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Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of action observation training (AOT) and mirror therapy in improving the electroencepha lograms (EEG) of stroke patients. Methods: Patients were allocated randomly to three groups: an action observation training with activity (AOTA) group (n=12), a mirror therapy with activity (MTA) group (n=11), and an AOT-only group (n=12). All groups received conventional physiotherapy in five 60-minute sessions over six weeks. The AOTA, MTA, and AOT groups practiced AOTA, MTA, and AOT, respectively, in three 30-minute ses sions over six weeks. The differences between the pre- and post-treatment EEGs were assessed using a paired t-test. Comparisons be tween the groups were performed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The participants in the AOTA and MTA groups showed significant improvement in the EEG. AOTA improved the alpha waves of the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal lobes significantly (p

Purpose: This study examined the effects of action observational training to improve the gait function for patients with stroke. Methods: The participants were divided into two groups: right hemiplegia group (n=12) and left hemiplegia group (n=12). All groups received conventional therapy for five sessions for 30 minutes, each for three weeks. Left and right hemiplegia group practiced additional action observational training for five sessions for 20 minutes each for three weeks. They participated in three weeks of action observa tional training coupled with immediate physical practice (intervention), followed by a final assessment. The duration of each action ob servation video sequence was 10 minutes, followed immediately by practice of the observed motor skill (10 minutes). The gait velocity, cadence, swing time, step length, and BOS (base of support) were examined using the GAITRite system. Results: The results of this study showed significant improvement in the gait function. The outcomes of the gait abilities from gait veloc ity, cadence, swing time, step length of the affected side, and BOS (base of support) were improved significantly in the right hemiplegia group (p

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of observing a self-video or a video of another person performing balance and gait training, followed by actual performance of the observed movements on the balance and walking ability of chronic stroke patients. METHODS: Thirty patients, who had experienced a stroke and were admitted to S rehabilitation hospital for treatment, were selected randomly and divided into three groups with 10 patients each: self-action observation (SAO) group, other-action observation (OAO) group, and treadmill walking training (TWT) group. The training program was conducted five times per week for four weeks. The GAITRite system, 10 m walking test, and timed up and go test were performed to measure the subjects’ gait and balance ability. RESULTS: The velocity, cadence, double support, and stride length were increased significantly in the SAO and OAO groups (p .05). The 10MWT decreased significantly in the OAO group (p .05). The TUG decreased significantly in the SAO and OAO groups (p .05). CONCLUSION: The self or other action observation training helps improve the balance and gait ability.

Objective: The purpose of the study was performed for effects of treadmill gait training according to different inclination influenced on the pulmonary function with hemiplegic patients caused by cerebrovascular accident. Method: The subjects of the study were 44 patients with chronic stroke and randomly divided into three group which were two experimental groups (5° treadmill gait training (n=15) and 10°treadmill gait training (n=15)) and control group (treadmill flat gait training (n=14)). Three groups received different inclination (5°, 10°, flat) treadmill gait training for 30 minutes a time while 5times per week for 6week in addition to conventional physical therapy. We performed pulmonary function test. Results: The result of this study showed that treadmill gait training controlled inclination 5°, 10°, flat plane were positive influence on stroke patients’ pulmonary function. Especially, inclination 5°, 10° gait training group showed Significant improved than flat gait training group. Conclusion: Gait training controlled inclination is an effective intervention in order to improve hemiplegia due to stroke patients’ pulmonary function. It is considered to be treadmill gait training controlled appropriate inclination when in addition to treatment time.

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of treadmill gait training at different controlled inclinations on the standing balance of hemiplegic patients caused by cerebrovascular injury. Methods: The study’s subjects were 44 patients with chronic stroke, randomly divided into three experimental groups: 0° treadmill gait training (n=14), 5° treadmill gait training (n=15), and 10° treadmill gait training (n=15). In addition to conventional physical therapy, the subjects underwent gait training on a treadmill with one of three different inclinations for 30 min per session five times per week for six weeks. The Biodex balance system SD, Berg balance scale, and timed up and go tests were used to measure the postural balance of the patients. Results: This study showed that gait training on a treadmill at controlled inclinations of 0°, 5°, and 10° positively influenced the stroke patients’ standing balance. The 5° and 10° inclination gait training groups showed significantly more improvement than the 0° inclination group. Conclusion: Gait training on a treadmill with inclinations of 0°, 5°, or 10° can be said to positively affect the postural balance of hemiplegic patients due to stroke. In particular, 5° and 10° inclination gait training offered more significant improvement than the 0° inclination gait training group. When added to regular treatment routines, gait training at controlled inclinations is an effective intervention for improving hemiplegia due to postural balance.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effect of respiratory exercise on pulmonary function, balance, and gait in chronic stroke patients. [Participants and Methods] Twenty patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=10 each). The patients in both groups underwent neurodevelopmental treatment. Moreover, the experimental group performed respiratory exercise. Pulmonary function was measured using a pneumatometer. Balance was measured using a Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach Test. Gait was measured with a 10-m walk test and Timed Up-and-Go Test. [Results] Intragroup comparison showed significant differences in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach Test, 10-meter walk test, and Timed Up-and-Go Test. Intergroup comparison showed that the differences in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach Test, 10-meter walk test, and Timed Up-and-Go Test for the experimental group were significantly related to those for the control group. [Conclusion] Based on these results it was concluded that respiratory exercise effectively improves the pulmonary function, balance, and gait in patients with chronic stroke.

A series of Zn–porphyrin dyes was prepared and anchored onto a TiO2 surface to complete a dye-sensitized photocatalyst system, Zn–porphyrin-|TiO2|-Cat, and tested as lower energy photosensitizers for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Three major synthetic modifications were performed on the Zn–porphyrin dye to obtain a lower energy sensitization and improve the catalyst lifetime. We found that incorporating acetylene and linear hexyl groups into the Zn–porphyrin core allowed facile lower energy sensitization, and the addition of the cyanophosphonic acid as an anchoring group gave the long-term dye stability on the TiO2 surface. Under irradiation with red light of >550 nm and a light intensity of 207 mW/cm2, the hybrid ZnPCNPA catalyst showed a TONRe of ∼800 over an extended time period of 90 h. The photocatalytic activities of porphyrin hybrids differ greatly with the binding strength of the anchoring groups of dye and spectral range of the irradiated light and its intensity.

Visible-light irradiation of a ternary hybrid catalyst prepared by grafting a dye, an H2 evolving CoIII catalyst and a CO-producing ReI catalyst on TiO2 have been found to produce both H2 and CO (syngas) in CO2 -saturated N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF)/water solution containing a 0.1 m sacrificial electron donor. The H2 /CO ratios are effectively controlled by changing either the water content of the solvent or the molar ratio of the ReI and CoIII catalysts ranging from 1:2 to 15:1. The controlled syngas formation is discussed in terms of competitive electron flow from TiO2 to each of the CO2 -reduction and hydrogen-evolving sites depending on the efficiencies of the two catalytic reaction cycles under given reaction conditions.

Due to the strong hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions between individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs), these particles easily aggregate with themselves. When CNTs were introduced into a polymer matrix as a filler, aggregations formed that can adversely affect the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer/CNTs composites. To prevent aggregation, covalent functionalizations via chemical treatments using H₂SO₄/HNO₃, H₂O₂/H₂O and a silane coupling agent(STX)-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, GPTMS) on the CNTs were chosen in this study. Moreover, the effect of the functional groups on the solubility of CNTs in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated. The surface-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were also characterized and compared with pristine MWCNTs using several techniques. Morphology changes in surfacemodified MWCNTs were observed by Raman spectroscopy and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) images. Qualitative analyses of the functional groups on the surface-modified MWCNTs were performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, quantitative analyses were performed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), a titration method and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

The use of computer graphic technology has been increasing in making broadcasting or movie contents because computer graphic equipment’s hardware and software performances have been improved tremendously. Industrially, in a variety of areas such as construction and restoration of cultural assets, 3D Received (March 08, 2015), Review Request(March 09, 2015), Review Result(March 27, 2015) Accepted(April 29, 2015), Published(June 30, 2015) 139-701 Dept., Holography 3D

Efficient hybrid photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction were developed from dye-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles and their catalytic performance was optimized by ternary organic/inorganic components. Thus, the hybrid system consists of (E)-2-cyano-3-(5′-(5′′-(p-(diphenylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2′′-yl)thiophen-2′-yl)-acrylic acid as a sensitizer and fac-[Re(4,4′-bis(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine)(CO)3Cl] as a reduction catalyst (ReP), both of which have been fixed onto TiO2 semiconductors (s-TiO2, h-TiO2, d-TiO2). Mott–Schottky analysis on flat-band potential (Efb) of TiO2 mesoporous films has verified that Efb can be finely modulated by volume variation of water (0 to 20 vol%). The increase of added water resulted in substantial positive shifts of Efb from −1.93 V at 0 vol% H2O, to −1.74 V (3 vol% H2O), to −1.56 V (10 vol% H2O), and to −1.47 V (20 vol% H2O). As a result, with addition of 3–10 vol% water in the photocatalytic reaction, conversion efficiency of CO2 to CO increased significantly reaching a TON value of ∼350 for 30 h. Catalytic activity enhancement is mainly attributed to (1) the optimum alignment of Efb by 3–10 vol% water with respect to the of the dye and Ered of ReP for smooth electron transfer from photo-excited dye to RePvia the TiO2 semiconductor and (2) the water-induced acceleration of chemical processes on the fixed ReP. In addition, the energy level was further tuned by variation of the dye and ReP amounts. We also found that the intrinsic properties of TiO2 sources (morphology, size, agglomeration) exert a great influence on the overall photocatalytic activity of this hybrid system. Implications of the present observations and reaction mechanisms are discussed in detail.

Reduction of marine debris requires knowledge of its sources. Sources of plastic marine debris found on six beaches of Korea were estimated. Samples larger than 25 mm were collected from 10 quadrats of 5 × 5 m for each beach in spring 2013. The total 752 items (12,255 g) of debris comprised fiber and fabric (415 items, 6,909 g), hard plastic (120 items, 4,316 g), styrofoam (93 items, 306 g), film (83 items, 464 g), foamed plastic other than styrofoam (21 items, 56 g), and other polymer (20 items, 204 g). With the probable sources allocated to each of 55 debris types, the source of 56% of all the collected debris appeared to be oceanbased and 44% was land-based. Priorities of policy measures to reduce marine debris should be different from regions to regions as the main sources of debris may differ.

Purpose To investigate the intraocular pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injected into the posterior subtenon of vitrectomized rabbit eyes. Methods Vitrectomy was performed on the right eyes of 35 rabbits. Triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/mL) was injected into the posterior subtenon space of both eyes. Five rabbits each were killed at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Both eyes were enucleated. The vitreous was isolated, and TA concentration was measured. Results In vitrectomized eyes, the intravitreal concentrations of TA were 1763, 822.9, 321.5, 113.3, 35.5, 14.4, and 6.7 ng/mL, respectively, at the time points indicated above; the concentrations in nonvitrectomized eyes were 397.8, 360.4, 154.4, 48.5, 30.7, 15.2, and 8.0 ng/mL, respectively. Triamcinolone acetonide concentrations were significantly higher in the vitrectomized eyes at days 1, 3, 7, and 14. The terminal half-life of intravitreal TA was 23.3 days in the vitrectomized eyes and 28.9 days in the nonvitrectomized eyes. Conclusion Intravitreal absorption and excretion of TA in the posterior subtenon space are increased after vitrectomy. Although the terminal half-life of TA was shorter, higher early concentration and similar effective duration were achieved in the vitrectomized eyes.

Subway is electrified railway system nowadays, in which liquid dielectric transformers have been widely used, though mold type transformers are replacing it. The transformers supplies large electric power and have innate hazards causing accidents under operation. A number of researcher have carried out on failures of it and have oriented to identify transformer's failure causes and how to maintain it healthy state. The transformer failures can cause serious accidents which can provoke economic loss and leads persons to kill. In this paper, we carried out a safety activity to reveal hazards and to estimate risk of subway liquid dielectric transformers using FMEA, HAZOP and What-if methods. In case of installing safety devices in oil immersed transformer, we tried to evaluate an effect on a subsystem’s failure rate. We proposed how to design subsystem failure rate and safety device failure rates.Key Words : Subway, Oil-immersed transformer, Safety activity, Failure rate, Safety device*Dept. of Railway Electric and Signaling Engineering, Graduate School of Railway, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Korea†Corresponding Author : Dept. of Railway Electric and Signaling Engineering, Graduate School of Railway, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, KoreaE-mail : saganlee@seoultech.ac.krReceived : June 4, 2013; Accepted : August 5, 2013

Visible-light irradiation of a ternary hybrid catalyst prepared by grafting a dye, an H

Water jet propulsion system has low efficiency than screw propeller at low speed, but has been applied in high speed ship due to its better cavitation performance and high rotation capacity. In this study, a numerical analysis was conduct to understand the flow in the propulsion system of 200HP grade water jet for small ship. As the result, it could be confirmed that total pressure and force of the flow was increased through the impeller and the straight-ability of discharging flow to outlet was improved by guide vane. Also, the reliability of numerical analysis was secured by comparing peripheral velocity calculated by design values with that calculated by numerical analysis.

This paper examines the process of establishing the system of monastic education and the use of the sammun suhak in the Late Choson period. Buddhist views on praxis and study had a close relationship to the structure of the educational curriculum for monastics. I argue that the widely accepted framework of the sammun suhak for Buddhist practice bears a close relationship to the process of defining a standardized system of practice for Buddhism. Based on this, I will examine which subjects were selected and what kind of changes they underwent before the final curriculum was established. I also further analyze which Buddhist doctrines were apparent in individual subjects and their interrelationship with the process of education. Finally, I draw parallels between the establishment of a monastic education curriculum and the contemporaneous system of Confucian education.

Most old buildings in Korea are wood framed and, with age, deterioration is found in all wood components of antique buildings. Insects and rapid changes in humidity are among the main causes of deterioration. To preserve antique wooden buildings, nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are required. Various methods of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) such as X-ray, stress wave, drilling resistance test, and ultrasound are used to inspect the safety of wooden antique buildings. The ultrasonic method is relatively simple, inexpensive, and accurate. The rafters are one of the main components of antique buildings and are seriously affected by deterioration. This study aimed to develop a nondestructive ultrasonic technique for evaluation of wooden rafter deterioration. Regression models describing the relationship between the artificial deterioration of the specimen and ultrasonic parameters were proposed. The method was found to be reliable for evaluating wooden rafter deterioration.

The seed morphology of 22 taxa (12 genera) of Solanaceae in Korea was studied by stereo and scanning electron microscopy, and a detailed description of seed morphological features for all examined taxa is provided. The color of the seed is yellow to black, and the shape is reniform to circular. Its size is 0.56-4.29 mm in length and 0.38-3.20 mm in width. The largest sample was found in Datural metel, while the smallest was in Petunia hybrida. Three different surface types (verrucate, verrucate-reticulate, and reticulate) were recognized in the studied taxa. The top of the anticlinal wall produces appendages known as 'fibrils'. This projection of anticlinal wall was found to be specific to the genus Solanum (S. japonense, S. lyratum, and S. lycopersicum). The morphological features (seed shape, size, color, hilum shape, surface type, and fibrils) of the family Solanaceae in Korea are described and their systematic implications are briefly discussed.