comparison difficult. Participants were drop‐in and shelter based. We found no consistent results on a range of relevant outcomes within domains of psychosocial health, substance misuse and sexual risky behaviours despite the many measurements collected in the studies. The interventions being evaluated consisted of time limited therapeutically based programmes which did not prove more effective than standard shelter or drop‐in services for most outcomes and in most studies. There were favourable changes from baseline in outcomes for most participants in therapy interventions and also in standard services. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies and equity data were inconsistently reported. No study measured the primary outcome of reintegration or reported on adverse effects. The review discussion section included consideration of the relevance of the findings for LMIC settings. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Analysis across the included studies found no consistently significant benefit for the ‘new’ interventions compared to standard services for street‐connected children and young people. These latter interventions, however, have not been rigorously evaluated, especially in the context of LMICs. Robustly evaluating the interventions would enable better recommendations to be made for service delivery. There is a need for future research in LMICs that includes children who are on the streets due to urbanisation, war or migration and who may be vulnerable to risks such as trafficking. 1 Plain Language Summary There are millions of children and young people estimated to be living and working on the streets around the world. Many have become resilient but continue to be vulnerable to risks. To promote their best chances in life, services are needed to reduce risks and prevent marginalisation from mainstream society. Eleven studies evaluating 12 interventions have been rigorously conducted of services to support street‐connected children and youth, all in the developed world. They compared therapy‐based services with usual shelter and drop‐in services. The results of these studies were mixed but overall we found that participants receiving therapy or usual services benefitted to a similar level. There is a need for research which considers the benefit of usual drop‐in and shelter services, most particularly in low and middle income countries, and which includes participation of street‐connected children and young people. None of the studies included participants that were comparable to some street children in low income countries, who may be on the street primarily to earn a living or as a result of war, migration or urbanisation.

Ciertamente, el “sistema artístico” de Ramón Llull es un método original que abrió nuevas perspectivas al interior del sistema escolástico. Con todo, aunque esto es así, debemos entender que todo nuevo “mundo” no deja completamente de lado los temas y reglas del viejo “mundo”: los viejos tópicos y reglas están presentes en el nuevo sistema, pero ya no son sus características principales. Un ejemplo claro de esto es el tratamiento de la cita bíblica Is. 7, 9. En su interpretación, Llull presenta su opinión personal respecto a la fe y la razón, un nuevo punto de vista que, verdaderamente, va mucho más lejos que las lecturas de sus predecesores patrísticos y escolásticos.

La implantació dels nous graus com a desenvolupament de les directrius de l’EEES plantegen tot un seguit de reptes per a la comunitat docent en general, i per a la nostra universitat en particular. En aquest article es presenta el marc d’actuacions portades a terme des del principi del 2010 pels responsables de desenvolupar les estratègies de suport a la millora i la innovació docent, orientades a definir un nou model adaptat a les necessitats de l’actor principal de la innovació docent, el professorat. L’article s’inicia amb la descripció del model actual de suport a la innovació a la Universitat de Barcelona, els seus objectius i les accions de suport orientades a fomentar la innovació docent. La reflexió sobre el model actual obre les portes a un procés d’intercanvi d’experiències i valoracions entre els responsables de desenvolupar el model i els principals destinataris, el col•lectiu docent de la UB. Es presenta aquest procés de reflexió portat a terme mitjançant la realització d’un conjunt de tallers d’innovació docent, centrats en cinc dels àmbits d’innovació amb més repercussió en les darreres convocatòries de projectes d’innovació docent. La conclusió i difusió de la feina feta en aquests tallers es presenta en una jornada oberta a la participació de tota la comunitat docent de la UB, realitzada el 4 de març passat amb el títol Sinergies entre la innovació docent i l’EEES. Les conclusions d’aquesta jornada serveixen com a resum d’aquest article i del procés que aquí es descriu.

El sueño de la conversión en Ramon Llull está relacionado con las vicisitudes vitales del propio autor. Así pues, la influencia islámica en el sistema luliano es obvia, además del conocimiento de fuentes árabes por parte del mismo. Por otro lado, la visión de Mahoma y el Islam que Ramon Llull presenta está íntimamente relacionada con sus planes apologéticos, insertándose en la tradición cristiana de refutación, tratando de forma tradicional un tópico como el del Anticristo.