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We propose in this paper an efficient FALCON accelerator called EFX based on a HW/SW co-design where FALCON is a post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) scheme tailored as a digital signature algorithm (DSA). Our findings reveal that FALCON exhibits unique characteristics and structures which distinguish it from other PQC-DSAs. A key finding is that, unlike its counterparts, FALCON doesn’t prioritize a single, time-consuming task; instead, it processes a variety of tasks with comparable execution times. Consequently, the conventional methods focusing on accelerating dominant few tasks, which are generally effective for other algorithms, prove less efficient for FALCON, especially concerning the minimization of the silicon area used. To overcome this, we strategically focus on the granular optimization of lower-level operations rather than on broader functional segments, aiming to boost performance while conserving hardware space. Moreover, to mitigate the potential degradation due to limitation of hardware resources, we have implemented a pipelined execution strategy for the FALCON functions and refined the sampling function–a critical task that is challenging to accelerate due to inherent sequential algorithm–enabling it to run concurrently on both software and hardware, thus reducing latency. Our hardware design, synthesized at $300MHz$ using Samsung’s $28nm$ and $45nm$ process technologies, demonstrates superior performance in generating FALCON signatures, with a $3.58 \times $ improvement in clock cycles over an existing hardware accelerator. EFX occupies 38K $um ^{2}$ and 74K $um ^{2}$ for $28nm$ and $45nm$ processes, respectively, comparatively small compared to other PQC accelerators.

We examined the flux and composition of sinking particles collected at a water depth of 800 m in the northwest Pacific from November 2017 to August 2018 to assess the impact of dust deposition on organic carbon export. The fluxes of total particulate matter and particulate organic carbon averaged over the study period were 88 ± 63 mg m-2 d-1 and 9.0 ± 5.8 mg m−2 d−1, respectively. Biogenic particles accounted for 82% of the sinking particles, on average. There were two notable pulses in the particle fluxes of both biogenic and lithogenic material in February and May 2018. These flux peaks were decoupled from net primary production in the surface waters but coincided with intervals of high rates of atmospheric dust deposition. The biogenic component of the two peaks was dominated by two different phytoplankton communities, which may have influenced carbon export efficiency. Correlations between the sinking particle flux and the lithogenic flux are found at several locations in the northwest Pacific, implying that East Asian dust deposition has a prevalent influence on the biological pump. Attention should be paid to the effects of changes in the continental dust supply to the oceans on oceanic carbon export.

Purpose This study aimed to determine the effects of bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises on muscle damage and muscular physiological indices in healthy men. Methods Using a randomized crossover design, nine adult males without musculoskeletal disorders were divided into a bilateral eccentric exercise group (BEG, n=9) and a unilateral eccentric exercise group (UEG, n=9). Bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises involved five sets of six repetitions of the rhythm metronome speed eccentric contraction 3 seconds at 110% one repetition maximum (1RM) using bilateral of BEG and the dominant and non-dominant of UEG separated by four weeks, respectively. Muscle damage (flexed and extended ROM, CIR, and VAS) and muscular physiological indices (muscle activity, muscle fatigue, and muscle tone) were measured before, immediately after (0 hour), 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises. Results The flexed ROM, CIR, VAS, muscle activity, and muscle tone were significantly increased after both bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises (p

Polynomial multiplication is one of the heaviest operations for a lattice-based public key algorithm in Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Many studies have been done to accelerate polynomial multiplication with newly developed hardware accelerators or special CPU instructions. However, another method utilizes previously implemented and commercial hardware accelerators for RSA/elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Reusing an existing hardware accelerator is advantageous, not only for the cost benefit but also for the improvement in performance. In this case, the developer should adopt the most efficient implementation method for the functions provided by a given legacy hardware accelerator. It is difficult to find an optimized implementation for a given hardware accelerator because there are a variety of methods, and each method depends on the functions provided by the given accelerator. In order to solve the problem, we survey methods for polynomial multiplication using RSA/ECC coprocessors and their application for Learning With Error (LWE)-based KEM algorithms of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PQC round 3 candidates. We implement all known methods for polynomial multiplication with RSA/ECC coprocessors in a platform, commercial mobile system-on-chip (SoC), the Exynos2100 Smart Secure Platform (SSP). We present and analyze the simulation results for various legacy hardware accelerators and give guidance for optimized implementation.

Abstract The negative impact of extreme high-temperature days (EHDs) on people’s livelihood has increased over the past decades. Therefore, an improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of EHDs is imperative to mitigate this impact. Herein, we classify the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns associated with EHDs that occurred in South Korea from 1982 to 2018 using a self-organizing map (SOM) and investigate the dynamic mechanism for each cluster pattern through composite analysis. A common feature of all SOM clusters is the positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly over the Korean Peninsula, which provides favorable conditions for EHDs through adiabatic warming caused by anomalous downward motion. Results show that Cluster 1 (C1) is related to the eastward-propagating wave train in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere, while Cluster 2 (C2) and 3 (C3) are influenced by a northward-propagating wave train forced by enhanced convection in the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP). Compared to C2, C3 exhibits strong and eastward-extended enhanced convection over the subtropical WNP, which generates an anomalous high-pressure system over the southern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, reinforcing EHDs via atmospheric blocking. Our results can contribute to the understanding of East Asia climate variability because wave trains influence the climate dynamics of this region.

Over the years, deep learning algorithms have advanced a lot and any innovation in the algorithms are demonstrated and benchmarked for image classification. Several other field including side-channel analysis (SCA) have recently adopted deep learning with great success. In SCA, the deep learning algorithms are typically working with 1-dimensional (1-D) data. In this work, we propose a unique method to improve deep learning based side-channel analysis by converting the measurements from raw-trace of 1-dimension data based on float or byte data into picture-formatted trace that has information based on the data position. We demonstrate why “Picturization” is more suitable for deep learning and compare how input and hidden layers interact for each raw (1-D) and picture form. As one potential application, we use a Binarized Neural Network (BNN) learning method that relies on a BNN's natural properties to improve variables. In addition, we propose a novel criterion for attack success or failure based on statistical confidence level rather than determination of a correct key using a ranking system.

Abstract This study compared the effects of open versus laparoscopic radical hysterectomy on intraoperative diaphragmatic excursion and lung compliance. We enrolled 20 women per group; Group O’s members underwent open radical hysterectomy, while Group L’s members underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy. Diaphragmatic excursion was measured by assessing tidal ventilation using M-mode ultrasonography before intubation (T0), after intubation with mechanical ventilation (T1), 90 min after incision (T2), and at the end of the operation with recovery of muscle relaxation (T3). Peak inspiratory pressure and static lung compliance were measured using an anaesthesia machine combined with a ventilator. Diaphragmatic excursion was significantly lower in Group L than in Group O at T2 (5.3 ± 1.7 mm vs. 7.7 ± 2.0 mm, P

North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga) is a commercially important tuna species known to undertake extensive migratory movements between nearshore waters of the California Current and offshore environments in the central Pacific. However, these migration behaviors are highly variable, with some individuals traveling thousands of kilometers within a season, and others largely resident in the southern California Current throughout the year. In this study, we use data from 33 archival-tagged albacore (released between 2003 and 2011) to examine the movements, physiology and ecology of tuna following different migratory pathways. We used direct measurements of body temperature and ambient water temperature from internal archival tags to estimate energy intake via the Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF), the increased internal heat production associated with digestion of a meal. Our results indicate that HIF was variable in space and time, but it was highest for individuals foraging in the offshore North Pacific Transition Zone and southern California Current during spring and summer, and lowest in the Transition Zone in fall. None of the migratory strategies examined appeared to confer consistently higher energetic benefits than the others. Fish remaining resident in the southern California Current year-round incurred lower migration costs, and could access favorable foraging conditions off Baja California in spring and summer. In contrast, fish which undertook longer migrations had much higher energetic costs during periods of faster transit times, but were able to reach highly productive foraging areas in the central and western Pacific. HIF was generally higher in larger fish, and when ambient temperatures were cooler, but was not strongly correlated with other environmental covariates. Our analyses offer new avenues for studying the physiology of wild tuna populations, and can complement diet and isotopic studies to further understanding of fish ecology.

The extension of seasonal to interannual prediction of the physical climate system to include the marine ecosystem has a great potential to inform marine resource management strategies. Along the east coast of Africa, recent findings suggest that skillful Earth system model (ESM)-based chlorophyll predictions may enable anticipation of fisheries fluctuations. The mechanisms underlying skillful chlorophyll predictions, however, were not identified, eroding confidence in potential adaptive management steps. This study demonstrates that skillful chlorophyll predictions up to two years in advance arise from the successful simulation of westward-propagating off-equatorial Rossby waves in the Indian ocean. Upwelling associated with these waves supplies nutrients to the surface layer for the large coastal areas by generating north- and southward propagating waves at the east African coast. Further analysis shows that the off-equatorial Rossby wave is initially excited by wind stress forcing caused by El Niño/Southern Oscillation-Indian Ocean teleconnections.

Marine extreme temperature events (METs), including marine heatwaves (MHWs) and cold spells, have recently gained much attention owing to their vital influence on the marine ecosystem and social economy. Since METs can alter the upper ocean stratification and wintertime convective mixing in the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG), their activities may modulate phytoplankton blooms by regulating entrainment of the subtropical mode water (STMW) with high NO $_{3}^{-}$ . Furthermore, because STMW formed in the previous winter reemerges east of its formation site in the following winter, the METs activities imprinted in STMW affect phytoplankton blooms remote from its formation site. Here, we examined the relationship between the MET activities, STMW volume, and phytoplankton blooms using satellite observations and a data-assimilative coupled physical-biogeochemical model dataset. MET activities appearing in the STMW formation region during winter regulate the formation of STMW and the supply of NO $_{3}^{-}$ from the subsurface, with the latter controlling the spring/autumn blooms in that region under NO $_{3}^{-}$ -limited conditions. Subsequently, this water mass is transported eastward in the subsurface within the northern flank of the NPSG before reemerging east of the STMW formation site the following spring. This process results in a negative lag-correlation between MET activities and surface chlorophyll in the reemergence region; for example, MHWs in winter at the STMW formation site tend to lower the surface chlorophyll concentration one year later in the reemergence region. Our study suggests that the oceanic processes allow one year of predictability of the marine ecosystems by monitoring METs in the STMW formation site.

Abstract This paper introduces the Tropical Rain belts with an Annual cycle and a Continent Model Intercomparison Project (TRACMIP). TRACMIP studies the dynamics of tropical rain belts and their response to past and future radiative forcings through simulations with 13 comprehensive and one simplified atmosphere models coupled to a slab ocean and driven by seasonally varying insolation. Five idealized experiments, two with an aquaplanet setup and three with a setup with an idealized tropical continent, fill the space between prescribed‐SST aquaplanet simulations and realistic simulations provided by CMIP5/6. The simulations reproduce key features of present‐day climate and expected future climate change, including an annual‐mean intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) that is located north of the equator and Hadley cells and eddy‐driven jets that are similar to present‐day climate. Quadrupling CO2 leads to a northward ITCZ shift and preferential warming in Northern high latitudes. The simulations show interesting CO2‐induced changes in the seasonal excursion of the ITCZ and indicate a possible state dependence of climate sensitivity. The inclusion of an idealized continent modulates both the control climate and the response to increased CO2; for example, it reduces the northward ITCZ shift associated with warming and, in some models, climate sensitivity. In response to eccentricity‐driven seasonal insolation changes, seasonal changes in oceanic rainfall are best characterized as a meridional dipole, while seasonal continental rainfall changes tend to be symmetric about the equator. This survey illustrates TRACMIP's potential to engender a deeper understanding of global and regional climate and to address questions on past and future climate change.

Since 2002, there have been active discussions on template attacks due to the robust performance of such attacks. There are reports of numerous proposals to improve the accuracy of prediction model in order to identify the point of interest. To date, many researchers have only focused on the performance of template attacks. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to retrieve the secret information in key schedules, without the profiling phase utilizing secret information. The template attack allows us to reveal the correct key even though the encryption/decryption processes have powerful countermeasures. More precisely, if the templates are sufficiently built in loading/saving the public information, in the extraction phase, the templates already created can be applied to the identical operation about secret information, which allows us to retrieve the secret information even if the countermeasures are theoretically robust. This suggestion becomes another backdoor to avoid hardened countermeasures. In order to demonstrate our proposal, we consider the Advanced Encryption Standard key schedule as a target for attack; however, it cannot be the target of non-profiling attacks in general. Finally, the Hamming weight information of the correct key could be recovered in an XMEGA128 chip, without the secret information. Moreover, we concentrate on the potential possibility of our suggestion since the performance cannot outperform the original methods used in such attacks.

Major laparoscopic pelvic surgery requires steep Trendelenburg position with pneumoperitoneum for a long time. We investigated the effect of Trendelenburg position with pneumoperitoneum on diaphragmatic excursion and lung compliance during major laparoscopic pelvic surgery using M-mode sonography. Twenty patients undergoing elective pelviscopic radical hysterectomy were included in this study. Diaphragmatic excursion was measured at the following time points; after sedation, after intubation, 90 minutes after Trendelenburg position with pneumoperitoneum, and after operation with recovery of muscle relaxation. And lung compliance was measured using anesthetic machine under general anesthesia; after the intubation, 90 minutes after Trendelenburg position with pneumoperitoneum and after operation with recovery of muscle relaxation. In order to detect postoperative pulmonary complication, postoperative chest radiography was checked. Static lung compliance, dynamic lung compliance and diaphragmatic excursion were decreased during operation (P < 0.001, respectively). At the end of the operation with recovery of muscle relaxation, reduced diaphragmatic movement was not recovered as its excursion after sedation (P < 0.001). In conclusion, lung compliance was decreased following transiently decreased diaphragmatic excursion during major laparoscopic pelvic surgery.

A 56-year-old man with a rotator cuff injury, scheduled for arthroscopic reconstruction surgery, had a history of recurrent symptoms of eyeball pain and blurred vision for several years. After close examination, he was diagnosed with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. Three weeks before the scheduled surgery, his intraocular pressure (IOP) increased (> 30 mmHg) and he became extremely anxious about the surgery. We monitored his IOP intraoperatively and successfully completed general anesthesia without any sequelae. As Posner-Schlossman syndrome can present with severe complications that may lead to postoperative visual loss, intraoperative monitoring of intraocular monitoring and careful anesthetic management are crucial to protect vision.

Resection of large sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCTs) in premature neonates has been associated with significant perinatal mortality, making this a high risk procedure requiring careful anesthetic management. Most deaths during resection of SCTs are due to cardiac arrest caused by electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, and massive bleeding during surgery. We describe two premature neonates who experienced cardiac arrest, one due to hyperkalemia and the other not due to hyperkalemia, during excision of large, prenatally diagnosed SCTs. We present here the considerations for anesthesia in premature neonates with huge SCTs.

We report the complete mitochondrial genome of a hybrid snow crab between a female Chionoecetes opilio and male C. japonicus. The circular genome was 16,065 bp in length, and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. The composition and arrangement of its complete mitochondrial genome were very similar to that reported for the maternal species, C. opilio. The close genetic relationship is reflected in the phylogenetic tree and supports maternal inheritance patterns.

Introduction: Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) overexpression is a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target for breast cancer; however, anti-HER2 therapies are ineffective in patients with bladder cancer. The authors investigated the effect of HER2 overexpression (HER2+) on the prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent initial transurethral resection of bladder tumors between 2005 and 2013 and were registered in the Korea National Health Insurance Database, which provides data on overall survival (OS). Sixty-one patients with clinically nonmetastatic de novo MIBC were included in this study. As a subgroup, 33 patients who underwent immediate radical cystectomy (RC) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify prognostic factors for survival. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify the favorable T stage. Results: Among the 61 patients with d-MIBC, 14 were HER2+ and 47 HER2-. Age less than 70 years [hazard ratio (HR): 0.312, CI: 0.16-0.59, P<0.001] and HER2+ status (HR: 0.40, CI: 0.19-0.85, P= 0.02) were favorable prognostic factors for OS after adjusting for clinical variables. In the RC subgroup, HER2+ status was a significant predictive factor for the pT2 stage (HR): 36.8, CI: 4.83-797.41, P<0.01). Age less than 70 years (HR: 0.15, CI: 0.05-0.42, P< 0.001) and HER2+ status (HR: 0.11, CI: 0.02-0.54, P =0.01) were favorable prognostic factors for OS after adjusting for RC pathological variables. Conclusions: HER2+ status could be a marker for an indolent subset of MIBC and could predict favorable survival regardless of RC status. Moreover, HER2+ status not only consistently predicted a favorable T stage after RC, but also predicted better survival than pathological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthogobius lactipes is a demersal, euryhaline fish belonging to the suborder Gobiodei. This study sequenced and described the complete mitochondrial genome of A. lactipes for the first time. The circular genome of A. lactipes is 16,592 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. The overall A, C, G, and T contents were 27.78, 27.31, 17.52, and 27.39%, respectively. Based on the 13 protein-coding genes, the phylogenetic tree showed that A. lactipes formed a well-supported cluster with the genus Acanthogobius and rooted with other family Oxudercidae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]