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Pedagogisk dokumentation används dagligen i förskolan för att dokumentera barnen och verksamheten. Det synliggör kroppsspråk, gester och ljud vilket kräver ett etiskt medvetet förhållningssätt i användandet för att förebygga obekvämhet hos barnen samt respektera deras integritet. I denna kvalitativa studie har intervjuer använts som metod för att ta del av sju förskollärares uppfattningar om etiska aspekter vid användning av foto och video som medier i pedagogisk dokumentation i förskoleverksamhet. Kvalitativa data har bearbetats och analyserats främst utifrån de teoretiska perspektiven: barns perspektiv och barnperspektiv samt tidigare forskning. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat att en etisk diskussion i relation till pedagogisk dokumentation inte aktualiseras i arbetslaget förrän ett etiskt dilemma inträffar. Vidare visar studien att de äldre barnen får i större utsträckning frågan om de vill delta i dokumentationen medan de yngre barnen oftast förbises på grund av att de ofta saknar ett verbalt språk. En slutsats som dras är att etikdiskussionens frånvaro i förskolan kan få konsekvenser för hur barn uppfattar sin egen rätt till integritet och rätten till att säga nej till att dokumenteras.

Additional file 1: Tables S1–S5. Clinical model and biomarker performances for AKI prediction. Figures S1, S2. Cystain C and NGAL kinetics. Tables S6–S9 and Figures S3–S5. Sensitivity analyses excluding age from clinical model.

Uppdragsgivaren Precer Group erbjuder tekniska lösningar för produktion av el genom ren förbränning av olika typer av fasta bränslen. Tekniken är anpassningsbar för att användas som återladdningskälla i olika typer av hybridfordon samt för produktion av el till bostäder och fritidshus. Arbetet har som syfte att presentera keramiska material till två olika zoner i Precers generation 2 drivlina där metallbränslen förbränns i en temperatur på 1800 °C. I Zon1 ska keramen klara en maximal temperatur på 2300°C och ha isolationsegenskaper. Till Zon2 önskas förmågan att motstå vidhäftning av heta partiklar och materialet ska kunna appliceras som ytbeläggning på befintligt rostfritt stål. Maximal temperatur i denna zon är 1100°C. Av de material som presenteras i arbetet är fullt stabiliserad Zirkoniumoxid (ZrO2) det enda materialet som klarar temperaturskravet i Zon1. ZrO2 har en låg värmeledningsförmåga på 2W/m*°C vilket resulterar i en god isolationsförmåga. Stora delar av arbetet är riktat till Zon2 där tester påvisar att keramiska material har en bättre förmåga att motstå vidhäftning av heta metallpartiklar än det befintliga rostfria stålet. De tre ytbeläggningar som testades var aluminiumoxid, zirkoniumoxid, och aluminia. Väljs istället att använda solida keramiska material ökar utbudet och material så som kiselkarbid( SiC), aluminiumtitanat(Al2TiO2), och kiselnitrid (Si3N4) är också tänkbara. Ett slutgiltigt materialval ansågs vara svårbedömt då konstruktionsunderlag saknades. The Client Precer Group offers technical solutions for the production of electricity through clean combustion of various types of solid fuels. The technology is adaptable for use as a recharge source in different types of hybrid vehicles and for the production of electricity to homes. The aim of this exam paper is to examine the possibility to use ceramics in Precers new drivetrain where metal fuels are burned at a temperature of 1800 °C. There are two different zones to examine. In Zon1, the ceramic should withstand a maximum temperature of 2300°C and have insulation properties. The ability to resist adhesion of hot metall particles is desirable in Zone 2, where the maximum temperature is 1100°C. There is also a request that the ceramic is to be applied as a coating. Of the materials that where found, fully stabilized zirconia (ZrO2) is the only material that can withstand the demanding temperature in Zone1. The material has a low thermal conductivity at 2W/m°C that results in good insulation. The ability to withstand adhesion was estimated and the results indicate that ceramic materials have a higher capacity to withstand adhesion of hot metall particles than the existing stainless steel. The three coatings tested where pure Alumina, Zirconia, and Alumina 3% Titania. If solid ceramics are to be used instead, the range of materials is increased. Materials such as Silconcarbide (SiC), Aluminimtitanate (Al2TiO2) and siliconnitride (Si3N4) are also possible candidates. A final choice of materiel was considered to be hard because the lack of design documentation.

Introduktion: Internetanvändningen har ökat bland den svenska befolkningen och är en vanlig källa till frågor gällande träning och kost. Det finns bland annat olika bloggar och diskussionsforum som ger tips och råd om vikten av att äta ett återhämtningsmål efter avslutad träning. Forskningen ger dock en mer nyanserad bild av återhämtningsmålet i förhållande till olika fysiska målsättningar. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte var att ta reda på när och vad studenter väljer att äta efter träning samt vart de finner inspiration till dessa val. Vidare, att ta reda på vilka fysiska mål som fanns och hur dessa kunde relateras till återhämtningsmålet. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätundersökning har genomförts bland studenter vid två olika campus vid Uppsala Universitet. Resultaten har bearbetats med statistikverktyget SPSS och har redovisats i tabeller och diagram. Resultat: Med 118 tillfrågade var svarsfrekvensen 91 %. Hela 81 % av de tillfrågade svarade att de åt inom en timme efter avslutat träningspass. Vanligaste källorna till inspiration till detta var hemsidor och bloggar. Frukt och större måltid var de två vanligast förekommande val av mat respondenterna valt att äta efter sin träning. Även här var det hemsidor och bloggar som stod för den mesta av inspirationen till dessa val. De två vanligaste fysiska målen bland respondenterna var att de ville förbättra sin kondition samt att bli fysiskt starkare. Slutsats: Huvudresultaten från denna undersökning är att internet är den vanligaste källan när det kommer till att finna inspiration till när och vad man äter efter träning.

I denna undersökning var syftet att undersöka om det fanns samband mellan grundskoleelevers attityder till frukost som måltid och deras frukostvanor samt även undersöka sambanden mellan frukostvanor och självrapporterade skolprestationer. Den metod som användes för att finna svaret på studiens syfte var kvantitativ i form av utlämnadet av enkäter. 60 elever tillfrågades och 54 av dessa valde att besvara enkäten. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på signifikanta samband mellan goda frukostvanor och en positiv attityd till frukost. Resultatet visar också att attityden till frukost generellt är positiv. Resultatet visade inte på några signifikanta skillnader mellan sämre frukostvanor och sämre prestation i skolan. Analysen av resultatet gör med stöd av teoretiska perspektiv på människors attityder och på vilket sätt dessa sty våra beteenden. För att få en förståelse för hur skolprestationer påverkas av bristande frukostvanor användes ett teoretiskt perspektiv som beskriver människors basala behov och hur dessa påverkar människors prestationer. Slutsasen som dras av resultatet i studien är att det finns en vinst i att jobba med att höja elevernas attityd mot frukost som måltid för att på så sätt förbättra elevernas frukostvanor. Tidsaspekten var något som visade sig extra stark i anledningen till bristande frukostvanor bland eleverna.

Syftet med denna studie var att se om en undervisning uppbyggd av bollekar kunde öka den fysiska intensiteten hos elever under idrott och hälsa lektionerna i jämförelse med en traditionell bollsportsundervisning. Fokusen i denna potentiella förändring låg på hur elever utan en föreningsidrottsligbakgrund inom bollsport påverkades. I studien användes ett testbatteri bestående av pedometer och pulsmätare för att kunna uppmäta elevernas fysiska intensitet under en idrottslektion i tre klasser på två olika skolor. Lektionen är uppdelad i två aktiviteter där den ena är en traditionell basketbollmatch och den andra en egentillverkad bollek vid namn attackboll. Dessa har jämförts med hjälp av antalet steg samt de pulskurvor klockorna som eleverna bar under lektionen genererade. Resultatet i studien visar att det finns en signifikant skillnad i den fysiska intensiteten med högre intensitet i attackbollen. Tydligast var förändringen hos de som fokusen låg på, alltså eleverna utan en föreningsidrottslig bakgrund inom bollsport.

This study investigates combined clause constructions for ten distinct semantic relations in a cross-section of Austronesian languages. The relations are of a temporal or co-varying nature, the former commonly expressed in English by such markers as when, then, until, etc. and the latter by if, so, because, etc. The research falls into three main sections. First, the study provides an overview of the semantic domain covered by the relevant relations in the Austronesian languages. Several subdistinctions are found to be made within the relations investigated. The study also explores polysemic relation markers, and a number of patterns are identified. The most common pattern is the overlap between open conditional and non-past co-occurrence relations, for which many Austronesian languages employ the same relation marker. Second, the study develops a morpho-syntactic typology of Austronesian clause combining based on three parameters related to features common to clause combining constructions. The typology divides the constructions into five different types that are ranked with regard to structural tightness. Some additional constructions, cutting across several types, are also discussed; in particular, asymmetric coordination, which involves the use of a coordinator to connect a fronted topicalized adverbial clause to the rest of the sentence. Finally, the study explores the distributional patterns of the morpho-syntactic types across the semantic relations, as well as across three geographical areas in the Austronesian region. In the former case, a clear correlation is found between posteriority and result relations on the one hand and looser structural types on the other. The distribution of types across the Austronesian region reveals few differences between the areas, although two tendencies could be detected: the Oceanic languages tend to employ slightly looser morpho-syntax, while the Formosan and Philippine languages employ slightly tighter morpho-syntax.

Brand building is a highly researched phenomenon when it comes to large enterprises in product oriented industries. However, when it comes to small firms and especially the service industry branding is a relatively new topic. This article explores the field of small service firms and their efforts in building their brand. The starting point rests on the creation of an organizational identity which is the values and beliefs that concurrently creates the foundation for the firm´s internal procedures. The purpose of this study is to get an understanding on how small service firms build their brand. Therefore, this article uses a qualitative approach with multiple cases with responding firms ranging from 2 to 12 employees. This was done in the effort of finding patterns on how brand building is conducted in small service firms. The findings shows that brand building is an important aspect that small service firms place great efforts on and that despite shortages in resources they build their brand by using alternative methods that are less resource intensive. The respondents argue that they have the organization as a base when creating their marketing activities. Important characteristics are consistency, honesty, creativity, integrity and heritage. Together they build a foundation for a unification of the firm that is presented through the brand. A unified organization is then used as a way of branding themselves towards new customers with the help of both reputation gained and word-of-mouth.

The automotive industry is today in a world of globalisation and external factors can influence the car companies and it is important that they progress with the people. When an external factor, as the oil price, increases dramatically, it will affect the economies in different matters. Other external factors are impacted by the oil price, for example inflation, unemployment and target rates. In addition, people are changing their preferences due to the attention of the environment. With this as the foundation the problem of the essay were divided into three aspects. First, are the automotive companies affected by an increasing oil price? Second, is a different green thinking in the markets of the companies affecting them? Third, do economic trends making an impact on the auto companies? The purpose of this essay is to investigate if the oil price, a new green way of thinking and if different economical factors have affected the car companies. To be able to accomplish the purpose, the ten largest automotive companies’ annual reports and Internet sites were used to gather information about monthly and annual sales numbers. Along with that, other necessary sources as pollution rates for different areas; inflation rates, unemployment rates and target rates were collected. Theories that were necessary for analyzing the empiric work were used. The analysis part of the essay consists mostly of correlation- and regression analysis, because they are the most appropriate tools in this context. Furthermore, the study is stating that the car companies are demonstrating tendencies to being negatively affected by an increasing in the oil price. Moreover, auto companies with more green cars have more sales on markets that have additional green thinking. Lastly, the study is also concluding that economical trends do not affect the companies in any special circumstances.

Question: What different factors affect the SMEs to choose a specific bank? Purpose: The purpose with this research is to find out how SMEs perceive the value and brand of the bank they are using for the financial services of their business. We will strive to find out how they perceive their banks and what underlying factors that affected their choice of bank the most. Method:We have used a quantitative method and a deductive approach for this thesis. Hypotheses were created with theory as a base and tested on a sample population containing micro companies in the community of Halmstad, Sweden. The data were compared with mean, standard deviation and variance using SPSS. Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson’s correlation were used to improve reliability and test the correlation between statements used in the study. Theoretical framework: The theory is based on Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993) and their research and theories about branding, surrounded by findings done by other researchers within the subject. The factors circling the brand phenomenon are explained; awareness, association, attitude, loyalty and activity. The bank industry and SMEs will be introduced to the reader, why branding becomes so important when dealing with services and the bank sector. Empirical framework: The empirical findings contain the data collected from the survey handed out to the sample population. The findings are explained in tables and diagrams and are further used to compare with previous research and come up with a conclusion. Conclusion: The most significant finding in the study is the importance of a personal contact at the bank, the micro company’s personal relation with one or more employees on the bank. Banks are not at all seen as unique in their supply of services, so the personal connection is an important factor which leads to loyalty. The respondents are satisfied with the performance of their banks, the supply of services covers their need. The micro companies do want the best possible solution to their specific situation, however, they do not seek for that optimal solution actively.

In the European Union the borders are being wiped out and this is creating new business markets for companies that before never had dreamt of going international. Today we see it as natural that companies act world-wide to gain success and increase the growth and profit. They need to do this to be competitive on the ever changing market that we have nowadays. One of the most important things to have in mind when thinking of expanding to other countries is which entry mode to choose. There are several ways of entering a market and if you do it right you might be very successful, but if you do not spend time on this decision the internationalization process can become very short and the company can lose a lot of capital. With this thesis we want to investigate how two large Scandinavian banks made their presence into the Baltic market in the mid 90’s, which kind of entry modes they went for and if one of them made a wiser choice than the other. In the thesis we have also gone in to the factors that have been of high importance when making the decision on why they chose the Baltic market and also which kind of entry mode. Our main findings after having made this thesis is that it was the profit and growth potential that was the main driving force for establishing on the Baltic market, but also the short distance and the low costs of going in on the market. The choice of entry mode differs between the two banks and that was expected since they have different strategies when going international. And even the know-how of the market in question and resources of the company have been important factors.

The valuation of an asset is one of the most important thing with accounting, though one of the most difficult thing as well. However, in deciding useful service life for an intangible asset and property, plant and equipment, there are quite a margin for the companies, which creates a difference between companies and industries. When computing the value of the inventories there are a few possibilities available for the companies, which also can generate differences between companies and industries. Although these differences can occur, there might be some similarities in the companies’ estimates. Hence, the purpose of this essay is to establish whether there are any differences in how companies are assessing their useful service life of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and deciding the value of inventories. To be able to accomplish the purpose, company’s annual reports were used along with other necessary sources, for instance books about accounting principles and theories. The study, furthermore, concluded that there are small differences between companies within the same industry and industries altogether, in their judgment on useful service life and the value of the inventories.

This report is a result of the final project of the authors’ Master of Science degree that was conducted at General Electric Healthcare’s Umeå Plant. The project was initiated to contribute to the efforts already taking place in order to improve the plant’s delivery reliability. Though there were many factors involved, some of the problems were found to be associated with the internal material receiving process. The focus of this report is therefore on mapping and developing this process with respect to lead time and variability in lead time. To suit this specific task, the three improvement philosophies of Six Sigma, Lean and Theory of Constraints were combined to make up the working model of the project. Six Sigma was used to attack the process variation and Lean to minimise waiting time and increase the value to the customer. Theory of Constraints was used to maximise throughput by identifying and strengthening the weakest link. To tie the three philosophies together the Plan Do Check Act-cycle was used, intended to encourage systematic improvements of the process. By mapping and evaluating the current state of the goods receiving process, five improvement areas were revealed, namely: lack of process follow up, quality inspection as a process constraint, lack of first in first out-flow and ineffective space utilisation, insufficient process deviation management and disturbances in the material flow caused by material shortages. Suggestions to solving the discovered problems have been developed in cooperation with the process operators and summarised in an action plan. One of the suggested changes is to calculate the costs associated with handling and inspection of deliveries and then incorporate this cost in the selection and evaluation of suppliers. Another part of the action plan is to evaluate the process capability of the suppliers to determine the need for quality inspection at arrival. Regarding the process operations, automatic registration, simplified handling through pre-packaging and first in first out handling routines are suggested to speed up the flow. A system for regular process follow-up and deviations management is also proposed. A secondary purpose of the project has been to contribute to the knowledge of student led improvement work by reflecting on experiences from performing research related to the primary purpose. Besides the support that the project working model is contributing with, the most important success factors were found to be a common understanding and agreement of the purpose of the project, active involvement and participation by operators and management and regular project follow-up together with key persons. Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att studera om det råder skillnader i förhållningssätt till begreppet lärande för lärare i grundskolans senare år mellan två stickprov från Trelleborg och Kiruna kommun. Vi vill vidare, om sådana skillnader föreligger, skapa en debatt kring om likvärdigheten för utbildningen är hotad. För att undersöka lärarnas förhållningssätt till begreppet lärande har vi utgått ifrån de tre stora lärandeteorierna - behaviorismen, konstruktivismen och den sociokulturella teorin. Utifrån dessa lärandeteorier har vi konstruerat en enkät med påståenden som kan härledas till var och en av dessa teorier. Där har de deltagande lärarna från vardera kommunen värderat graden av deras medtyckande i varje påstående utan vetskapen om vilket påstående som kommer från vilken lärandeteori. Utifrån de resultat vi fått in från enkäterna har vi räknat fram medelvärde på varje påstående för att på så vis kunna jämföra svaren från de båda kommunerna. För att testa trovärdigheten i resultatet har vi även presenterat medelvärdena för variablerna ålder, kön och skola. Bakgrunden till detta är för att kunna säga att eventuella skillnader inte beror på någon av dessa nämnda variabler. Resultatet presenteras i form av tabeller och diagram. Det resultat vi kommit fram till visar att det inte råder några väsentliga skillnader i förhållningssätt till begreppet lärande mellan stickproven från vardera kommunen. Vi kommer dock att presentera några frågor/påståenden där det föreligger skillnader i förhållningssätt till begreppet lärande. Dels där vi ser att skillnaden mellan stickproven från Trelleborg och Kiruna kommun beror just på att det är två olika kommuner men också där skillnaderna beror på andra variabler såsom kön, ålder och skola.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Products are often divided into two broad categories, manufactured goods and services. In the developed countries, service functions today account for the greatest part of the economic activity. Quality of service is considered an important factor in order to gain long term profits. Higher educational institutions offer educational services and the purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding about quality assurance of higher education. In order to reach that purpose I have compared and international quality standard (ISO 9000), which is a standard based on manufacturing goods, with what a state university in California does in reagrds to the requirements of ISO 9000. The main conclusion drawn from the analysis of my case study is that universities tend not to focus enough on the product requirements of its customers. Instead of identifying these requirements, they are decided internally. As a result the quality of their educational service is lower than what it could potentially be. Validerat; 20101217 (root)