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La Ley Orgánica 1/2015 incorporó los llamados delitos de odio en el Código Penal español. Para las personas LGTBI+ la implementación de estas medidas legales de protección ha significado una oportunidad para combatir la discriminación, pero también ha dejado al descubierto algunos límites y desafíos. En la investigación que presentamos en este artículo mostraremos las experiencias de delitos de odio narradas por las personas LGTBI+ y las pondremos en relación con los recursos e intervenciones legales y las perspectivas criminológicas críticas. Para ello, se han realizado entrevistas semiestructuradas a 10 personas LGTBI+ y a 10 a profesionales de atención a víctimas. Los resultados apuntan a que los delitos de odio contribuyen a una representación de las violencias anti-LGTBI+ como una cuestión individualizada y desconectada de un contexto estructural cisheterocentrado y LGTBI+fóbico. De igual modo los resultados obtenidos muestran la tendencia a trasladar los conflictos sociales a las salas de lo penal en lugar de abordarlos desde otras formas de administración de justicia como la justicia restaurativa.

Este artículo examina los haikus y tankas escritos por Feliu Formosa, los textos que le han servido como punto de partida y aquellos en los que comenta estas formas de origen japonés. La conclusión es que este poeta reintrodujo el haiku en la poesía catalana a mediados de los años setenta partiendo del esquema métrico fijado por Carles Riba y de textos de Octavio Paz y Alan W. Watts, y que su cultivo de esta forma ha sido muy coherente a lo largo de toda su trayectoria. En el caso del tanka, que empezó utilizando como forma derivada del haiku, también ha conseguido llegar a una formulación muy madura y personal en L’incert encontre, su última obra publicada.

Aquest article presenta les necessitats actuals en l’àmbit digital per garantir la vitalitat de les llengües minoritzades i sense estat, com el català, en les tecnologies més recents i futures, des del punt de vista de la tasca de Softcatalà amb el català en el programari lliure. En primer lloc, es descriuen una sèrie de tecnologies lingüístiques existents i en desenvolupament de l’associació i el seu funcionament bàsic. A continuació, es parla de la necessitat d’alliberar dades amb formats estàndards i oberts per promoure l’aparició de noves iniciatives i l’aprofitament de recursos. Finalment, es tracta la importància de la legislació sobre la situació de la llengua a la tecnologia.

This work evaluates the experimental test results regarding the operational performance of a free-float capable tension leg platform with a 10 MW wind turbine. It covers the platform dynamics in the selected installation area: Ribadeo, Spain. The model and the facility are initially presented, along with the experimental setup and the load cases. The testing campaign includes a software-in-the-loop method to emulate the rotor thrust and the aerodynamic and gyroscopic moments in pitch and yaw. The result sets are structured to start from basic information from system identification cases and continue with responses against regular and irregular waves accompanied by steady and stochastic wind scenarios. The performance in operational and extreme conditions is assessed as well as fault scenarios. The experiments demonstrate auspicious motion dynamics and mooring line behavior when examined against class society rules.

La gran ciutat s’ha presentat mediàticament, i també en les línies predominants del debat acadèmic, com l’espai propi per a les persones LGTB. Es concep com l’únic lloc habitable i d’experimentació per a aquest grup poblacional, amb la qual cosa acapara els significats de la diversitat sexogenèrica. En aquest article s’hi analitzen les experiències, els discursos, les representacions i les pràctiques de persones LGTB que viuen fora de la gran ciutat (Barcelona), a través de l’estudi de dues poblacions mitjanes (Girona i Sabadell), a fi d’abordar dos assumptes clau: (1) els vincles, les relacions i les influències entre ciutats mitjanes i la gran ciutat en matèria de diversitat sexual i de gènere, i (2) la construcció d’alteritats socioculturals en les percepcions sobre la tolerància vers les expressions LGTB a través de la relació entre el centre i les perifèries urbanes. Aquesta anàlisi es fonamenta en els resultats empírics de recerca de caire qualitatiu basada en entrevistes en profunditat, grups de discussió i observació participant.

This paper analyses the process of obtaining LGBT rights in Spain since the end of the Francoism dictatorship to the present, paying special attention to the opinions and experiences of LGBT people. To this end, data from in-depth interviews with LGBT people who live and/or work in the city of Sabadell (Catalonia) will be analysed. As in most Western countries, in Spain mainstream LGBT+ organisations set aside the revolutionary claims against the socio-sexual system, in order to adopt a more moderate discourse based on civil rights and social inclusion. Nonetheless, the most radical discourses and organisations -nowadays inspired by queer theories- have always been very active, and have achieved an important socio-political change regarding the depathologisation of health assistance to transgender people. The article argues the importance of not abandoning the critique of our sex/gender system for the sake of social inclusion and tolerance, given that it is the only way to counteract daily, symbolic and structural violence. LGBT, Social movements, History of Spain, Sexualities, Civil rights

Growing numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as controversial discussions on cost, scarcity and the environmental and social sustainability of primary raw materials that are needed for battery production together emphasize the necessity for battery recycling in the future. Nonetheless, the market for battery recycling is not fully understood and captured in data today. The underlying reasons are found in both market size and various parameters such as the battery-technology mix, the resulting material demand and expected battery lifetime. In consequence, the question of when secondary-material availability from battery recycling is sufficient to satisfy the global cobalt demand for EV applications has not yet been clarified. To address this question, this study estimates the global battery raw-material demand together with the expected amount of the recycled materials by 2035, taking into account a number of parameters affecting future battery material flows. While focusing on cobalt, nickel, lithium, and manganese, the results indicate that the global cobalt demand can be satisfied from secondary sources by the early 2030s in three out of four different technology forecast scenarios. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis highlights the amount of waste occurring during battery production and battery lifetime as the main drivers for secondary-material availability by 2035.

Aquest article compara el model de llengua de les traduccions de l’obra teatral A View from the Bridge d’Arthur Miller que van fer Jordi Arbonès (l’any 1965, tot i que va sortir publicada el 1986) i Joan Sellent (l’any 2006). La comparació parteix de les referències que Xavier Pericay i Ferran Toutain fan a tots dos traductors al llibre El malentès del noucentisme, les declaracions d’Arbonès i Sellent sobre les seves traduccions i el seu estil traductor, i algunes afirmacions de Joan Sellent que es poden entendre com a comentaris de la versió de Jordi Arbonès. La conclusió és que la concepció de la llengua literària d’Arbonès el porta a emprar sistemàticament trets de la llengua culta i escrita que no s’adeqüen a la parla dels personatges de Miller, que en general s’expressen en un registre col·loquial o vulgar, i que el seu text, com van assenyalar Pericay i Toutain, conté castellanismes i calcs de l’anglès no intencionats. Sellent, per contra, parteix d’un model de llengua oral més neutre que incorpora conscientment alguns castellanismes, i això li permet reflectir de manera més fidel la variació lingüística i els elements dramàtics de l’original. Així, doncs, el resultat de l’anàlisi acarada dels textos és coherent amb les idees que tots dos traductors expressen sobre el model de llengua literària. Paraules clau: Jordi Arbonès, Joan Sellent, Arthur Miller, traducció al català, traducció teatral, model de llengua

In healthcare facilities, environmental microbes are responsible for numerous infections leading to patient’s health complications and even death. The detection of the pathogens present on contaminated surfaces is crucial, although not always possible with current microbial detection technologies requiring sample collection and transfer to the laboratory. Based on a simple sonochemical coating process, smart hospital fabrics with the capacity to detect live bacteria by a simple change of colour are presented here. Prussian Blue nanoparticles (PB-NPs) are sonochemically coated on polyester-cotton textiles in a single-step requiring 15 min. The presence of PB-NPs confers the textile with an intensive blue colour and with bacterial-sensing capacity. Live bacteria in the textile metabolize PB-NPs and reduce them to colourless Prussian White (PW), enabling in situ detection of bacterial presence in less than 6 h with the bare eye (complete colour change requires 40 h). The smart textile is sensitive to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for most nosocomial infections. The redox reaction is completely reversible and the textile recovers its initial blue colour by re-oxidation with environmental oxygen, enabling its re-use. Due to its simplicity and versatility, the current technology can be employed in different types of materials for control and prevention of microbial infections in hospitals, industries, schools and at home.

This article analyzes «Els Grans Poemes de l’Emperador Iang-Po-Tzu» and the edition of number 9 of the magazine Poesia, the two contributions that Josep Palau i Fabre made to the incipient tanka tradition in Catalan, and compares them with the prevailing model at that time, that of Carles Riba. Faced with Riba’s reluctance towards this poetical form, Palau i Fabre claims its Asian origin, its feminine nature and its validity to create great poetry.

El estudio de la sexualidad desde una mirada social y cultural ha adquirido una gran relevancia en las ciencias sociales y humanas durante las últimas décadas. Este hecho se ha visto reflejado en un creciente número de etnografías y análisis antropológicos que dotan de nuevos significados a la diversidad sexual y de género más allá de las lecturas clínicas y biomédicas. En este artículo se ha efectuado una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva con el objetivo de analizar el recorrido, las transformaciones y los ámbitos de interés de los trabajos sobre diversidad sexo-genérica en la antropología española desde 1980 hasta 2017. Veremos que, actualmente, esta especialidad disciplinaria cuenta con una amplia variedad de temáticas, ya que aparte de los estudios sobre la homosexualidad han florecido nuevas áreas de interés, tales como los estudios trans e intersex. Con este trabajo se pretende contribuir a la construcción de la historia de la antropología de la diversidad sexual y de género española desde una perspectiva situada. Este artículo demuestra que, a pesar de la inequívoca influencia internacional en el desarrollo de la especialidad en España, también existe un recorrido propio fuertemente influenciado por el contexto socio-histórico y la antropología feminista del país.

Abstract Background Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) operating with complex microbial communities have been extensively reported in the past, and are commonly used in applications such as wastewater treatment, bioremediation or in-situ powering of environmental sensors. However, our knowledge on how the composition of the microbial community and the different types of electron transfer to the anode affect the performance of these bioelectrochemical systems is far from complete. To fill this gap of knowledge, we designed a set of three MFCs with different constrains limiting direct and mediated electron transfer to the anode. Results The results obtained indicate that MFCs with a naked anode on which a biofilm was allowed unrestricted development (MFC-A) had the most diverse archaeal and bacterial community, and offered the best performance. In this MFC both, direct and mediated electron transfer, occurred simultaneously, but direct electron transfer was the predominant mechanism. Microbial fuel cells in which the anode was enclosed in a dialysis membrane and biofilm was not allowed to develop (MFC-D), had a much lower power output (about 60% lower), and a prevalence of dissolved redox species that acted as putative electron shuttles. In the anolyte of this MFC, Arcobacter and Methanosaeta were the prevalent bacteria and archaea respectively. In the third MFC, in which the anode had been covered by a cation selective nafion membrane (MFC-N), power output decreased a further 5% (95% less than MFC-A). In this MFC, conventional organic electron shuttles could not operate and the low power output obtained was presumably attributed to fermentation end-products produced by some of the organisms present in the anolyte, probably Pseudomonas or Methanosaeta. Conclusion Electron transfer mechanisms have an impact on the development of different microbial communities and in turn on MFC performance. Although a stable current was achieved in all cases, direct electron transfer MFC showed the best performance concluding that biofilms are the major contributors to current production in MFCs. Characterization of the complex microbial assemblages in these systems may help us to unveil new electrogenic microorganisms and improve our understanding on their role to the functioning of MFCs.

La gran ciudad se ha presentado mediáticamente, y también en las líneas predominantes del debate académico, como el espacio propio para las personas LGTB. Se concibe como el único lugar vivible y de experimentación para este grupo poblacional, absorbiendo así los significados de la diversidad sexogenérica. En este artículo se analizan las experiencias, los discursos, las representaciones y las prácticas de personas LGTB que viven fuera de la gran ciudad (Barcelona), a través del estudio de dos poblaciones medianas (Girona y Sabadell), con el fin de abordar dos asuntos clave: (1) los vínculos, las relaciones y las influencias entre ciudades medianas y la gran ciudad en materia de diversidad sexual y de género, y (2) la construcción de alteridades socioculturales en las percepciones sobre la tolerancia hacia las expresiones LGTB a través de la relación entre el centro y las periferias urbanas. Dicho análisis se fundamenta en los resultados empíricos de una investigación de corte cualitativo basada en entrevistas en profundidad, grupos de discusión y observación participante.

Since 1959 with the proposal of Double Agar Layer (DAL) method for phage detection and quantification, many sophisticated methods have emerged meanwhile. However, many of them are either too complex/expensive or insensitive to replace routine utilization of DAL method in clinical, environmental and industrial environments. For that purpose, we have explored an alternative method for the detection and quantification of bacteriophages that fulfills the criteria of being rapid, simple and inexpensive. In this paper we have developed a method based on the analysis of optical density kinetics in bacterial cultures exposed to phage-containing samples. Although the decrease in optical density caused by cell lysis was one of the first observable consequences of the effect of viral infection in bacterial cultures, the potential of the method for the assessment of phage abundance has never been fully exploited. In this work we carry out a detailed study of optical density kinetics in phage-infected bacterial cultures, as a function of both, phage abundance and initial concentration of the host organisms. In total, 90 different combinations of bacteria/phage concentrations have been used. The data obtained provide valuable information about sensitivity ranges, duration of the assay, percentages of inhibition and type of lysing behavior for each phage concentration. The method described can detect, as few as 10 phage particles per assay volume after a phage incubation period of 3.5h. The duration of the assay can be shortened to 45min at the expense of losing sensitivity and increasing the limit of detection to 108 pfu/ml. Despite using non-sophisticated technology, the method described has shown sensitivity and response time comparable to other high-end methods. The simplicity of the technology and of the analytical steps involved, make the system susceptible of miniaturization and automation for high-throughput applications which can be implemented in routine analysis in many environments.

Hygiene assessment in industrial and clinical environments is crucial in the prevention of health risks. Current technologies for routine cleanliness evaluation rely on the detection of specific biomolecules, thus requiring more than one test for broad-range screening. Herein, the modulation of the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by biomacromolecules was employed to develop a nanoplasmonic platform for general hygiene screening. AuNPs were immobilized on cellulose paper by simple adsorption. When ferricyanide was dispensed onto the paper, the AuNPs catalysed the ferricyanide’s dissociation, releasing free cyanide ions that dissolved them. The AuNP dissolution produced an intense colour shift detectable with the naked eye. When biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides) were present, they spontaneously attached to AuNPs, forming a biomolecular corona (biocorona), reducing their catalytic activity until complete suppression when the NPs were fully covered by molecules. The concentration-dependent decrease in the catalytic activity was here used to quantify biomacromolecules and complex samples such as milk, eggs, soy sauce and yeast extract (in 20 min), with detection limits comparable to those of standard methods, i.e., 0.25 µg mL−1 for albumin. This nano-enabled technology may be applied as a broad-range (unspecific) alert system for inexpensive cleanliness evaluation, with potential applications in sensitive sectors including productive industries and hospitals.

El artículo considera la adaptación de poemas de E. E. Cummings que Björk ha realizado en varias de sus canciones y, en especial, la apropiación de imágenes características del poeta norteamericano en Sun In My Mouth y el resto de composiciones de Vespertine. Frente a la inequívoca exaltación del héroe solar de Cummings, Björk utiliza una mirada femenina que duda entre los referentes de Lilith, la mujer que encuentra su libertad fuera de la sociedad, y Eva, aquella cuya sumisión es socialmente productiva. El resultado es un discurso de gran valor artístico, pero sujeto, en lo ideológico, a las limitaciones que imponen los motivos de partida

Impedance-based biosensors for bacterial detection offer a rapid and cost-effective alternative to conventional techniques that are time-consuming and require specialized equipment and trained users. In this work, a new bacteria detection scheme is presented based on impedance measurements with antibody-modified polysilicon interdigitated electrodes (3 μm pitch, IDEs). The detection approach was carried out taking advantage of the E. coli structure which, in electrical terms, is constituted by two insulating cell membranes that separate a conductive cytoplasmatic medium and a more conductive periplasm. Impedance detection of bacteria is usually analyzed using electrical equivalent circuit models that show limitations for the interpretation of such complex cell structure. Here, a differential impedance spectrum representation is used to study the unique fingerprint that arises when bacteria attach to the surface of IDEs. That fingerprint shows the dual electrical behavior, insulating and conductive, at different frequency ranges. In parallel, finite-element simulations of this system using a three-shell bacteria model are performed to explain such phenomena. Overall, a new approach to detect bacteria is proposed that also enables to differentiate viable bacteria from other components non-specifically attached to the IDE surface by just detecting their spectral fingerprints. Keywords: Impedance spectroscopy, Bacterial detection, Interdigitated electrodes, Label-free detection, Immuno-detection, E. coli O157:H7

En este artículo analizamos los dos grandes paradigmas desde los que se ha conceptuado el fenómeno trans en las sociedades occidentales: la transexualidad y el transgenerismo. Basándonos en los datos obtenidos de dos investigaciones cualitativas realizadas en Cataluña (España), mostraremos la existencia de conflictos entre personas y grupos cercanos a uno y otro paradigma. Algunas personas que se sitúan en la órbita de la transexualidad critican a aquellas cuyos cuerpos y subjetividades no se ajustan a la lógica binaria porque consideran que comprometen su proyecto de integración social, mientras que algunas activistas transgeneristas lamentan que desde ciertos sectores se reniegue de lo trans y se busque la normalización social. El artículo concluye con una problematización sobre la capacidad de las personas trans para reforzar o subvertir el sistema de sexo/género.

Legionella is a pathogenic bacterium, ubiquitous in freshwater environments and able to colonise man-made water systems from which it can be transmitted to humans during outbreaks. The prevention of such outbreaks requires a fast, low cost, automated and often portable detection system. In this work, we present a combination of sample concentration, immunoassay detection, and measurement by chronoamperometry. A nitrocellulose microfiltration membrane is used as support for both the water sample concentration and the Legionella immunodetection. The horseradish peroxidase enzymatic label of the antibodies permits using the redox substrate 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine to generate current changes proportional to the bacterial concentration present in drinking water. Carbon screen-printed electrodes are employed in the chronoamperometric measurements. Our system reduces the detection time: from the 10 days required by the conventional culture-based methods, to 2–3 h, which could be crucial to avoid outbreaks. Additionally, the system shows a linear response (R2 value of 0.99), being able to detect a range of Legionella concentrations between 101 and 104 cfu·mL−1 with a detection limit (LoD) of 4 cfu·mL−1.

An innovative Bayesian motion-based wave inference method is derived and assessed in this work. The evaluation of the accuracy of the proposed prior distribution has been carried out using the results obtained during a dedicated experimental campaign with a scale model an Oil and Gas (O&G) semisubmersible platform. As for the Bayesian statistical inference approaches, the features of the proposed novel prior distribution, as well as the hypotheses adopted, are discussed. It has been found that significant improvements can be obtained if the new approach is adopted to estimate the sea conditions from measured vessel motions. Finally, it is possible to highlight a substantial reduction of the computing time when the sea conditions are estimated by means of the improved Bayesian method, if compared with the conventional approaches for motion-based wave inference.

Hasta el último cuarto del siglo XX, «la sexualidad para la antropología se sitúa en el silencio o en la periferia más apartada de la disciplina» (Nieto, 2003: 17). Durante ese período fueron los sexólogos, médicos y psicoanalistas, los expertos interesados en la recogida de datos sexuales y en la elaboración de discursos de autoridad —y, por tanto, verdaderos— sobre la sexualidad. Para la antropología, la sexualidad debía ser ignorada o marginada, puesto que acarreaba deseos y conductas impuras, vergonzosas, contaminantes. En opinión de Weston (1993), debemos agradecer el resurgir de la antropología de la sexualidad a unos pocos académicos que arriesgaron sus carreras hablando de lo que no podía —o no debía— hablarse.

En el presente artículo se analiza el modo en que se ha conceptuado la transexualidad en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM). Veremos que los sucesivos cambios de denominación y de criterios diagnósticos obedecen a las presiones recibidas por los redactores del manual por parte de científicos, académicos, organismos políticos y asociaciones por los derechos “trans”. Fruto de estas tensiones se ha reconceptualizado la transexualidad en diversas ocasiones, pero se han mantenido las connotaciones mórbidas de la categoría diagnóstica. Abordaremos asimismo el debate sobre la patologización de la transexualidad, que está dominado por dos discursos contrapuestos: el que justifica su inclusión en el DSM porque cree que de este modo se garantiza el acceso a la terapia hormonal y quirúrgica, y el que la critica porque considera que el diagnóstico contribuye a la estigmatización de las personas “trans”. Concluiremos el artículo sosteniendo que el acceso a los recursos sanitarios para personas “trans” ha de entenderse como un derecho básico que no puede estar sujeto a requisitos clínicos.

Currently, identification of pathogenic bacteria present at very low concentration requires a preliminary culture-based enrichment step. Many research efforts focus on the possibility to shorten this pre-enrichment step which is needed to reach the minimal number of cells that allows efficient identification. Rapid microbiological controls are a real public health issue and are required in food processing, water quality assessment or clinical pathology. Thus, the development of new methods for faster detection and isolation of pathogenic culturable bacteria is necessary. Here we describe a specific enrichment technique for culturable Gram negative bacteria, based on non-lethal click chemistry and the use of magnetic beads that allows fast detection and isolation. The assimilation and incorporation of an analog of Kdo, an essential component of lipopolysaccharides, possessing a bio-orthogonal azido function (Kdo-N3), allow functionalization of almost all Gram negative bacteria at the membrane level. Detection can be realized through strain-promoted azide-cyclooctyne cycloaddition, an example of click chemistry, which interestingly does not affect bacterial growth. Using E. coli as an example of Gram negative bacterium, we demonstrate the excellent specificity of the technique to detect culturable E. coli among bacterial mixtures also containing either dead E. coli, or live B. subtilis (as a model of microorganism not containing Kdo). Finally, in order to specifically isolate and concentrate culturable E. coli cells, we performed separation using magnetic beads in combination with click chemistry. This work highlights the efficiency of our technique to rapidly enrich and concentrate culturable Gram negative bacteria among other microorganisms that do not possess Kdo within their cell envelope.

Open source software is a form of software that gives its users freedom. With the advent of the Internet, open source software has consolidated as a technically viable, financially sustainable alternative to proprietary software. Languages such as Breton, Galician, Gaelic and Catalan have seen very little development in the world of proprietary software because of the limitations imposed. In contrast, in the world of open source software these languages have been developed with notable success. Open source projects of the importance of the Mozilla browser, the GNOME environment and the GNU/Linux system have complete or partial translations in all these languages. Open source software presents an unprecedented opportunity for the development of minority languages, such as Catalan, in new technologies thanks to the freedom that they guarantee us.

Most Western countries address violence against LGBTQ individuals through a hate crime paradigm rooted in retributive justice, which emphasizes punishing the offender. In contrast, restorative justice offers an alternative approach focused on repairing the harm caused. This article analyses the experiences and perspectives of individuals who have suffered LGBTQphobic violence in Spain, particularly in relation to the hate crime paradigm and restorative justice. First, it examines their views on the institutional framework addressing hate crimes and the effectiveness of punitive measures in restoring the harm done to victims. Next, it assesses the awareness among LGBTQ individuals regarding restorative justice, as well as their opinions on the potential benefits and limitations of this judicial alternative. The analysis reveals that, while many respondents believe restorative justice can contribute to fully redressing the harm caused, others fear revictimization by having to confront the offender and relive the traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, local government administrations in Spain have strengthened their commitment to putting into effect policies that favour the well-being of LGBTQ+ people. This has happened not only in large cities, but in small rural municipalities as well. Based on the discourses, representations and practices of professionals in health and social services, this article is organised around two interrelated axes of analysis. First, we assess the extent of knowledge regarding public policies among professionals and LGBTQ+ people. And second, we examine the rural area as a specific setting for the application of LGBTQ+ policies. This leads us to the conclusion that such legal changes are important but not sufficient in themselves to ensure the well-being of LGBTQ+ people. Moreover, LGBTQ+ policies need to consider local contexts and avoid transferring the rationale of the big city into rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]