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A Comparison for Constitutional Body Type between Korean and Chinese-Korean- Using Propensity Score Matching - Hoseok Kim, Younghwa Baek, Siwoo Lee, Jonghyang YooKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesThe body shape was a key information for diagnosing the Sasang constitution (SC) in Sasang constitutional medicine. The aim of this study was to compare the body shapes and mainly focusing on the Korean and Chinese-KoreanMethods We calculated the propensity score for each SC type in males and females separately, and compared body shape including 8 circumference and 5 width between Korean and Chinese-Korean according to the sex and SC. ResultsKoreans have larger trunk and hip area compared to Chinese-Koreans, while Chinese-Koreans have larger abdomen compared with Koreans. Most variables were significantly different among SC types, for both Korean and Chinese-Korean. Especially, the Taeumin (TE) type has the largest body shape compared with the other SC types,it was similar between Korean and Chinese-Korean.ConclusionsThis study showed that the TE type has the largest body shape, followed by Soyangin (SY) and Soeumin (SE) in order, for both Korean and Chinese-Korean respectively. These results suggests that the body shape of Chinese-Koreanis similar with Korean based on SC type.Key Words

In the results, Taeumin group was diagnosed to have the highest number of constipation (p

Objective : This study aims to provide fundamental data for new directions(the improvement directions) from searching research papers of randomized controlled trials among thesis of Atopic Dermatitis related to oriental medicine in Korea from 2004 to 2014 and identifying the problem and level of a clinical study through an assessment of the quality, CONSORT statement. Methods : Data was collected through the Koreanstudies Information Service System(KISS). Two experts in Oriental Medicine reviewed the title and abstract in thesis, the results of searching the title, “Atopic dermatitis“ and topic, “oriental medicine“ at KISS, and then they handsearched Randomized Controlled Trials related to oriental medicine in Korea. According to guidelines defined by CONSORT statement, they assessed whether 37 items were followed by guidelines at yes or no answers in order to evaluate the quality as well. They assessed the definition of each item independently. After comparing, they made a decision on the item of different outcomes through an agreement with a third party. Results : Total number of randomized controlled trials in Atopic Dermatitis related to oriental medicine is eleven. A randomized controlled trial was first published in 2007. One or two papers associated it were released every year except 2013. 9 papers of them were approved by Institutional Review Board and were received written consent. The study included between 20 to 40 subjects for 2-arm parallel study design. The effect of treatment was observed for 4 to 8 weeks. On average, the number followed guidelines was 18.64 among those of 37 CONSORT statement and 50.38% of them was followed overall. c 2014 the Society of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology This is an Open Access journal distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/license/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 제27권 제4호(2014년 11월) 46 교신저자 : Jong-hyang Yoo Department of KM Health Technology Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea (Tel : +82-42-868-9591, Fax : +82-42-868-9555 E-mail : jhyoo@kiom.re.kr) ∙접수 2014/10/17 ∙수정 2014/11/9 ∙채택 2014/11/16 Conclusion : As an interest about randomized controlled trials was increased, it was needed to care the standard providing information of CONSORT statement on randomized controlled trials related to oriental medicine in Korea. It is suggested to provide more clear information about it, so that it can be a motive for improving quality of the journal in oriental medicine

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to provide baseline data by utilizing solutions to health problems caused by work-related stress and to examine a way of treatment by comparing and analyzing how the stresses link to fatigue and quality of researchers' life. Methods: A survey was conducted with 50 researchers working for in H research institute in Daejeon Metropolitan City from April 10th to May 10th, 2012 to examine the correlation of work stress, fatigue and quality of life. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test to look into examine the difference in work stress, fatigue, and quality of life. Also, the correlation of work stress, fatigue and quality of life was measured through by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The data collected through the questionnaires was were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 based on the significant level with a p-value, 0.05. Results: The results showed that fatigue was caused by work stresses in researchers and quality of life was ranked in a relatively low level. Correlation of work stresses, quality of life and fatigue and work stresses against mental health index was negative and fatigue against physical index was also negative. Conclusion: It is necessary to maintain more detailed provisions in order to improve mental health and stress level of researchers. Moreover, systematic, in-depth evaluation should be done to reduce researcher’s work-related stress and fatigue. In addition, stress management and prevention program should be implemented for these researchers.

Reliability of Sasang Constitution Questionnaire Developed by KIOM for Vietnamese Hye-Joo Park, Si-Woo Lee, Sang-Oak Dong, Ta Thu Thuy, Jong-Hyang Yoo Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, National Hospital of Traditional Medicine Objectives This study aimed to evaluate reliability of questionnaire when self reporting questionnaire created by Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine was applied to Vietnamese. Methods This study began to collect 135 Vietnamese patients questionnaires collaborated with National Hospital of Traditional Medicine located in Hanoi, Vietnam from March to August 2013. All participants for this study filled out the questionnaires respectively. After initial survey finished, additional survey was performed on the same questionnaires used at the beginning eight weeks later. In order to evaluate internal coherence in terms of questionnaires of classification, Cronbach’s alpha and Cohen's kappa was measured. Results After analysis of 78 questions collected, less than 0.4 in Kappa was achieved by 21(26.9%) out of 78 questions, 0.4 to 0.75 Kappa by 49(62.8%) and 0.75 over in 5(6.5%) questions, respectively. More than 0.6 Cronbach’s alpha was defined from 41 out of 78 questions connected with internal coherence of character, digestion, perspiration, excrement, urine, cold and heat. Conclusions The questionnaire has credibility according to values of Kappa and Cronbach’s alpha. Therefore, Sasang Constitution questionnaire can be applied to Sasang Diagnosis. In order to increase usefulness, questions in questionnaire should be revised and validity study must be performed afterwards.

A Study on the Physiological Symptoms and Pathological Symptoms of Vietnamese according to Sasang Constitutions Ji-Hye Kwon, Hye-Joo Park, Pham Duc Duong, Sang-Oak Dong, Eun-Su Jang, Si-Woo Lee, Sang-Hyuk Kim, Jong-Hyang YooKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesIn this study, the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis were carried out to Vietnamese subject living in Vietnam, and the external applicability of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was evaluated by analyzing the physiological symptomsand the pathological symptoms according to their constitutions. MethodsTotal 170 Vietnamese subjects who live in Hanoi were invited from Sep. 2012 to Jun. 2013 for the research, and subjects were diagnosed by 2 Sasang Constitution Medicine specialists. The collected data were analyzed in terms of the physiological symptoms and the pathological symptoms according to the Sasang Constitutions. ResultsThere were significantly different in the physiological symptoms according to Sasang Constitutions, which were ‘digest’, ‘perspiration’, ‘excrement’, ‘hot and cold’, ‘water’ and in the pathological symptoms, which were ‘sting pain in head’ in Soyangin, ‘back pain’ in Soeumin, ‘chest discomfort’ in Taeeumin, ‘skin discomfort’ in Taeeumin,‘fatigue in the afternoon’ in Soyangin, ‘digestion’ in Soeumin.ConclusionsThe Sasang Constitution Medicine which is a Korean traditional medicine is also applicable to foreign countries,and it can contribute to the health promotion. Key Words: Sasang Constitution, Physiological Symptoms, Pathological Symptoms, Vietnamese

Objectives : To review the recent trend of randomized controlled clinical trials on insomnia and to provide information for future clinical trials. Methods : A total of 667 pieces of literature were searched using the key words ‘insomnia’ and ‘randomized controlled trial’ and using the title ‘insomnia’ with the topic ‘trial or trials’, published from 2008 to 2012 through Web of Science. Studies including randomized controlled clinical trials were sorted from the search result and finally 104 pieces of the literature were selected and examined. Results : Besides 104 clinical trials, 14 trials related to CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) were also reviewed. On average, 20 trials were annually conducted and they showed a growing trend. Participants were between 31 and 90 (34.6%), and were observed for less than 30 days (28.8%) in most trials. As intervention methods for clinical trials, non-pharmaceutical methods were used in 59 studies (56.7%), pharmaceutical drug in 43 studies (41.3%) and combinations in 2 studies (1.9%). In 60 studies, only insomnia without any underlying diseases was examined and other 44 studies involved other diseases. As diagnosis assessment tools, Sleep diary and Polysomnography were used. Conclusions : Randomized controlled trials relevant to insomnia were on the increase, but only a small number of clinical trials on Oriental Medicine have been performed. Larger scientific and well-founded randomized controlled trials are required for developing Oriental Medicine and establishing high-quality guideline going forward.

1. The TY body shape were generally smaller than Taeeumin (TE) (p

The Effect of Tailored Health Care Program Based on Sasang Constitution for Vietnamese Ji-Hye Kwon, Yun-Young Kim, Ki-Hyun Park, Si-Woo Lee, Jong-Hyang YooKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesThis study aimed to develop the tailored health care program based on Sasang constitution for Vietnamese and evaluate the effect of them.MethodsThis research was executed from Sep. 1 st 2012 to Nov. 30 th 2012 in Vietnam Hanoi National Hospital of TraditionalMedicine. All of 50 vietnamese subjects participated in the tailored health care program for 8 weeks after constitutionaldiagnosis.During the applicable period of the 8 weeks program, follow-up visits was conducted after 1 week, 4 week, and 8 week from the first visit, and Quality of life, Anxiety, Fatigue and Sleep Quality were measured.ResultsThe tailored Health Care Program was applied to the subjects for eight weeks. The quality of life scores of PhysicalFunctioning ( p =0.006), Pain ( p =0.003) and Physical Component Score (

Nowadays, sleep disorder is one of diseases many people have suffered. Many researchers have studied on the features or the method to overcome sleep disorder. In this paper, we have reported papers and patents relevant to sleep disorder to find current trends in the researches. All retrieved papers were 316 articles, patents, all 8 cases. The scale of research on sleep disorder including insomnia has been increasing in recent years. About a half of the analyzed researches were conducted by medical communities, and also various researches were performed based on nursing and Korea medicine. But, we found the application of patents on sleep disorder is less active than the research area. It will be conducted to research to consider with various developing research methodology and planing commercialization through health-related networks of collaborators.

Comparison of Keywords of the Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine with MeSH Terms Yun-Young Kim, Hye-Joo Park, Si-Woo Lee, and Jong-Hyang YooKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesThe purpose of this study was analyzing the equality between the MeSH terms and the keyword used in the papers published in Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine and investigating how to use an appropriate MeSHterms as keyword in the papers.MethodsA total of 704 keyword used in 177 papers published from 2009 to 2012 in Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine were analyzed to investigate the equality between the keyword and the MeSH terms. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software for frequency analysis.ResultsAmong the 704 keyword, 107 keyword(15.2%) was perfectly matched with the MeSH terms. 64 keyword(9.1%) showed partial difference was with the MeSH terms, and 11 keyword(1.7%) showed partial difference was with the Entry terms. 127 keyword(18.0%) were included in the exception item due to the nature of journal, and 395 keyword(56.1%) were not perfectly matched with the MeSH terms. In the yearly analysis result, the number of papers that keyword and MeSH terms perfectly matched was not significant changed, however the number of papersthat keyword and MeSH terms did not matched was continuously increased, which clearly indicate use of MeSH terms as the keyword of the papers published in the journal of Sasang constitution medicine is insufficient.ConclusionsThe papers published in journal of Sasang constitutional medicine need to be cited in various fields and the paper’s finding need to affect in other studies for the development of Korean medicine and Sasang constitutional medicine. The use of proper keyword aligned with the international standards is necessary to accomplish the globalization of them.Key Words: Medical Subject Headings

Metabolic syndrome (MS), a representative cluster of chronic diseases, is defined by the presence of three or more of the following five elements: high blood glucose, high blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol, high serum triglyceride levels, and abdominal obesity. Recently, innate factors have been continuously demonstrated as important risk factors for increasing the number of MS sub-elements. Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a traditional Korean medicine in which each Sasang constitution (SC) type has a different susceptibility to pathology and diseases. The aim of this study is to determine whether the SC could be an independent risk factor for single and multiple MS sub-elements.Twenty-four Korean medical clinics joined the study, and 3334 participants aged 20-80 years were recruited. Clinical data related to MS and general characteristics were obtained. The chi-square test and a one-way analysis of variance were conducted, and the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated through multinomial logistic regression according to the SC.The prevalence of single and multiple MS sub-elements was significantly different according to SC. The ORs of the Tae-Eumin (TE) type were significantly high for abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. The ORs for the So-Yangin type were also high in hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol compared with the So-Eumin type, even after being adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, and eating habits. As the numbers of MS sub-elements increased, the ORs of the TE type also increased.This study showed that the SC types may be risk factors for not only single MS sub-elements but also multiple MS sub-elements and that the TE type's risk degree is associated with an increase in the number of MS sub-elements.

Aim. To investigate whether dyspepsia symptoms differ depending on the presence or absence of cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet (CHHF).Methods. In all, 6044 patients were recruited and provided with a questionnaire about CHHF and dyspepsia. Based on their responses, subjects were divided into a CHHF group (persons who noted cold sensations;n=1209) and a non-CHHF group (persons who noted warm or intermediate sensations;n=1744). The groups were compared in terms of their usual digestion status, using chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses to calculate the propensity score and odds ratios (ORs). We analyzed the participants’ responses to questions on dyspepsia symptoms.Results. After matching, chi-square tests indicated that the CHHF group had higher frequencies of the following symptoms: bad digestion, poor appetite, discomfort in the upper abdomen, motion sickness, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness, nausea, and bloating. Additionally, CHHF was associated with an increased OR for dyspepsia (bad digestion, vomiting, motion sickness, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness, nausea, epigastric pain, and bloating) compared with the non-CHHF group.Conclusion. This study confirmed that CHHF patients have elevated frequencies of most dyspepsia symptoms.

The Preliminary Study on the Possibility of Applying Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool to Foreign Site based on Yanbian Chinese Jong-Hyang Yoo, Yun-Young Kim, Jung-Hyung Do, Ki-Hyun Park, and Eun-Su JangKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesThis study aimed to assessing the performance of Sasang constitutional analysis Tool (SCAT) for Chinese as one of method to diagnose Sasang Constitution and evaluating the possibility of applying SCAT to foreign people.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was approved by IRB (Independent Review Board) at J Hospital in Yanbian. Informed consent to take part in the study was obtained from each of the participants. The performance of SCAT was assessed through Kappa coefficient and the concordance rate between SCAT and expert diagnosis.ResultsThe concordance rate between SCAT and expert was 61.1% in total and the Kappa was 0.408. When the constitutionalprobability increased, the concordance rate and Kappa showed a increasing tendency. The concordance rate of Chosun race was 62.1% and others 60.7%.ConclusionsSCAT, as Sasang constitutional diagnostic supporting system, may help the expert to diagnose Sasang constitution in Yanbian region Key Words: Sasang Constitution, Expert, SCAT(Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool), Yanbian, Concordance rate

A Study on the Physiological Symptoms and Pathological Symptoms of Japanese to Sasang Constitution Yun-Young Kim, Jong-Hyang Yoo, Ho-Suk Kim, and Si-Woo LeeKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineObjectivesIn this research, the constitutional diagnosis based on the theory of Sasang constitutions were carried out to Japanese subjects living in Japan, and the external applicability of Sasang constitutional medicine was evaluated by analyzing the physiological symptoms and the pathological symptoms according to their constitutions.MethodsTotal 144 Japanese subjects who live in S city were invited from Mar. 2010 to Jul. 2011 for the research, and their constitutions were analyzed with constitution diagnosing tool that was developed by Korean institution of oriental medicine (KIOM) in 2011. The collected data was analyzed in terms of the physiological symptoms andthe pathological symptoms according to the sasang constitutions with computer software of SPSS 17.0.ResultsIn the physiological symptoms related to excrements, Soyangin more frequently did not have excrements of goldcolor (p=.034) and feel the tenesmus (p=.047) than the subjects of other constitutions. In the physiological symptoms related to cold & heat, Soyangin more frequently felt cold in feet and hands (p=.011), and Soeumin more frequentlydidn’t like drinking water regardless of thirst (p=.017). In the physiological symptoms, Soyangin frequently felt dryness in eyes, and Taeumin frequently felt uncomfortable because of the phlegm.ConclusionsThe theory of Sasang constitution which is a Korean traditional medicine can also be applied to the health care of Japanese, and it can contribute to the health promotion of Japanese subjects.Key Words: Japanese, Sasang Constitution, Physiological Symptoms, Pathological Symptoms

Purpose: In this research, we recognized the effects of DISC behavior styles of office workers on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, and tried to present a basic data for designing an efficient working system and enhancing the quality of personal life by applying them in the real office work environment. Methods: A survey was conducted for 315 office workers in D city from Jan. 28th to May 30th 2010, and the collected data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 17.0. Results: 1. The differences on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance according to the general characteristics of subjects, were significant except for the gender in job satisfaction and education in organizational commitment. 2. Relationships in job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance of subjects, showed positive correlation. 3. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance according to the DISC behavior styles, were generally not significant. However, some questions were characterized by the DISC types. Conclusion: It is necessary to seek an efficient design method by identifying the differences of individual behavior types to enhance job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance of office workers, and such an effective job design should be made at the organizational level.

1. Objectives : This research aimed to understand the effects of food consumption that fits to the constitution of subjects on health status by recognizing the constitutional food preference according to Sasang constitution. 2. Methods : The participants who are college students in D city were invited from Mar. 17, 2009 to Sep. 5 2010 for the research. More than two medical doctors who are specialized in Sasang constitution diagnosed the constitution of participants, and the participants were selected as subjects only if the diagnosis of the two doctors were agreed. Total 422 subjects (Taeumin: 175, Soeumin: 101, Soyangin: 144) were selected from the diagnosis, and the collected data was analyzed with computer software of SPSS 17.0. The frequency analysis was executed for the general characteristics of subjects, and the relationship of constitutional food preference and health status (SF-36) were analyzed with Pearson Correlation Coefficient. 3. Results : From the results about the distribution of constitutional food preference according to the constitutions, Soeumin showed the highest frequency for both of lower than 10 points (35.0 %), which stands for high preference of constitutional food, and higher than 40 points (1.9 %), which stands for low preference of constitutional food. And, they showed no correlation for the results about the relationship between health status and constitutional food preference based on 9 sub-categories of SF-36 including Physical Component Score (PCS), Mental Component Score (MCS). 4. Conclusions : In conclusion, the effects of food consumption that fits to the constitution of the twenties on their health status were understood by recognizing the constitutional food preference according to Sasang constitution. Comparing with the previous research results that constitutional food consumption can enhance their health status, there were no correlation between health status and constitutional food preference. The discrepancy of results can be addressed to difficulties of group selection, constitutional food categorization and lack of constitutional food-related questionnaires. Thus, it is required to conduct a follow-up studies that were made up for the mentioned shortcomings.

A Study on the Reliability Assessment of Sasang Constitution Qu estionnaire Developed by KIOM for Japanese Jong-Hyang Yoo, Eun-Su Jang, Yun-Yung Kim, Ki-Hyun Park, Si-Woo Lee Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine 1. Objectives This study aimed to assessing the reliability of questionnaire for Japanese as one of method to diagnose Sasang Constitution and evaluating the possibility of applying domestic questionnaire to foreign site. 2. Methods A cross-sectional survey approved by IRB (Independent Review Board) at Tohoku University was performed for 119 participants with informed consent at a particular city in Japan using self-reported questionnaires developed by KIOM (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine). Among the entire samples, 112 were retested. The test-retest reliability was assessed by Kappa for normal variables and internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. 3. Results Four of 77 questions are impossible to calculate consistency owing to unsymmetric matrix between primary reply and secondary one. Seventeen of them (22%) showed 0.4 or below in Kappa, 56 were ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 and no question marked 0.8 or over. Internal consistency was possibly checked for several questions about character, digestion, sweat, excrement, urine, cold-heat pattern. Cronbach’s alpha for questions except urine and cold-heat pattern was over 0.6

Taeyeumjoweetang (TYJWT) is a herbal medication that was mentioned in Jema Lee'sDonguisusebowon, which is a book about Sasang constitutional medicine. Tae-eumnis, one of the four constitutions, tend to suffer from metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. It is widely used to treat the digestive problems and obesity of Tae-eumins. We divided mice that were fed a normal diet for 48 days into control, TYJWT 250 mg kg-1and TYJWT 500 mg kg-1groups. After carrying out the experiments, the serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and resistin were measured. The results showed that TYJWT significantly reduced the weights of mice that were fed a normal diet, and that this was due to a decrease in food intake. Also, the two TYJWT groups had lower serum levels of leptin compared to the control group, and the ghrelin levels were proportionately increased by the dosage of TYJWT given. These results show that TYJWT has obesity-suppressing effects similar to those previously reported using high fat diets. In addition, these results also provide evidence that TYJWT has anti-obesity effects.

Background The cold/heat questionnaire is one of the most actively developed patient diagnostic tools in traditional Korean medicine (hereafter abbreviated as TKM) because of its objectivity. Unfortunately, the existing questionnaires contain too many items to hold the respondent's attention. In the current study, we aimed to develop an optimized cold/heat questionnaire to be used as a complement to the existing questionnaires. Methods We developed a new cold/heat questionnaire based on a domain analysis of the existing questionnaires. The questionnaire's reliability was examined via two test–retest reliability analyses involving 1890 individuals in November 2013 and February 2014. Its validity was examined using a professional cold/heat diagnosis kappa value. Results The new cold/heat questionnaire consisted of a total of seven items, which were created based on an analysis of the existing questionnaires. A reliability analysis performed using the study participants revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.609, 74.5% agreement with professional cold/heat diagnoses by TKM practitioners, and a kappa value of 0.487. Conclusion In the current study, we developed an optimized cold/heat questionnaire. The level of agreement between the questionnaire and professional cold/heat diagnoses by TKM practitioners was significant, which indicates great potential for its widespread use as a diagnostic tool in TKM.

Background Because the world population is aging, it has become increasingly important to focus on and meet the healthcare needs of elderly individuals. This study aims to evaluate the relationships among common symptoms experienced by the elderly, including fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, indigestion, and depression/anger/anxiety, and to assess how these symptoms affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the elderly population after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and diagnosed diseases. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in a rural area of Korea, we extracted data on 1328 elderly individuals aged 60 years or older. Their HRQoL was assessed using the EuroQol Five-Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. The pairwise associations between each symptom and the influence of the symptoms on HRQoL were measured using logistic regression and multiple regression analysis. Results Each symptom was positively correlated with the other symptoms. The strongest association was observed between fatigue and pain (adjusted odds ratio = 8.127), and the weakest correlation was observed between sleep and indigestion (adjusted odds ratio = 2.521). Of the individuals experiencing symptoms other than sleep disturbance, those who reported comorbid symptoms tended to report higher symptom severity and a higher prevalence of symptoms persisting for ≥ 3 days compared with individuals who reported only one symptom. The number of symptoms was significantly correlated with the EQ-5D index (Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.370, p