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Amiota multiplex, sp. nov. Figures 29E–F, 30E–F, 33, 86C DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.65 mm), black; frons silvery on ventral half, especially ventrolateral corners; epandrium tall, dorsally complete, cerci situated low; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, consisting of 2 lobes with 5 pairs of narrow, curved spines; inner paraphyses small, clavate, distal end setose, covered in 6–8 fine setulae; ejaculatory apodeme small. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.65 mm), black, legs dark yellow. Frons dark and rather shimmering, especially at ventrolateral corners. Cheek somewhat deep for size (EL/CW 9.25); anterior half dark yellow, posterior half brown. Palp yellow. Arista: Very short, plumose, branches decumbent; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.24; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia nearly to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium tall, height ~1.25× width; fused at midline, not grading into surrounding membrane; ventral lobes setose, line of setae along medial margin of epandrium. Cercus position low, with large triangularshaped membranous region above; pendulous, not grading into surrounding membrane; slightly narrowed ventrally. Surstylus wide at base, tapered distally; ventral half with very long, fine scattered setulae; 8 short prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial sclerite rounded, U-shaped with an acute, mucronate point; inner margin thickened; subepandrial appendage not well developed. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized; consisting of 2 large lobes with a thickened lip on posterior margin; 5 pairs of zygomorphic appendages; most apical pair slender, sinuous, pointed posteriorly; second pair arising medially to apical pair, oriented laterally; third pair ventral to apex, appendages curved, oriented posteriorly; fourth pair arising proximally, curved downward, oriented ventrally; fifth pair most proximal, sinuous, slender, oriented anteriorly; 2 appendages arising between fourth and fifth pairs, each oriented laterally, crossing midline. Inner paraphysis clavate, slender; distal end expanded to rounded pad, setose, with 6–8 fine setulae. Aedeagal apodeme nearly bent at 90° angle; basal region with widely flared flanges; middle region constricted; distal end round, with a minute medial cleft running to the midpoint, but no significant emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped, width consistent; apex notched, accommodating paraphyses; lateral arm with a small, thickened swelling. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, 0.25× length of the epandrium, barely sclerotized. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 1552) FL/FW 0.75, EL/EW 1.14, EL/CW 9.25, FML/FMW 0.31, PR /RR 0.60, ThL 1.65 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 11 mi. E. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.785100, -105.536622], June 13, 1964, J.F. McAlpine, 8000′, Am 1552, [pinned specimen, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From Latin, meaning “complex, multilayered,” in reference to the outer paraphysis. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota multiplex is known only from Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

THE NEBOJSA SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Large to very large flies; thorax dark blackish brown, body with typical white markings; frons dark, mostly dull, anterior portion with faint bluish-silvery pollinosity; facial marking quite large; cheek deep; aristal branches short to medium length, confined to base in some species. Male genitalia: Uniform; epandrium with lateral projection on anterior margin; surstylus with lateral fingerlike lobe; subepandrial sclerite large, recurved; subepandrial appendage prominent, rather heart-shaped in posterior view; outer paraphyses heavily sclerotized, with 1–3 dorsal spines and preapical dorsal hook; inner paraphysis lost; hypandrium with large, bulging gonopod on lateral arm; ejaculatory apodeme large, nearly equal to or larger than depth of epandrium in most species. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota amputata, sp. nov., A. latilabrum, sp. nov., A. nebojsa Máca, A. occidentalis, sp. nov., A. oviraptor, sp. nov., and A. subnebojsa, sp. nov. COMMENTS: This distinctive group is found in the western United States, British Columbia, and throughout Mexico. Members of this species group are difficult to identify through external morphology. Several species can be caught in a single series. Dissection of the male genitalia is critical for identification to the species level, with emphasis on lateral view of the outer paraphysis (fig. 60)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota subtusradiata Duda, 1934 Amiota alboguttata var. subtusradiata Duda, 1934: 32 (original description). Amiota subtusradiata Duda, 1934: Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Máca, 1980: 336 (description, genitalia figured, lectotype designated); Chen and Toda, 2001: 1540 (description); Bächli et al., 2004: 43 (description, genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 256 (world catalog). Amiota quadrata Takada and Toda, 1981: 2 (type locality: Canada, Northwest Territories, Inuvik; deposited in Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, EIHU). Amiota subtusradiata subsp. quadrata Takada and Toda, 1981 (Toda et al. 1996; stat. nov., as subspecies of A. subtusradiata Duda). TYPE MATERIAL: Lectotype as designated by Máca (1980): “ Finland: Tvärminne, without date, R. Frey lgt., Coll. Zool. Museum of the University Helsinki. This specimen, bearing a label with number 802, Duda’s determination label and a red label with the inscriptions ‘Holotypus’ (printed) and ‘unpublished’ (written).” Deposited in the Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (MZH). DISTRIBUTION: This species has a Holarctic distribution and is known from Europe, Far East Russia, Korea, Siberia, and Northwest Territories, Canada (Brake and Bächli, 2008). Michigan is also cited as a locality (due to a series collected by G. Steyskal), but these specimens are of A. byersi. COMMENTS: Takada and Toda (1981) described A. quadrata from specimens collected in the high arctic of Canada (Inuvik). This species was eventually considered to be a subspecies of A. subtusradiata (Toda et al., 1996). Regrettably, the entire type series was deposited in Hokkaido University rather than in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, which would have been a more convenient repository for restudy, and so remains unexamined for this revision. The figures of the male genitalia (Takada and Toda, 1981) complicate the comparison to the two new Nearctic species, and Toda et al. (1996) did not redescribe or refigure A. quadrata. We adopt the treatment of A. subtusradiata Duda from Bächli et al. (2004), which recognizes one broadly distributed, Holarctic A. subtusradiata (with no subspecies). Based on the description and figures from Bächli et al. (2004), we conclude that A. byersi and A. tibialis are different species from A. subtusradiata. Other synonyms of A. subtusradiata are reported by Bächli et al. (2004) in Eastern Asia. Eventually it would be useful to examine the type series of A. quadrata, along with European specimens of A. subtusradiata. It is very interesting that any species of Amiota is found so far north (Inuvik is ~ 68.331193, -133.610240), which is surrounded by tundra. The only nonconifers in which these Amiota could be breeding would be willows (Salica-ceae). The holotype of A. quadrata was collected on traps baited with banana., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 92-95, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Duda, O. 1934. Drosophilidae. In E. Lindner (editor), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen region, part 58 g: 1 - 67. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Maca, J. 1980. European species of the subgenus Amiota s. str. (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 77: 328 - 346.","Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Takada, H., and M. J. Toda. 1981. Notes on Arctic Canadian Diastatidae and Drosophilidae (Diptera), with the description of a new species. Journal of the Faculty of General Education, Sapporo University 18: 1 - 8.","Toda, M. J., V. S. Sidorenko, H. - A. Watabe, S. K. Kholin, and N. N. Vinokurov. 1996. A revision of the Drosophilidae (Diptera) in East Siberia and Russian Far East: taxonomy and biogeography. Zoological Science 13: 455 - 477."]}

Amiota sinaloensis, sp. nov. Figures 70C–D, 72H–I, 80, 96C DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.02–1.18 mm); dark brown, including entire pleura; frons dark, dull, wide; legs yellow; cheek deep, light brown; postpronotal lobe marking faint, subalar spot very faint or absent; arista with few, very short branches; cerci flattened, positioned low, ventral margins in line with ventral level of epandrium; surstylus apically narrow, with ca. 5 prensisetae; subepandrial appendage well developed; outer paraphyses asymmetrical, relatively short, forming L-shaped structure in lateral view, ventrally with 2 basal ostia; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.02–1.18 mm), body dark brown, uniformly so, even entire pleura including katepisternum; legs yellow. Frons dark, blackish-brown dorsally, light brown ventrally at lateral corners; relatively narrow (FML/FMW 0.20–0.28). Cheek deep (EL/CW 7.57–7.62), very light brown. Palp yellow. Postpronotal lobe marking faint, subalar spot extremely faint to absent. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.28; 2 dorsal branches at base, 2 ventral branches preapically; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with short to mediumlength microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, margin discrete from membrane below; row of long ventral setae in lateral view. Cercus wedge shaped, flattened, dorsally narrow, ventrally expanded with flat margin, extending slightly beyond epandrium in lateral view; very large membranous area dorsally. Surstylus with broad base, apical half a narrow lobe; row of setulae on medial and lateral margins; 5 short prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial appendage present, U-shaped, each distal end connected to membranous sheath bearing microtrichia; roughly heart shaped. Outer paraphyses asymmetrical; short, stout, heavily sclerotized; bases broad, narrowed apically; right paraphysis with bifid spine projected posteriorly, plus 2 smaller, simple ventral spines; left one with 3 short spines; 1 long preapical trichoid sensilla on each, plus several smaller ones, ventrally with 2 small ostia near base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme flared with a concave depression; basal end with deep V-shaped notch, heavily sclerotized “flange” arising at the base and connecting to the midpoint; bent nearly 90° in lateral. Hypandrium thin at apex, forming distinct, wrinkled wings adjacent to paraphyses. Ejaculatory apodeme large, equal to depth of epandrium; heavily sclerotized. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 433, 1415, 1419) FL/ FW 0.69 (0.62–0.73), EL/EW 1.25 (1.23–1.27), EL/CW 7.58 (7.57–7.62), FML/FMW 0.24 (0.20–0.28), PR /RR 0.41 (0.40–0.44), ThL 1.10 (1.02–1.18 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., [23.578657, -106.216630], 11.VII.1964, J.F. McAlpine, 5000′, Am 1419, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., 8.VII.1964, J.F. McAlpine, 5000′, 1♂ (Am 1415*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: FincaPrusia (33km S. Jaltenango), 1000m, 1985-05-10 through 1985-05-12, leg. A. Freidberg, 1♂ (Am 433*, AMNH); 9 mi SW Teopisca Hwy 24, 1969-05-23, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1503*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Derived from Sinaloa State in Mexico, location of the type series. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota sinaloensis is currently known from Sinaloa and Chiapas states in Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 138-139, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota texas, sp. nov. Figures 17E–F, 19F, 25, 84C DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.21 mm), dark brown; epandrium dorsally complete, ventral lobes curved inward; cerci large; aedeagal apodeme small, translucent, and poorly developed; outer paraphysis linear, well developed, laterally flattened; large subapical sclerotized spine, perpendicular to paraphysis, distal tip with irregular serrations; inner paraphyses highly asymmetrical, composed of 2 lobes, anterior most lobe with 3 heavily sclerotized spines, posterior lobe with 4 spines. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.21 mm), dark brown, legs dark yellow. Frons dark brown, lighter ventrally. Facial marking small, width 0.3× length. Cheek small (EL/CW 34), yellowish. Palp dark brown. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.41; 4 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along whole length. Male genitalia: Epandrium narrow (especially dorsally), dorsal bridge complete though faint, nearly grading into surrounding membrane, with prominent ventral lobes that turn inward. Cercus large, oval, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus rounded, 14 prensisetae, apices blunt, all of equal size and spacing; short lobe arising behind ventralmost prensiseta (vs. distal to prensisetae); many long, prominent setulae around midregion, forming row underneath prensisetae. Outer paraphysis linear, well developed, laterally flattened, each with a medial unsclerotized spine on distal end, facing posteriorly; large, sclerotized spine arising subapically, perpendicular to paraphysis, distal tip with irregular serrations. Inner paraphyses highly asymmetrical; composed of 2 lobes, anterior most lobe with 3 heavily sclerotized spines, posterior lobe with 4 spines; forming a mass of twisting spines. Aedeagal apodeme small, translucent, poorly developed. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 438) FL/FW 0.92, EL/EW 1.30, EL/CW 34, FML/FMW 0.25, PR/RR 0.54, ThL 1.21 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Davis Mts, Tex., [30.745919, -104.088850], IV-17-54, LD Beamer, Am 438, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Named for Texas (United States), the state of the type locality. Used as a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota texas is currently only known from west Texas. COMMENTS: This species is similar to Amiota wheeleri, also from West Texas. It is likely that this holotype is of a young individual, not fully sclerotized, but given the numerous differences in the paraphyses it is reliably distinct from that species., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

DIVERSITY OF AMIOTA The genus consists of 154 species found worldwide (Bächli, 2020; Wang et al., 2020), but the greatest number is found primarily in the northern temperate areas of the world comprising the Nearctic and Palaearctic Region. Southwestern China, especially the Hengduan Mountains, is home to an exceptionally rich fauna (Chen et al., 2005; Zhang and Chen, 2006; Cao et al., 2008). With a large number of species waiting to be described from Nearctic, four times the number previously known from the region, this area is now another center of species diversity for this genus. Diversity of Amiota seems much lower outside of the temperate zones. They appear to be relatively absent from low tropical islands like those of the Caribbean, where just one species is known to us (an undescribed one from Jamaica in the collections of the AMNH). In their treatment of the drosophilids of Micronesia, Wheeler and Takada recorded no species of Amiota (1964). Few species have been described from the Paleotropics, and only one has been described from the mainland Neotropics, A. steganoptera Malloch, although many undescribed species do occur there based on museum collections (L.E.J., personal obs.). Prior authors have attempted to delineate lineages within the genus and as the genus became more narrowly defined. At times, Amiota has contained nearly six subgenera, including: Amiota s.str., Phortica Schiner, Erima Kertesz, Apsiphortica Okada, Paraphortica Duda, and Sinophthalmus Coquillett (Máca, 2003). Of all the subgenera, only Amiota s.str. seems to be worldwide, and only three of the subgenera are known from the Nearctic: Amiota, Phortica, and Sinophthalmus (Marshall, 1965), the last of which is now considered a synonym of Phortica. According to Máca (2003), Amiota now contains no subgenera; these subgenera were reinstated at the genus level or transferred to other genera. Although the study of this worldwide genus may have begun with a study of American species, during the last 70 years most descriptive work has been conducted on the Palaearctic species. Some important works include Okada (1956, 1960, 1971). These works primarily centered on the Japanese fauna but are notable in their foresight of including descriptions and figures of the male genitalia, which has aided in the understanding of Nearctic species. The European fauna was initially revised by Duda (1934) and later by Máca (1980). A third revision, including the East Asian species, was conducted by Chen and Toda (2001). Bächli et al. (2004) provided a key, descriptions, and illustrations of most known species in western Palaearctic. Most descriptive work in the genus, however, has been in South and southwestern China, especially the Hengduan Mountains, by Chen and colleagues (Chen et al. 2005; Zhang and Chen, 2006; Cao et al. 2008; Wang et al., 2020; and others). The region of high diversity has been hypothesized to be the center of origin for the genus (Chen et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2020), but this has never been tested with a global phylogenetic analysis. Compared with well-known animals such as birds, insects are vastly understudied. Unlike birds, where features such as geographic ranges, diets, plumage variation, female morphology, calls, nesting preferences, and behavior is well documented for most species, essentially nothing is known about the biology of most invertebrate species. In fact, many insect species are known only from their holotype or from a small number of specimens (Bickel, 2009; Deng et al., 2019). The difficulty of studying insects is probably due to many factors, including the immense number of invertebrate taxa, the low number of working specialists relative to species richness, lack of collection effort for certain taxa, high rates of endemism, diverse life histories that make collection difficult or require specialized protocols, and a lack of literature for identification in most groups. For these reasons and others, the study of Amiota is still at an exploratory stage. This stage is essentially defined by taxonomic descriptions and the gradual fleshing out of regions of diversity with every new record acquired. Scant is known of how they live. What little is known about their biology is scattered and anecdotal in the literature, primarily concerning the Palaearctic fauna. Indeed, as Steyskal found, Amiota has been ripe for revision for decades.

Amiota oviraptor, sp. nov. Figures 52C–D, 53F–G, 58, 92B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.56–1.66 mm), dark brown to black; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, in lateral view strongly sinuate, anterior portion curving dorsally, posterodorsal portion with 2 posterior facing spines, posteroventral region forming a strong laterally flattened “wing” (posteriorly pointed), the apex with a minute hook; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.56–1.66 mm), dark brown to black, legs yellow. Frons golden, pruinose. Facial marking large, depth 0.5× width. Cheek wide (EL/CW 11.14–12.5), milky white posteriorly. Palp dark brown. Haltere white. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.26; 4 longer dorsal, 2–3 short ventral branches; branch D4 pointed mediad; arista trunk with long microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium split medially, middle gap large, membranous; lower third with long setae; small projection anterolaterally. Cercus cylindrical, not grading into surrounding membrane; large membranous region dorsally. Surstylus squarish, ventral half densely covered with setulae; 13–14 short, peglike prensisetae, apices blunt; laterally with barely a lobe. Subepandrial sclerite sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view, its broad section with muscle attachment scars; subepandrial appendage well developed, vaguely heart shaped in posterior view, apex with minute irregular serrations. Outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized; in lateral view strongly sinuate, anterior portion curving dorsally; posterodorsal portion with 2 posteriorfacing spines; posteroventral region forming a strong, laterally flattened “wing,” posteriorly pointed; apex with a very small, downward pointed hook. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme roughly trapezoidal, curved nearly 90° in lateral view, width 1.25× length; posterior portion deeply constricted; distal end widely flared, with deep concave depression/emargination. Hypandrium U-shaped; lateral arms thick, winglike ventrally; lateral arm with a strong gonopod, posteriorly pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small, well sclerotized, 0.6× length of epandrium; flattened end nearly in line with stalk. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 2; Am 1506, 1529): FL/FW 0.69 (0.68–0.70), EL/EW 1.20 (1.18–1.22), EL/CW 11.82 (11.14–12.5), FML/FMW 0.36 (0.34–0.38), PR /RR 0.62 (0.54– 0.70), ThL 1.61 (1.56–1.66 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “9” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1529, [glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, [dissection lost], 1♂ (Am 1506*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. ETYMOLOGY: In reference to the lateral view of the fused paraphyses which resemble the “winglike” arm and head of an oviraptorid dinosaur and other birdlike dinosaurs. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota oviraptor is currently known only from the vicinity of the city of El Salto within Durango State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 106-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota cruciatum, sp. nov. Figures 16E–F, 19C, 22, 83C DIAGNOSIS: Small fly (ThL 1.11–1.24 mm), dark brown; male genitalia very lightly sclerotized with exception of inner and portion of outer paraphyses; inner paraphyses asymmetrical and composed of 2 lobes, each lobe with 3 spines, anterior lobe of inner paraphyses bearing 2 spines, forming a forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel; aedeagal apodeme slightly curved, lightly sclerotized, the distal end squared; similar to A. tormentum and A. antitormentum, but male genitalia in A. cruciatum much more lightly sclerotized and differing in shape of aedeagal apodeme. DESCRIPTION: Small fly (ThL 1.11–1.24 mm), dark brown, grading lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Frons dark brown, nearly black; numerous hairs on frons, scattered and golden. Characteristic markings on face and postpronotal lobe faded. Haltere bright lemon yellow. Palp yellow. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.42; 4 long and 1 short dorsal, 2 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/ laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium split medially, distinct from surrounding membrane; numerous setae clustered on ventral end, single line of setae ascending dorsally toward apex. Cercus somewhat pendulous, long, grading dorsally into surrounding membrane. Surstylus with 11 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced; lobe arising anterior to most lateral prensisetae, extending ventrally. Subepandrial sclerite simple; no subepandrial appendage present, just a weakly sclerotized, narrow shelf. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened; distal end rounded with a sclerotized, preapical-dorsal claw, pointed posteriorly; ca. 20 scattered setulae on lateral surface; 2 heavily sclerotized spines proximal to distal claw, perpendicular to paraphysis, several sensilla between proximal spines and inner paraphysis. Inner paraphysis consisting of 2 lobes, heavily sclerotized, arrayed with asymmetrical spines; anterior lobe with 3 spines, the 2 anteriormost spines forming a forked structure, spines close and nearly parallel; posterior lobe with 3 spines. Aedeagal apodeme not strongly sclerotized, almost translucent, distal end square shaped and lightly concave, the base 3/4 the length. Hypandrium simple, thickness even throughout. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, 1/3 the length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 76, 98, 105, 120, 122) FL/FW 0.85 (0.75–1), EL/EW 1.48 (1.43–1.55), EL/CW 16.79 (12.40–20.33), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.28–0.40), PR /RR 0.6 (0.45– 0.77), ThL 1.16 (1.11–1.24 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Ramsey Canyon, Huachua Mts., Arizona, [31.448243, -110.307832], MR Wheeler and WB Heed, June 1951, 2157:11, Am 97, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: Ramsey Canyon, Huachua Mts., Arizona, MR Wheeler and WB Heed, June 1951, 2157:11, 3♂ and 3♀ (Am 79, 85, 99*, 104, 105*, 106*, 107, AMNH) OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Arizona: Ramsey Canyon Huachua Mts., 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2157.11, 8♂ and 6♀ (Am 80*, 81, 82, 83*, 84, 86, 87*, 88*, 96, 98, 100, 101*, 107*, 108, AMNH); 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 118, 119, AMNH); 1951-06-15, [no collector], 1♂ and 2♀ (Am 90, 91, 95*, AMNH); Roundup Campground, Madera Canyon Rec. Area Coronado Nat’l. For., 1951-06-16 through 1951-06-17, leg. W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2160.8, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 74*, 75*, AMNH); Rustler Park Camp, 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2155.10, 1♂ (Am 120*, AMNH); 20 mi. SW Safford, 1951-06, leg. W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 122*, 123*, AMNH). New Mexico: Mill Canyon Magdalena Mts., S. Magdalena, 1951-06-26 through 1951-06-27, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2170.9, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 76*, 77, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: From cruciatus, Latin for “tortured.” Used as a noun in apposition in reference to the mass of twisting spines of the inner paraphyses, which resemble an instrument of torture. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota cruciatum is found in the mountainous regions of Arizona and New Mexico. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether Amiota cruciatum is attracted to the eyes and face as other Amiota.

Amiota lineiventris Máca, 2003 Figures 10A–B, 11D–E, 14, 82B Amiota lineiventris Máca, 2003: 267 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.26 mm), dark brown; male sternites 7 and 8 with Y- and I-shaped apodemes, respectively; male genitalia distinctively simple: outer paraphyses a pair of small, ovoid lobes with narrow posterodorsal extension, several stiff, preapical setulae; inner paraphyses heavily sclerotized, simple, with distal and proximal ends a pair of short lobes, fused medially. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.26 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons dark, slightly pollinose in ventrolateral corners and surround ocellar triangle, with several scattered hairs. Facial marking narrow (FML/FMW 0.22–0.27). Cheek depth highly variable (EL/CW 12.50–25.50), yellowish gray. Palp yellow. Male sternites 7 and 8 distinctive, with sclerotized apodemes: Y-shaped in sternite 7 (area between arms concave), roughly I-shaped in sternite 8. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.46; 3 long dorsal, 2–3 shorter ventral branches; branch D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with short-medium microtrichia over entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium very distinctive; split medially into distinct halves, widely separated; with row of setae ringing the circumference. Cercus large and semicircular, protruding greatly (not recessed into epandrium); occupying most of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus roughly square, with 9 prensisetae of equal size, apices blunt, comblike, ventral half and margin with scattered setulae. Subepandrial sclerite simple; subepandrial appendage small, ventral to epandrium (not protruding), lightly sclerotized and membranous, apex deeply notched. Outer paraphysis ovoid, with small lobelike extension on posterodorsal end; middle region laterally with ca. 9 short scattered sensilla; distally with 2–3 long setulae, 3× length of the sensilla. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, with distal and proximal ends a pair of short lobes, apparently fused in middle. Aedeagal apodeme moderately sclerotized; bent nearly 45° at midpoint in lateral view, longer than wide; base and midpoint bulging, lightly sclerotized; distal end flared, deeply notched and concave, lateral arms most heavily sclerotized. Hypandrium simple, sclerotized, thickness consistent along length, apex bent inward. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.5× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 499, 592, 749, 1189, 1250) FL/FW 0.73 (0.68–0.76), EL/EW 1.21 (1.16–1.26), EL/CW 18.17 (12.50–25.50), FML/ FMW 0.25 (0.22–0.27), PR /RR 0.50 (0.36–0.62), ThL 1.16 (1.04–1.26 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: Canada: Ontario: Eganville, damp meadow near lake, 2.6.1991, leg. M. Barták” [not examined]. Coll. J. Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Paratypes: “Same data,” 1♂ (Coll. J. Máca, intended for NMPC). “ Canada, Quebec: Lac Roddic, 16 km S Maniwaki, 23.6.1991 1♂, leg. M. Barták.” (Coll. J. Máca, intended for NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-07-01 through 1994- 07-10, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 592*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1970-06-26, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1444*, CNC); 1990-05-27, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Ex damp shaded ditch in Acer wood, 1♂ (Am 1252*, CNC); 1992-07-26, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Damp second-growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1250*, CNC); 1995-06-24, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Damp second-growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1244*, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1183*, 1189*, CNC). Quebec: Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06- 20, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1201*, CNC). USA: North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976- 06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 1♂ (Am 499*, EMUS). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, debu01007820, 1♂ (Am 749*, DEBU). DISTRIBUTION: The original description by Máca (2003) cited only specimens from Canada (Ontario and Quebec), but Amiota lineiventris is now known from one specimen each from North Carolina and Virginia, showing a much wider distribution. COMMENTS: Amiota lineiventris is a rarely collected species, usually as an individual rather than a series. It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota byersi, sp. nov. Figures 47A–B, 48A, 49, 90B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.49–1.70 mm); cheek wide (EL/CW 16–28); middle tibia with comb of ~15 setae; hind tibia with comb of ~10 setae; aedeagal apodeme deeply lobed with lateral concavities; subepandrial sclerite with elaborate subepandrial appendage having 1 dorsal and 2 broad, lateral processes; dorsal process bifurcated; lateral process bearing a serrated distal edge; similar to A. subtusradiata Duda and Amiota tibialis, but greatly differing in the appendage of the subepandrial sclerite. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.49–1.70 mm), black, glossy; legs yellow. Ventral portion of frons and orbital plate tawny, dorsal half of frons black. Eye with anterior margin evenly convex; posterior margin flattened. Cheek wide (EL/CW 16–28), white posteriorly. Facial marking large, almost semicircular, depth 0.5× width. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~15 setae (length of longest ones ~0.7× tibia width). Hind tibia with comb composed of ~10 setae (length of longest ones ~0.8× width of tibia). Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.5; 5 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches; branch D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with medium length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium distinct, separated at midline, margins discrete (not grading into membrane). Cercus oval, margins discrete from surrounding membrane; most space surrounded by epandrium is dorsal to cerci. Surstylus roughly square; midregion with many scattered setulae; lateral fingerlike projection present, extending barely beyond prensisetae, long setulae continuing up lateral margin; 12 prensisetae, apices blunt, even lengths and spaces, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite with prominent subepandrial appendage; in lateral view with 1 dorsal process and 2 lateral processes; dorsal process laterally bifurcated, the most posterior bifurcation serrated; distal margin of lateral process with small, rounded teeth; posterior view of subepandrial appendage invaginated in appearance, surrounded by prominent striated membrane. Outer paraphyses long, symmetrical, sclerotized, bent 90° near base, oriented posteriorly, distal end tapered. Inner paraphyses smaller, sinuous, projecting anterolaterally. Aedeagal apodeme as long as wide, constricted on 4 sides; the base forming deep-pocketed lobes. Hypandrium nearly V-shaped, the anterior apex with a prominent convex point; lateral arms thickened with a wide, nearly triangular gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme large, equal to length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 294, 295, 401, 434, 1349) FL/FW 0.75 (0.68– 0.80), EL/EW 1.31 (1.22–1.38), EL/CW 22.27 (16–28), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.35–0.41), PR /RR 0.46 (0.33–0.57), ThL 1.61 (1.49–1.70 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “Wayne” Co., Mich., [42.269878, -83.322396], “Aug. 8” 19 “59,” Geo. Steyskal, “#8,” Am 294, [pinned via minuten, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: “Wayne” Co., Mich., “Aug. 16,” 19 “59,” Geo. Steyskal, “#8,” 1♂ (Am 295*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Illinois: Iroquois Co., Iroquois Co. Cons. Area, 6.4 mi ENE Beaverville, 1990-09-02, leg. E.A. Lisowski, 1♂ (Am 1595*, INHS). North Carolina: Highlands, Whitesides Cove, 2000′, 1957-08-11, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1349*, CNC). Pennsylvania: Swarthmore, 1907-08-25, leg. C.L. Fox, 1♂ (Am 401*, CAS). Virginia: Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 434*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: Named for George W. Byers (1923–2018), late professor of entomology at the University of Kansas who collected one of the specimens of this rare species; in recognition of his contributions to the study of Diptera and Mecoptera and, as one of us (D.A.G.) remembers him, a true, affable gentleman. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the northern Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as other Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

THE RUFESCENS SPECIES GROUP DIAGNOSIS: Large flies; light colored, scutum dark yellow to ochre, with typical white markings; frons dull, dark yellowish to ochre/light brown; aristal branches medium to long. Male genitalia: Outer paraphysis slender, linear, simple (no spines or a pair of very small ones), with sensilla; prensisetae pointed; subepandrial sclerite strongly recurved, U-shaped. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota leucostoma Loew, A. mcalpinei, sp. nov., and A. tessae, sp. nov. COMMENTS: This group was established by Chen and Toda (2001), for three Old World species: A. magniflava Chen and Toda, A. rufescens (Oldenberg), and A. stylopyga Wakahama and Okada. Amiota leucostoma Loew was added later (Chen et al., 2004). The original diagnosis was based on one of the characters we also observed, the pointed prensisetae, to which we add several additional male genitalic characters. Two Nearctic species are being added here, A. mcalpinei and A. tessae. Since species groups are informal categories there is no need to rename the group for the first species described (A. leucostoma Loew); taxonomic priority is not required, though generally followed., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 80, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Chen, H. W., C. T. Zhang, and G. C. Liu. 2004. New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America, East Asia and Oceania. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 40 (1): 59 - 67."]}

Amiota minor (Malloch, 1921) Figures 35A–B, 37D, F, 40, 88A Phortica minor Malloch, 1921: 312 (original description). Amiota minor (Malloch), 1924: 30 (comb. nov. by Malloch and male genitalia figured); Wheeler, 1949: 260 (discussion); Wheeler, 1952: 169 (discussion and key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Wheeler and Takada, 1971: 226 (male genitalia figured); Máca, 2003: 263–264 (discussion and male genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Very small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.95–1.23 mm); light honey-golden to dark brown in color, abdomen dark brown or almost black; characteristic white markings of genus entirely absent or very faint; middle tibia with comb of ~10 setae; outer paraphysis forming forked structure (in lateral view); inner paraphysis lost; aedeagal apodeme broad and almost circular. DESCRIPTION: Very small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.95–1.23 mm); light honey-golden to dark brown in color, abdomen dark brown or almost black; legs yellow to nearly white. Characteristic white markings of genus on face, beneath wing base, and postpronotal lobe entirely absent or very faint. Frons dark brown, nearly black, except orbital plate. Cheek small (EL/CW 13.25–20.33), variable in coloration. Palp yellow to brown. Katepisternum lighter than rest of pleuron. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~10 setae, length of longest setae ~0.7× width of tibia. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.48; 4 long dorsal, 3 shorter ventral branches; branch V1 pointed anteriad, V2 pointed mediad; arista trunk with mediumlength to long microtrichia. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsally complete, fused at midline and grading into membrane surrounding cerci. Cercus relatively large, oval shaped, fused dorsally with surrounding membrane (most margins are discrete); large gap laterally, no obvious membrane between cercus and epandrium. Surstylus short, handlike; 4–7 short prensisetae, apices blunt, arranged on rounded edge; widely spaced, space size increasing laterally. Subepandrial sclerite large, broad, and with upturned subepandrial appendage having a pair of ostia. Outer paraphysis forming a forked structure (as seen in lateral view); left and right side appear unfused in anterior view: well sclerotized; with 1 spine directed forward, the other backward, plus a thicker, lobelike structure dorsally. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme broad, width nearly equal to length; distal end circular, concave depression absent. Hypandrium simple, with apical notch. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.5× depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 39, 230, 242, 365, 720) FL/FW 0.63 (0.56–0.77), EL/EW 1.38 (1.26–1.45), EL/ CW 17.04 (13.25–20.33), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.25– 0.45), PR /RR 0.49 (0.30–0.62), ThL 1.08 (0.95– 1.23 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: “Dubois, June 5, 20,” [white label, computer printed] INHS Insect Collection 238.816, [red label] “Holotype, Phortica minor Malloch, ♂,” [38.220808, -89.211255], [glued to point, not dissected], [examined]. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). Paratypes: Du Bois Ill., June 3, 1919, Am 1611, [blue label] PARATYPE “ Phortica minor Malloch ♂,” [examined]. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS); Dubois, August 12, 1920, [not seen in collection], sex unknown. Deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Manitoba: Max Lake, Turtle Mtn. For. Res., 1958-07-30, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♀ (Am 1433, CNC). New Brunswick: Priceville, 1971-07-20, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1442, CNC); Renous, 1965-07-11, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1573, CNC). Ontario: Algonquin Province Park, Scott Lake, 1994-08-06, leg. S.A. Marshall, maple forest sweep, 1♂ (Am 566*, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S., 1994-06-28, leg. R. Bonduriansky, [not female as label suggests], 1♂ (Am 606, DEBU); 1994-07-15, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 605, DEBU); Bruce Co., Bruce Peninsula National Park, High Dump Trail, 2000-07-07, leg. S. Paiero, debu00079793, sweep, 1♂ (Am 618, DEBU); Bruce Co., Dunks Bay, 2000-07-23 through 2000- 07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, swarming face, debu00079592, 1♂ (Am 616, DEBU); 2000-07-23 through 2000-07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079460, 1♂ (Am 620, DEBU); 2000-07-23 through 2000-07-28, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079468, 1♂ (Am 617, DEBU); Grand Bend, 1939-07-05, leg. G.E. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1341, CNC); Lanark Co., N. Burgess Twp., 1967-06-11, leg. D.M. Wood, 4♂ (Am 1569–1572, CNC); Leeds Co., Chaffeys Locks, 1973-06-21, leg. P. Ward, attracted to Homo sapiens, 3♂ (Am 1574–1576, CNC); Mer Bleue, 2014-08-23, leg. O. Lonsdale, CNC380700, 1♂ (Am 1198, CNC); Lyn, 1926-08-10, leg. G.S. Walley, 1♂ (Am 1338, CNC); Near Picton, 1970-07- 07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1195, 1196, CNC); Noelville, 1974-08-10, leg. R. E. Roughley, 4♂ and 1♀ (Am 548*, 550*, 551, 552*, 553, 554, DEBU); Ottawa, 1974-08-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1578, CNC); 1974-08-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1298, CNC); 1994-09-13, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp second-growth, Acer-Betula wood, 1♀ (Am 1394, CNC); Picton, 1970-07-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1558, 1559, CNC); Sandbanks Pk, nr Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 5♂ (Am 1562, 1563, 1565, 1566, 1568, CNC); Simcoe, 1939-06-26, leg. G.E. Shewell, 2♂ (Am 1339, 1340, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-01-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 8♂ (Am 1181, 1182, 1184, 1186, 1188, 1191, 1192, 1208, CNC); S. March, 1962-06-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1533, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1937-06-14, leg. G. Shewell, 3♂ (Am 1332– 1334, CNC); 1936-08-30, leg. G. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1323, CNC); 1934-07-24, leg. C.E. Bourgalt, 1♂ (Am 1307, CNC); Aylmer, 1924-06-27, leg. C.H. Curran, 2♂ (Am 1306, 1322, CNC); 1924-08-08, leg. C.H. Curran, C.H. Curran Collection Acc. 31144, 1♂ (Am 373, AMNH); Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at my ear, 7♂ (Am 1400, 1401, 1403–1407, CNC); Hull, 1965- 08-05, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1579, CNC); Knowlton, 1929-07-05, leg. L.J. Milne, 2♂ (Am 1320, 1321, CNC); 1929-08-01, leg. L.J. Milne, 1♂ (Am 1337, CNC); Norway Bay, 1938-08-31, leg. G.E. Shewell, 1♂ (Am 1336, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1959- 07-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 3♂ (Am 1203–1205, CNC); 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 8♂ (Am 1459, 1461, 1467, 1475, 1478, 1479, 1535, 1536, CNC). USA: Alabama: Clay Co., Talladega Nat. For., 33.443496, -85.839339, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 924, AMNH); Haleyville, 1953-07-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2♂ (Am 237*, 238* [dissection missing], AMNH); Lawrence Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 34.308325, -87.395084, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 11♂ (Am 910, 911, 914–922, AMNH); Wilson Dam F.Q., 1942-07-12, leg. J.N. Belkin, 2♂ (Am 668, 669, LACM); Winston Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 34.285427, -87.396155, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 14♂ and 1♀ (Am 895–909, AMNH). Arizona: Cochise Co., campground nr. SWRS, 31.872506, -109.233923, 2019-07-18, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 720*, 1052, 1053*, AMNH); Cochise Co., Vicinity of SWRS, 31.882018, -109.206636, 2019-07- 18, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 1043–1046, 1047*, 1049–1051, AMNH); 2019-07-19, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1036–1041, AMNH); 2019-07-18, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 2♂ (Am 1034, 1035, AMNH); 2019-07-19, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1028–1033, AMNH). Arkansas: Garland Co., Ouachita Nat. For., 34.540121, -93.352490, 2018-08-09, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 654*, 844–846, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 847, AMNH); Logan Co., Magazine Mt. 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 8♂ (Am 328*, 332, 338*, 346*, 352*, 354*, 357, 365*, AMNH); 2200 ft., 1992-07-09, leg. D. Grimaldi, fr. oak sap flux, 1♂ (Am 350*, AMNH); Johnson Co., Ozark National Forest, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 16♂ (Am 653*, 822–824, 827– 838, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 840–843, AMNH). District of Columbia: Rock Creek Park, 1957-06-01, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 396, CAS); 1957-06-09, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 395, CAS). Georgia: Black Rock Mt. S.P., 1953-07-04, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 10♂ (Am 213, 216, 218*, 219*, 220, 223, 224, 225*, 230*, 231, AMNH); Holcomb crk., 1957- 08-01, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1329, CNC); Rabun Co., 1957-07-13, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1325, CNC). Idaho: 4.5 mi N. Moscow Ida. Hgwy 95, 1954-07-28, leg. R. Moree, 1♂ (Am 407*, WSU). Illinois: Carlinville, 1955-06-22, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2♂ (Am 233*, 250, AMNH); Equality, 1951-09-11, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 239*, AMNH); Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 9♂ and 1♀ (Am 754, 760, 766, 769, 775, 777, 780, 784, 787, 789, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 792–795, 799, 800, 810, 812 AMNH); St. Clair Co., Stemler Cave Woods, 38.464886, -90.155530, 2019-05-24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 9♂ (Am 997–1004, 1090, AMNH); 2018-05-30, leg. C. R. Sopow and L.E. Jones, 2♂ (Am 1177, 1178, AMNH); 2018-05-30, leg. L.E. Jones and C. R. Sopow, 2♂ (Am 1179, 1180, AMNH); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest, 37.499757, -8911.340117, 2018-8-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 13♂ (Am 651*, 652*, 801–806, 809, 814–817, AMNH); 2018-8-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 818, 819, 821, AMNH). Indiana: Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 890–893, AMNH); Perry Co., Hoosier Nat. For., 38.195597, -86.613230, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 22♂ (Am 866–887, AMNH); Posey Co., Murphy’s Park, New Harmony, 1967-08-02, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 386, CAS). Kentucky: Rowan Co., Daniel Boone Nat. For., Sheltowee Trace trail 100, 38 23 07 N, 83 24 58 W, 2013- 05-23, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1285, CNC). Louisiana: Rapides Par., Kisatchie Nat. For., 31.261073, -92.634975, 2018-08-10, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 5♂ (Am 849– 853, AMNH). Maine: Mt. Desert I., 1948-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler and T. C. Hsu, 1890.7, A. acadia, [genitalia on slide], 1♂ (Am 248*, AMNH); Mt. Katahdin, 1968-07-04, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1220, 1221, CNC); Mt. Katahdin, Hunt Trail, 16–2400′, 1968-07-01 through 1968-07-06, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1217, 1218, CNC); Vanceboro, 1965-07-09, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1219, CNC). Michigan: Delta Co., Escanaba, 45.732003, -87.081676, 2018- 06, leg. T. Werner, 3♂ (Am 1094–1096, AMNH); 2018-08-27 through 2018-08-31, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1092, AMNH); Marquette Co, Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018-07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 12♂ (Am 683*, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1066, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1082, AMNH); Wayne Co., 1961-07-10, leg. G. Steyskal, 2♂ (Am 1308, 1309, CNC); 20 mi NE St. Ignace, Acadia, 1948-08-02 through 1948-08-03, leg. M. R. Wheeler and T. C. Hsu, 1903.6, 1♂ (Am 211*, AMNH). Mississippi: Marshall Co., Wall Doxey St. Pk., 34.661856, -89.462140, 2018-08-12, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 6♂ and 2♀ (Am 856– 863, AMNH); 2018-08-12, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 864, AMNH); Yalobusha Co., George P. Cossar State Park, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, 1♂ (Am 854, AMNH). Missouri: Carter Co., Ridge road at Road C, 4.5 mi SW of Van Buren, 1967-08-04, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 380, CAS); Lithium, 1952-09-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 229, AMNH); 1955-06-29, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 227*, 228, AMNH); St. Fran. Co., St. Francois St. Pk., 37.973473, -90.529404, 2019-05-24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ (Am 1005–1010, AMNH); Williamsville, 1955-07-06, leg. E.C. Becker, 1♂ (Am 1330, CNC). Nebraska: Elkhorn River 2 mi E. Oakdale, 1950-08-21 through 1950-08-22, leg. M. R. Wheeler and Stephens, 2068.14, 3♂ (Am 234, 235*, 236*, AMNH). New Jersey: Lebanon State Forest, 1958-08-19, leg. Evan and Beneway, 1♂ (Am 307, AMNH). New York: Bronx Co., New York Bot. Garden, 40.864029, -73.875571, 2018-08, leg. L.E. Jones and L. Li, swept around head, 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 1024, 1025, 1027, AMNH); Jeff. Co., Wellesley Is., 1963-08-22, leg. L.L. Pechuman, 2♂ (Am 39*, 40, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-06-13, leg. J. Jaenike, 3♂ (Am 1174–1176, AMNH); 2018-06-28, leg. J. Jaenike, 13♂ (Am 1138–1150, AMNH); 2018-07-10, leg. J. Jaenike, 25♂ (Am 1113–1137, AMNH); 2018- 07-26, leg. J. Jaenike, 16♂ (Am 1097–1112, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J. Jaenike, 3♂ (Am 1163–1165, AMNH); 2018-09-04, leg. J. Jaenike, 2♂ (Am 1166, 1167, AMNH); [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 4♂ (Am 1170–1173, AMNH); Orange Co., Black Rock Forest, 41.410629, -74.014558, 2017-09-09, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ (Am 523*, 1015, 1016, AMNH); Putnam Co., Hudson Highlands State Park, 2017-09-23, leg. L.E. Jones and C. Liriano, swept around head, 1♀ (Am, 1013, AMNH); Staten Island, 1923, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 245, AMNH). North Carolina: Cherokee, 1957-07-25, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1328, CNC); Franklin, 2000′, 1957-06-08, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1335, CNC); Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 10♂ (Am 508–511, 512*, 513–517, EMUS); Highlands, 1957- 07-13, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1326, CNC); Jackson Co., Cherokee, 2000′, 1957-07-25, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1324, CNC); Transylvania Co., Pisgah Nat. For., 35.290995, -82.776835, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 6♂ and 1♀ (Am 989–995, AMNH). Ohio: Portage Co., West Branch State Park, 1988-07-17, leg. B.A. Foote, 1♂ (Am 311, AMNH). South Carolina: Anderson, 1957-07-21, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1327, CNC); Charleston Co., Francis Marion Nat. For., 33.067907, -79.518209, 2018-08-19, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 658*, AMNH); Greenwood, Long Cane Creek, 1957-07-21, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1299, CNC); Seneca, 1957-06-06, leg. W. R. M. Mason, 1♂ (Am 1331, CNC); Sumter Co., Poinsett St. Pk., 33.802244, -80.545550, 2018-08-19, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 26♂ (Am 659*, 660*, 925–941, 943–949, AMNH). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 9♂ (Am 209, 210, 214, 215, 217, 221*, 222*, 226* [dissection missing], 232, AMNH); Great Smoky Mtns. Nat. Park, near Cosby headquarters, 35 47 N, 083 13 W, 2001-05-30, leg. J.A. Skevington, CNC 699259, 1♂ (Am 1294, CNC); Unicoi Co., Cherokee Nat. For., 36.137782, -82.350719, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 40♂ (Am 662*, 663*, 950–988, AMNH). Texas: Austin Aldrich Farm, 1951-05-20, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♀ (Am 249*, AMNH); Houston Co., Davy Crockett Nat. For., 31.390387, -95.157191, 2018-08-10, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 848, AMNH). Vermont: Orleans Co., nr. Bald Mountain, near stream (Mad Brook), 1650 ft., 2016-07-19 through 2016-07-21, sweep netted in forest, leg. D. Grimaldi, 2♂ (Am 366, 367*, AMNH); 2018-08-16, leg. D. Grimaldi, swept around head, 8♂ (Am 665*, 1017–1023, AMNH). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 6♂ (Am 744– 746, 748, 751, 752, DEBU); Prince William Co., 0.5 km NE Thorofare Gap, vic. Haymarket, 1966-06-25, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 2♂ (Am 397, 398, CAS). Washington: Wenatchee, 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2191.12, 5♂ and 1♀ (Am 212*, 240* [genitalia on slide], 241, 242*, 243*, 244, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: This species may have the widest distribution of any species of Amiota in North America. Amiota minor is exceptionally common throughout Eastern North America, with western populations known from Washington State and Arizona. This species probably occurs in northern Mexico. Wheeler (1952) reported A. minor from Veracruz in Mexico, but these specimens have not been seen. COMMENTS: Amiota minor as known may represent a species complex. Substantial size and color variation is seen in this species, as well as the degree of faintness in the markings of the face, wing base, and postpronotal lobe. Wheeler (1952) noted great variation in the morphology of the surstylus. Size and shape of the aedeagal apodeme varies as well, with western populations differing in some cases from those in the east. It is notable for being the only species known in the genus to lack the characteristic white markings found in the other members (although these can be faded in other members of the avipes species group). Amiota minor is the only species in the group known to have the character of the comb on the midtibia. It can form dense swarms in humid settings and can lodge itself in the eye (L.E.J., personal obs.). This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 74-77, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. 1921. Some notes on Drosophilidae (Diptera). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 32: 311 - 312.","Wheeler, M. R. 1949. Taxonomic studies on the Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 4920: 157 - 195.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Wheeler, M. R., and H. Takada. 1971. Male genitalia of some representative genera of American Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 7103: 225 - 240.","Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota raripennis, sp. nov. Figures 66A–B, 67, 94A Wheeler, 1957: 110 (distribution, as A. steganoptera); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog, as A. steganoptera). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.16 mm), dark brown to black; wartlike spines on third costal division between R 2+3 and R 4+5; male terminalia very faintly sclerotized, relatively reduced; dorsal portion of epandrium very smooth, no microtrichia, but with microtrichose ventral lobes, setae on posterior and ventral margins very short; aedeagal apodeme small, faint, and poorly developed; outer paraphysis forming a fork with rounded apices, moderately sclerotized, curving anteriorly; inner paraphysis a small lobe, appendage oriented dorsally. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.16 mm), black, fading to dark brown ventrally, legs light yellow. Katepisternum lighter in color than remaining pleuron. Frons dark, nearly black. Black band just dorsal to facial marking. Cheek small (EL/CW 22), white. Palp yellow. Wartlike spines on third costal division between R 2+3 and R 4+5. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D2; AR 0.70; 4 long dorsal (1 short preapical), 2 long ventral (1 short preapical); aristal trunk with mediumlength microtrichia on basal half. Male genitalia: Complex barely sclerotized and very faint, with exceptions of distal end of outer paraphysis and prensisetae. Epandrium dorsally complete; dorsal 3/4 glabrous, no microtrichia; ventral 1/4 with small lobe, with dense microtrichia; very short setae on posterior and ventral margins of epandrium, ventral setae with large sockets. Cercus distinct, not grading with surrounding membrane; with small ventral lobe (best seen in lateral view). Surstylus large relative to genitalia complex, armlike (length greater than width), constricted in middle; 10 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, becoming smaller medially. Subepandrial sclerite broad and large, amphitheater shaped. Outer paraphysis bifurcated; each appendage slender, heavily sclerotized, the distal end rounded, curved strongly anteriorly. Inner paraphysis a small, wrinkled, lateral lobe; giving rise to small, dorsally projecting appendage. Aedeagal apodeme small, underdeveloped; consisting of stalk, distal end a striated pad. Hypandrium simple, of uniform thickness, strongly S-shaped in lateral view; apex strongly curled anteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.8× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 298) FL/FW 0.84, EL/EW 1.46, EL/CW 22, FML/FMW 0.35, PR/RR, 0.63, ThL 1.16 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: USA: VIR-GINIA: Blacksburg, [37.188955, -80.431634], IX/9/53, M. Levitan, Am 298, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: “Kushla, Ala.” [Alabama], [30.814854, -88.162265], “Je.22.52” [June 22, 1952], [collector unknown, likely Alfred H. Sturtevant]; ALABAMA: Kushla,?/22/52, [collector unknown, likely Sturtevant], 1♀ (Am 191*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Mississippi: Saucier, 1954-09-03, leg. M.R. Wheeler, “Steganoptera female” [specimen presumably female, dissection not seen], 1♀ (Am 196*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin rari for “rare” and pennis for “wing” in reference to the unique wing character among species in the Nearctic and its rarity in collections. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the American South and the Mid-Atlantic. Steyskal, in his notes kept at the AMNH, cites a specimen of this new species from Gainesville, Florida, likely in the collections of the USNM. This unverified record would be a significant range expansion for this species and would suggest a distribution that is subtropical and primarily in the Gulf Coastal Plains. COMMENTS: Amiota raripennis is rarely collected. Malloch’s description of A. steganoptera from Costa Rica noted the presence of wartlike spines on the wings, similar to two genera in Steganinae, Leucophenga and Stegana (1926). Wheeler (1957) reported A. steganoptera Malloch from the United States, primarily from the southeastern United States. Detailed comparison of the male terminalia of the American species to specimens throughout Central America with the costal warts indicates that the American species is new. There are many undescribed species with this wing character in Central America in the collections of the AMNH (L.E.J., personal obs.), and Wheeler (1957) indicated several undescribed species with this wing character in Brazil as well. Prior records of A. steganoptera in the United States are likely of this new species. Members of this species group in the Neotropics will be the subject of a future study.

Amiota nigrescens Wheeler, 1952 Figures 61E–F, 62C, 65, 93C Amiota nigrescens Wheeler, 1952: 170 (original description); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 254 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.27 mm), dark brown nearly black; legs yellow (femora light brown in some individuals); surstylus slender, armlike, 4 prensisetae, 2 most lateral larger and 2× length of the others; subepandrial sclerite process behind surstylus, like a fifth prensiseta; paraphyses fully sclerotized; outer paraphysis on right side slightly sinuous; apex tapered, base swollen; left outer paraphysis shorter, apex also tapered, base swollen; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.27 mm), dark brown nearly black. Legs dark yellow (femora dark brown in in some individuals). Frons dark brown (nearly black in Ontario populations. Cheek dirty yellow to brown. Facial marking small, width 0.5× length (depth smaller in Ontario populations). Palp brown. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.31; 4 long dorsal, 1 long ventral branches; D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia for most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, indistinct; ventral lobes with dense cluster of setae, lower third of epandrium devoid of long setae. Cercus long, pendulous, distinct from surrounding membrane, ventral portion overlapping bases of surstyli. Surstylus armlike, bent at midpoint, entirely glabrous; 4 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, lateral 2 prensisetae 2× length of the 2 medial; heavily sclerotized subepandrial sclerite process anterior to surstylus, resembling a fifth prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite consisting of 3 lobes in posterior view, 2 lateral lobes and central lobe; lateral lobe large, rounded, faintly sclerotized, central flange running to margin, thick, flange apex flared distally; central lobe heavily sclerotized, bulbous, apex tapering, incomplete flange reaching outer margin; central lobe with squarelike extension anterior to surstylus, the central portion with process. Outer paraphyses slightly asymmetrical, both heavily sclerotized; left one slightly longer and slightly sinuous, distal end tapered to a point; base bulbous, flaring outward; right outer paraphysis parallel to left one with apex tapered, base bulbous with a small notch. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme bent 90° at midpoint, of equal length and width; widely flared distally, with deep concave emargination; 2 strong lateral flanges at base. Hypandrium simple, thickness consistent across length; apex simple, V-shaped; lateral arm with small posteriorly pointing gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme slightly bent at base, 0.7× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 129, 138, 146, 583, 585) FL/FW 0.70 (0.63–0.86), EL/EW 1.41 (1.34– 1.52), EL/CW 11.32 (10.2–12.6), FML/FMW 0.33 (0.28–0.48), PR /RR 0.39 (0.33–0.44), ThL 1.16 (0.99–1.27 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Wheeler (1952): “ ♂, 2164.7, from Slide Rock Campground, Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino National Forest, south of Flagstaff, Arizona, collected June, 1951 by the writer” [not examined]. Deposited in National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. (USNM). Paratypes: Localities and numbers of paratype specimens in AMNH differ slightly from Wheeler (1952) in some cases: “4, same data as holotype” [ARI-ZONA: Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Nat. For., 15 mi. S. Flagstaff, VI/21 - VI/22 /51, 2164.7, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, paratype], [34.907104, -111.727342], 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 138–141*, AMNH); “Tonto Creek near Payson (11, one on slide),” [Tonto Creek Camp, Arizona, June 1951, MR Wheeler and WB Heed, 2168.3, paratype], [34.320806, -111.084756], 5♂ and 4♀ (Am 129– 135*, 142*, AMNH); “Long Valley near Pine (2),” [ARIZONA: Clover Springs, Coconino Nat’l. Forest, 50 mi S Flagstaff, VI/22 - VI/23 /51, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2165.12, paratype], [34.506258, -111.362842], 1♂ (Am 144, AMNH); “NEW MEXICO: Cherry Creek Camp, near Silver City (5)” [New Mexico: “ Cherry Creek ” Campground, Gila Nat. For., N. Silver City, VI/7 - VI/8 /51, W.B. Heed and M. R. Wheeler, 2151.4, paratype], [32.914274, -108.225999], 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 145–148*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Station, 1993-05-19 through 1993-05-31, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 1♂ (Am 536*[dissection missing], DEBU); 1993-06-03 through 1993-06-14, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 542*, 543*, DEBU); 1993-06-03 through 1993-06-17, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, Pan A3, clubmoss/hemlock, 1♂ (Am 539*, DEBU); 1993-06-17 through 1993-06-19, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 545*, DEBU); 1993- 07-16 through 1993-07-28, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 1♂ (Am 544*, DEBU); Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-06-07 through 1994-06-14, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 2♂ (Am 583*, 591*, DEBU); 1994-06-23 through 1994-06-30, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 594*, DEBU); 1994-07-10 through 1994-07-17, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 597, DEBU); 1994-07-18 through 1994-07-31, [collector unknown], C1 shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 557*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, 2♂ (Am 582*, 584*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-17, leg. S.A. Marshall, D2 Hemlock pans, 1♂ (Am 585*, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S. G (B2), 1995-06-11, leg. R. Bonduriansky, moose antler, 1♂ (Am 611*, DEBU); Fathom Five National Park, Bear Rumpis, 1996-06-23 through 1996-07-26, leg. T. Woodcock and S. Marshall, Dry Alvar Pan Trap #4, debu00078364, 1♂ (Am 527, DEBU); Nipissing Distr., Algonquin Park., Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake. Shore site A1., 1995-07-04, [no collector], debu00104926, pan traps, 1♂ (Am 634*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1991-08-01, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp growth Acer-Betula wood, 1♂ (Am 1253*, CNC); 1993-06-22, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, damp growth AcerBetula wood, 1♂ (Am 1228*, CNC); Ottawa, Chapel Hill, NW Wood, 2002-07-01, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, CNC Diptera #193451, 1♂ (Am 1197*, CNC). Quebec: Knowlton Lodge, 1968-07-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1580*, CNC). USA: Arizona: Oak Creek Canyon, 1951-06-21, [collector unknown], [possible paratypes?] 2♂ (Am 136*, 137*, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota nigrescens has disjunct populations from central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico as well as Ontario, Canada. No intervening populations between these extremes are known. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the eyes and face like other Amiota. Populations of Amiota nigrescens in Ontario are commonly caught in Malaise and pan traps. This species is a documented saproxylic, one specimen (DEBU) having been reared from a tree stump emergence trap. The species is variable for the brown femora and cheek seen in the other species of the group. Four of 19 specimens in the Southwest had the light brown femora, 12 of 21 Great Lakes specimens had light brown femora, while 2 had dark brown femora. The facial marking in Ontario populations is also much smaller in depth. No discernable differences are found in the male genitalia of both populations. It would be very useful to compare DNA barcodes of specimens in the two localities., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 120-122, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota didens, sp. nov. Figures 68E–F, 72C, 75, 95A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.44 mm), dark brown, legs yellow; frons dark with frontal half slightly silvery; arista with sparse, short plumosity; subepandrial sclerite appendage with broad, roughly cordate apex; outer paraphysis short, laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook, large proximal-dorsal spine near base that is twice the length of apical hook; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.99–1.44 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons slightly silvery, dark. Cheek whitish gray posteriorly. Palp yellow. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branches D2, D3; A.R. 0.35; 5 dorsal branches (apical 2 very short), 2–3 very short ventral branches; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia, bare on apical third. Epandrium with middorsal margin evanescent, grading into surrounding membrane below. Cercus small, crescentic, margins distinct, flattened in lateral view. Surstylus roughly square, the middle region with scattered setulae; 9–10 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite with short subepandrial appendage that is drop-shaped in full ventral view; pair of microtrichose, membranous lobes flanking subepandrial appendage, apparently attached to genital complex. Outer paraphysis symmetrical, short, heavily sclerotized, laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook; several sensilla in small cluster on lateral side; large proximal-dorsal spine, twice the length of apical hook. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme bent at 45° angle. Hypandrium faint, incomplete or very faintly sclerotized in middle; with large, bulging gonopod in middle of posterior margin. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.6× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 444, 1418, 1429) FL/FW 0.63 (0.60–0.64), EL/EW 3.11 (1.26–6.62), EL/CW 14.42 (13–17), FML/FMW 0.28 (0.25–0.30), PR /RR 0.56 (0.50–0.62), ThL 1.18 (0.99–1.44 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: MEXICO, Morelos: #7, 14 mi. N. Cuernavaca, [19.188745, -99.228691], 7300′, 29 July 1963, leg. George W. Byers, Am 444, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Sinaloa: Portrerillos, 15 mi. W El Palmito, 5000′, 1964-07-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1429*, CNC); 1964-07- 011, leg. J.F. McAlpine, biting man, 1♂ (Am 1418*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from di, Greek for “two,” and dens, Latin for “tooth or prong,” in reference to the lateral view of the outer paraphysis of the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota didens is known only from the states of Morelos and Sinaloa in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

GENUS AMIOTA LOEW Amiota Loew, 1862a: 229 (original description); Duda, 1934 (revision of European species); Wheeler, 1952 (key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1965 (Drosophilidae catalog, north of Mexico); Máca, 1980 (revision of European species); Chen and Toda, 2001 (revision of European and East Asian species); Bächli et al., 2004 (key to west Palaearctic species); Brake and Bächli, 2008 (worldwide catalog of Drosophilidae). DIAGNOSIS: Small to large drosophilids (ThL 0.90–2.09 mm), most black or dark brown, to light honey-golden color; oral margin, postpronotal lobe, and area immediately ventral to wing base with characteristic milky-white patches (except in A. minor); arista short to long, plumose, some species with branches pointing mediad; postocellar setae very small; anterior reclinate orbital seta well developed, usually half or more the length of proclinate; face flat or with upper portion slightly carinate; pair of prescutellar setae present; hind femur and/or tibia sometimes with comb of long, fine bristles; aedeagal apodeme broad, dorsoventrally flattened; paraphyses modified in most species to large, heavily sclerotized, swordlike or broad structures with apical hooks and commonly with asymmetrical spines. TYPE SPECIES: Amiota leucostoma Loew, established by Coquillett (1910). COMMENTS: This genus consists of about 154 species found worldwide, but with most diversity centered in the north temperate forests of the world. Larvae are saproxylic, developing under bark and/or in decaying wood. Most species are known to be lachryphagous and attracted to the eyes and face of humans and other mammals., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 20, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Loew, H. 1862 a. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 185 - 232.","Duda, O. 1934. Drosophilidae. In E. Lindner (editor), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen region, part 58 g: 1 - 67. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Maca, J. 1980. European species of the subgenus Amiota s. str. (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 77: 328 - 346.","Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563.","Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Coquillett, D. W. 1910. The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37 (1719): 499 - 647."]}

Amiota mariae Máca, 2003 Figures 17C–D, 19E, G, 24, 84B Amiota mariae Máca, 2003: 268 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Medium to large fly (ThL 1.44– 1.59 mm); dark brown, almost black; dorsal half of frons black, ventral half of frons medium brown; outer paraphysis laterally flattened, with preapical dorsal hook that protrudes beyond apex of paraphysis, proximal spine perpendicular to paraphysis; inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized, with 2 hooklike lobes directed laterally in opposite directions, each of these inner paraphyses with 4 spines. DESCRIPTION: Medium to large fly (ThL 1.44– 1.59 mm), dark brown almost black, grading slightly lighter ventrally, legs yellow. Katepisternum lighter than remaining pleuron. Dorsal half of frons and orbital plate black, ventral half of frons medium brown. Eyes bright cherry red to wine colored. Facial marking small, depth 0.3× width. Cheek of moderate depth (EL/CW 16–20.75), yellowish. Palp yellow. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.46; 4 long dorsal branches, 2 long and 1 short ventral branches; D2 pointed laterad, V2 pointed mesad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia over entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium not split medially, ventral margin in this area discrete; ventral third of epandrium with clustered setae, single line of setae in line ascending dorsally to apex. Cercus almost crescentic, margins discrete from surrounding membrane. Surstylus nearly triangular; 14 prensisetae, apices blunt, nearly of equal size, comblike; distal half with scattered setulae; small, slender lobe arising behind apical most prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite with large, broad subepandrial appendage deeply notched at base, apex pyramidal, roughly scoop shaped. Outer paraphysis long, heavily sclerotized, laterally flattened, the distal half with 6–8 scattered sensilla; vertical proximal spine 1/3 from base, perpendicular to paraphysis; slender preapical dorsal claw present, extended beyond apex of paraphysis. Inner paraphyses complex, asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized; with 2 hooklike lobes directed laterally in opposite directions, each with small spine; each of these paraphyses with 4 spines, as figured. Aedeagal apodeme with constriction in middle, base nearly as wide as the distal end, width 3/4 times the length, distal end flared, less sclerotized than the basal half. Hypandrium simple, of even thickness, nearly V-shaped in ventral view. Ejaculatory apodeme short, 1/2 the length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 389, 603, 640, 692, 705) FL/FW 0.77 (0.72–0.82), EL/EW 1.39 (1.28–1.57), EL/CW 18.23 (16–20.75), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.30– 0.65), PR /RR 0.53 (0.45–0.58), ThL 1.51 (1.44– 1.59 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: As reported by Máca (2003): “ Canada, Quebec: Lac Roddic, 16 km S Maniwaki, 23.6.1991, leg. M. Barták ” [not examined]. Coll. J. Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Chaffeys Locks Queens Univ. Bio. Stn., 1980-09-12, leg. S.A. Marshall, tree wound, 3♂ (Am 603*, 612, 636*, DEBU); Ferris Provincial Park, Drumlin Trail, 2003-05-01 through 2003-05-15, leg. P.D. Careless, 1♂ (Am 628*, DEBU); Noelville, 1974-08-10, leg. R. E. Roughley, 1♂ (Am 549*, DEBU); Ottawa, 1946-06-12, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype,” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1365, CNC); 1989-09-20, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1236*, CNC); 1989-09-21, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1235*, CNC); 1991-08-31, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Ex damp shaded ditch in Acer wood, 1♂ (Am 1255*, CNC); Ottawa, Lwr. Beechwood Cem., 1999-09-03, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Acer wd. Aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1249, CNC); Ottawa, Monfort Hosp. wood, 1993-08- 07, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1247, CNC); 1993-08-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, aerial sweep, 1♂ (Am 1276, CNC); Ottawa, Rockcliffe, Rockwood, 2007-07-18, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 7pm, aerial sweep, CNC Diptera #160444, 1♂ (Am 1283*, CNC); Purpleville, 1961-07-25, leg. G.K. Morris, 1♂ (Am 555*, DEBU); Rattlesnake Pt. Conservation Area, 43 28 N, 79 55 W, forest, 2010-06-19, leg. B.J. Sinclair, 1♂ (Am 1280*, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1936-08-30, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype - No. 8017 Paratype,” [not published], 9♂ (Am 1364*, 1366– 1373, CNC); 1937-09-30, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype,” [not published], 1♂ (Am 1363*, CNC); Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08-08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at ear, 1♂ (Am 1408*, CNC); Gatineau Co., Marsham Twp., Hilltop near Duncan Lake, 45 40 53 N, 76 03 01 W, 2001-07-21, leg. J and A Skevington, D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1278*, CNC); Gatlineau Park, Meech Trail, 45 31 37 N, 75 54 43 W, 2011-07-09, leg. O. Lonsdale, 1♂ (Am 1240*, CNC); Gatineau Park, Waterfall trail, 45 28 42 N, 75 51 6 W, 2013-09-01, leg. J.M. Cumming, CNC287593, 1♂ (Am 1199*, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1955-09-20, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1387*, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 9♂ (Am 1295*, 1460, 1463*, 1472*, 1473, 1477, 1537*, 1538, 1540*, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 337*, AMNH). New York: Niagara Falls, 1911-09-04, leg. M.C. van Duzee, 1♂ (Am 389*, CAS); Michigan: Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018-07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 40♂ (Am 679*, 681*, 682*, 684*, 686–702*, 704–708*, 727*, 731*, 732*, 1054, 1055, 1061, 1067, 1068, 1074*, 1077, 1079–1081, 1088, AMNH). Virginia: Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 37 21 0 N, 80 36 30 W, debu01007851, 1♂ (Am 640*, DEBU); Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 436*, SEMC). DISTRIBUTION: This species was originally described from a single specimen collected in Canada (Quebec). It seems primarily abundant in the Great Lakes Region (Michigan and Ontario), although single specimens have been found in the Mid-Atlantic and the Ozarks, suggesting a larger range. COMMENTS: Amiota mariae, as treated here, may constitute a species complex comprised of several species. Dissections reveal not only chiral variants, but varying degrees of sclerotization among specimens. External characters include eyes varying from bright cherry red to wine colored as well as variation in size and number of preapical and apical setae on the legs. DNA barcodes may be useful in helping to determine this. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common in many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

THE SUBTUSRADIATA SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Large flies; thorax dark blackish brown, with typical white markings; aristal branches medium (tibialis) to very long (byersi); frons largely dull, anterior portion dark yellow in A. byersi, entirely dark in A. tibialis; mid and hind tibia with comb. Male genitalia distinctive: Subepandrial sclerite with distinctive subepandrial appendage having toothed apex and lateral pair of striate membranous lobes. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota byersi, A. subtusradiata Duda, and A. tibialis. COMMENTS: Chen and Toda (2001) erected the alboguttata species group, which accommodated A. subtusradiata Duda. Parsimony analysis of morphological data (fig. 3) suggests a rather distant relationship between Old World species of the alboguttata species group and what is now designated as the subtusradiata species group. While the alboguttata species group was originally defined exclusively by leg characters, the distinctiveness of the male genitalia warrants the separation of A. subtusradiata Duda, as well as other closely related Nearctic species, A. byersi and A. tibialis. These species seem infrequently collected, usually as individuals rather than series. It is unknown whether members of this species group are attracted to the eyes and face as in other Amiota, although specimens have been caught in banana traps or found on fungi (see Comments under various species)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 91, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., and M. J. Toda. 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and the establishment of species groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History 35: 1517 - 1563."]}

Amiota amputata, sp. nov. Figures 51A–B, 53A, 54, 60D, 91A DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.51–1.71 mm), dark brown, legs yellow; outer paraphysis laterally flattened, with hook on distal end, 2 short, blunt spines along middle portion of dorsal margin, base minutely serrate; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.51–1.71 mm), dark brown, legs yellow. Frons light brown on ventral half, dorsal half of head darker. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.29–0.38). Cheek deep (EL/CW 7–13.66), posterior milky white. Marking under wing base prominent, large, milky white, margins clearly defined. Haltere yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branches D1 and D2; A.R. 0.28; 3 long dorsal, 2 short ventral branches; branch D3 pointed mediad; arista trunk with short-medium length microtrichia along most of its length. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at midline with a large gap, margins distinct from surrounding membrane; long lobe ventrally, densely haired, single line of setae ascending dorsally; anterolateral projection small, oriented anteriorly. Cercus semicircular, margins entirely distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus approximately rectangular, ventral half covered in scattered setulae; 12 short, peglike prensisetae, apices blunt; small fingerlike lateral lobe, not extending beyond prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite C-shaped in lateral view, with appendage heart shaped in posterior view, invaginated medially. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened with hook on distal end; 2 short, blunt spines along middle portion in lateral view; small proximal “wing” at base, minutely serrate. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme as wide as long; curved 90° in lateral view, curved segment forming deep pockets; distal end slightly flared with a deep central emargination. Hypandrium thin, apex with gap; triangular in anterior, accommodating paraphysis; lateral arm with prominent gonopod, triangular, ventrally pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme long, 0.8× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 4, 457, 753, 1483,×1504) FL/FW 0.73 (0.66–0.81), EL/EW 1.30 (1.21–1.43), EL/CW 9.34 (7–13.66), FML/FMW 0.34 (0.29–0.38), PR / RR 0.60 (0.46–0.77), ThL 1.63 (1.51–1.71 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Oak Cr. Canyon, Ariz., [34.912694, -111.726958], VII-9- 41, R.H. Beamer, Am 457, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX, [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, 4♂ (Am 1448*, 1482*, 1483*, 1556*, CNC) OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 5 mi NE San Cristobal, 1969-05-21, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1504*, CNC); 5 mi. W San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-06, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1427*, CNC). Durango: 24 mi W La Ciudad, 7000′, 1964-07-11, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1553*, CNC). Puebla: 9 mi SE Huachinango, 1952-06, leg. M. Wasserman and W.B. Heed, 2260.13, 1♂ (Am 4*, AMNH). USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Ramsay Canyon, Mile High Trail. Near Sierra Vista, 1984-07-24, leg. L.B. Carlson, sweep, 1♂ (Am 753*, DEBU); Oak Creek Canyon, 1941-07-09, leg. R. H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 457*, SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin amputata, feminine past participle, for “pruned” or “amputated,” in reference to the stublike nature of the prongs on the outer paraphyses, which are much longer in other closely related species. DISTRIBUTION: This species has a large distribution from Chiapas State in Mexico north through central Arizona. COMMENTS: The paratype described in Máca (2003) as an “aberrant individual” from the type series of A. nebojsa Máca belongs is Amiota amputata. See Comments under that species., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274."]}

Amiota laevifurca, sp. nov. Figures 70A–B, 72G, 79, 96B DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark blackish brown; frons dark, dull, wide; arista with 4 long dorsal and 2 ventral branches; femora and tibiae light brown; outer paraphyses asymmetrical, left one with hornlike spine on dorsal margin, both with short, sclerotized, preapical lobe; inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped, left side with a bifurcated end; subepandrial appendage well developed, apex roughly heart shaped in posterior view; aedeagal apodeme rectangular; epandrium with wide dorsomedial gap; ejaculatory apodeme large, length equal to height of epandrium. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.59 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, including entire pleura (except for white postpronotal and subalar spots). Femora and tibiae light brown, tarsi yellow. Frons dull blackish brown. Facial marking large, depth 0.5× width. Cheek whitish gray posteriorly. Palp brown. Haltere bright yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.37; 4 dorsal, 2–3 shorter ventral branches; no branches pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium middorsally separated by wide membranous gap. Cercus large, long oval; margins discrete from surrounding membrane; cercus occupying virtually all of space surrounded by epandrium. Surstylus with 10 prensisetae, apices blunt, lateral thumblike lobe present; ventral margin, area above prensisetae, and lobe covered with scattered setulae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, shieldlike; subepandrial appendage well developed, projecting ventrally from epandrium, apical portion roughly heart shaped in full posterior view. Outer paraphysis possibly small, simple lobe at base of outer paraphyses (best seen in posterior view). Inner paraphysis roughly L-shaped; distal end of left side bifurcated, with a long, upper spinelike lobe, lower lobe having a small dorsal tooth; proximal end of right inner paraphysis has small fork, distal end like left paraphysis except without large, dorsal spinelike lobe. Aedeagal apodeme long, rectangular, length 2× width; hardly expanded on distal end, depression very shallow; lateral and anterior margins very slightly concave. Hypandrium apex posterodorsally curved around outer paraphysis; lateral arms and gonopod very wide, almost triangular in lateral. Ejaculatory apodeme large, slightly longer than epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1; Am 1416) FL/FW 0.68, EL/EW 1.38, EL/ CW 11.43, FML/FMW 0.39, PR /RR 0.33, ThL 1.59 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: Portrerillos, Sin. [Sinaloa], 15 mi. W. El Palmito, MEX., [23.578657, -106.216630], 5000′, “8.VII.”1964, J.F. McAlpine, Am 1416, [specimen glued to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: From Latin laevus for “left” and furca for “fork,” in reference to the forked inner paraphysis on the left side of the asymmetric male genitalia. Used as a feminine noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota laevifurca is currently only known from the state of Sinaloa in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species is superficially similar to Amiota barretti (Johnson), another species from Mexico, but A. barretti is externally separable by being black with metallic bluish highlights (vs. dark brown), the femora and tibiae are nearly black (vs. light brown), A. barretti has a wider cheek (vs. narrow); and, perhaps most distinctive of all, A. barretti has short branches on the arista, A. laevifurca has long branches (i.e., AR 0.17 vs 0.37, respectively)., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 137-138, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota barretti (Johnson, 1921) Figures 68A–B, 72A, 73, 94B Stegana barretti Johnson, 1921: 59 (original description). Amiota barretti (Johnson): Wheeler, 1952: 172 (comb. nov. by Wheeler); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 250 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Very large fly (ThL 1.87–2.26 mm); shiny black with bluish highlights; frons entirely dark, dull; facial marking wide, 0.75× length; cheek very deep (EL/CW 7.08–90), medium to light brown; arista with very short plumosity; femora and tibiae dark brown, tarsi yellow; epandrium heavily sclerotized; outer paraphysis heavily sclerotized, long, linear, bowing outward at midpoint in dorsal/ventral views, with apical hook; left outer paraphysis with spine near midpoint arising medially; inner paraphyses heavily sclerotized, small, right one with 2 and left with 3 spines. DESCRIPTION: Very large fly (ThL 1.87–2.26 mm), black, bluish from certain angles; thorax and abdomen very glossy. Femora and tibiae dark brown, tarsi dark yellow. Frons broad, nearly black. Facial marking wide, width 0.75× length. Cheek very deep (EL/CW 7.08–90), medium to light brown. Palp brown. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.17; 3 dorsal, 0 ventral branches; no branch pointed mediad or laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia to apex. Male genitalia: Epandrium heavily sclerotized; crescentic in posterior view, narrow in lateral view; margins discrete (not graded into membrane), dorsal incomplete. Cercus distinct from surrounding membrane, fairly long; ventral setae distinctly longer than others. Surstylus with only a small cluster of setae along mostly the distal margin; 11 long prensisetae, tips slightly narrowed, closely spaced, comblike. Subepandrial sclerite well developed and sclerotized; C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage not extending past epandrium, heart shaped in full ventral view. Outer paraphysis long, linear, well sclerotized, bowing outward past midpoint (as seen in full ventral view); distal end with apical claw; left outer paraphysis with spine near midpoint that arises on medial surface. Inner paraphyses small, heavily sclerotized, projecting dorsally, half the length of the outer paraphysis, terminating in 2 and 3 spines. Aedeagal apodeme bent nearly 90°, roughly heart shaped, with a shallow emargination; base and surrounding margins heavily sclerotized, dark. Hypandrium thin at apex; with small lateral, slightly wrinkled wings flanking apex; lateral arms greatly thickening, with large posteriorly pointing gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.60× length of epandrium, slightly curved. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 4; Am 432, 1423, 1489, 1499) FL/FW 0.60 (0.56–0.63), EL/EW 1.33 (1.20–1.49), EL/CW 8.24 (7.08–9), FML/ FMW 0.43 (0.37–0.47), PR /RR 0.57 (0.40–0.66), ThL 2.20 (1.87–2.26 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: Amecameca, “IX” 190”0” [year partially handwritten], Mex., Collected by O.W. Barrett, HOLOTYPE No., Type “7855,” Collection C.W. Johnson, “ Phortica,” “ S. barretti Johns ” [cited as female], [barcode] MCZ-ENT 00007855, [not examined, only photomicrographs reviewed]. Deposited in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: El Triunfo (49 km S. Jaltenango), 1985-05-13 through 1985-05-15, 2000 m, leg. A. Freidberg, 1♂ (Am 432*, AMNH); 10 mi. NE San Cristobal, 7500′, 1969-05-05, leg. H.J. Teskey, 1♂ (Am 1423*, CNC). Durango: Buenos Aires, 10 mi W La Ciudad, 9000′, 1964-06-16, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1499*, CNC); 3 mi. W El Salto, 9000′, 1964-06-19, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♀ (Am 1490, CNC); 14 mi. SW El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-09, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1489*, CNC); 1964-06- 26 leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man 1♀ (Am 1531, CNC). DISTRIBUTION: The holotype of A. barretti was collected just outside of Mexico City in the southern highlands of the country, but newly identified material from the AMNH and CNC shows a wider distribution into Durango and Chiapas. COMMENTS: This distinctive species has not been mentioned since Johnson’s description in 1921. Males are now known for this species, originally described from a female. Amiota barretti is immediately identifiable by its very large size, deep cheek, dark brown femora and tibiae, and short plumosity on the aristae. While found within the boundaries of the Nearctic, this species was left out of Wheeler’s catalog of Nearctic Drosophilidae (1965) since it covered species occurring north of Mexico. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 125-129, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. 1921. New Diptera from Texas and Mexico. Psyche 28 (2): 56 - 59.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota steyskali Máca, 2003 Figures 10C–D, 15, 82C Amiota steyskali Máca, 2003: 271 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 255 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.34 mm), dark brown to nearly black species; frons slightly shiny; hind tibia with comb of 3–7 setae [reported as tibia of midleg in Máca, 2003]; outer paraphysis long, slender, nearly straight, apex strongly curved, clawlike; inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, short and nearly triangular; subepandrial sclerite sclerotized, large and shelflike; ejaculatory apodeme large. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.04–1.34 mm), dark brown to nearly black, legs light yellow. Frons slightly shiny, with striations from ptilinal suture radiating to midpoint of frons. Palp yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Hind tibia with comb composed of 3–7 setae. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.40; 5 long dorsal, 4 short ventral branches; D4–5 branches pointed laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia. Male genitalia: Epandrium split at middle dorsal point, long ventral lobe with 13–15 long setae. Cercus distinct from surrounding membrane, crescentic, exposing large central membranous area between and dorsal to cerci. Surstylus nearly rectangular, 6 prensisetae, apices blunt. Subepandrial sclerite triangular, extending dorsally over surstyli, sclerotized, in lateral view subepandrial sclerite thickened and wedge shaped with deep clefts, dorsal appendage thickened and pointed, extending posteriorly. Outer paraphysis long, slender, nearly straight, heavily sclerotized, apex pointed and curved into a hook, dorsally with fracturelike cleft, ca. 6 sensilla present on lateral surface near distal end. Inner paraphysis short, heavily sclerotized, nearly triangular or wedge shaped, central cleft present. Aedeagal apodeme flared wider than base, distal end barely concave, flanges and inner region forming a square, bent almost 90° in lateral at midpoint. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple, consistent thickness; lateral arm thickened posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme thick, roughly 2/3 the length of the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 173, 195, 345, 644, 733) FL/FW 0.74 (0.70–0.78), EL/EW 1.30 (1.17–1.45), EL/CW 16.98 (14.75– 20), FML/FMW 0.29 (0.21–0.36), PR /RR 00.47 (0.38–0.55), ThL 1.20 (1.04–1.34 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: USA,” Maryland [erroneously reported as Maine] “ Catoctin Mt. Park, Owens Creek, 15.6.1991, leg. M. Barták ” [not examined]. Coll. Jan Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Paratypes: “ 5♂, same locality; Catoctin Mt. Park, Chestnut wood, 15.6.1991 1♂ and 1♀, leg. M. Barták. Canada, Quebec: La Roddic, 16 km S Maniwakim 23.6.1991 1♂, leg. M. Barták ” (Coll. Jan Máca, intended for NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: New Brunswick: 6 mi S.E. Sussex, 1971-07-10, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1279*, CNC). Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, 1♂ (Am 575, DEBU); 1995-06-16 through 1995-07-04, leg. S.A. Marshall, A transect bracket. Pans on dead maple, 1m, 1♂ (Am 574*, DEBU); 1993-06-17 through 1993-06-18, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 532, DEBU); 1993-07-12 through 1993-07-16, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, 1♂ (Am 533, DEBU); 1994- 07-18 through 1994-07-31, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 567, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S., 1994-06-25, leg. R. Bonduriansky, 2♂ (Am 608, 609, DEBU); 1994- 06-29, leg. R. Bonduriansky, 1♂ (Am 607*, DEBU); 1994-07-15, [collector unknown], on moose antler, AM W2 S, 1♂ (Am 604, DEBU); Dwight, 1964-07- 09, leg. D.H. Pengelly, Pan A 3, hemlock/clubmoss, 1♂ (Am 546*, DEBU); Franktown, 1965-09-06, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1206, CNC); Mer Bleue Trail, 2014-06-15, leg. O. Lonsdale, 1♂ (Am 1292, CNC); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 1919-08-04, leg. J. McDunnough, “Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1345, CNC); Orillia, 1927-07-13, leg. C.H. Curran, 1♂ (Am 1356*, CNC); Orleans, Chapel Hill, 2000-06-20, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1245, CNC); Ottawa, Beechwood Cemet., 1999-07-12, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, shaded damp earth ditch, 1♂ (Am 1270, CNC); Wentworth Co., Sheffield, 1960-06-18, leg. Taylor and Wood, 1♂ (Am 1396*, CNC). Quebec: Abbotsford, 1936-08-20, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1344, CNC); 1937-06-14, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1378, CNC); Mont Tremblant, 3000′, 1959-07-15, leg. B. V. Peterson, 2♂ (Am 1362, 1377, CNC); Mt. Orford, 1936-07-14, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1343, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 8♂ (Am 1466, 1468– 1470, 1474, 1476, 1480, 1539, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt. 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 3♂ (Am 342*, 345*, 348, AMNH). New York: Bronx Co., New York Bot. Garden, 40.864029, -73.875571, 2018-08, leg. L.E. Jones and L. Li, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 733*, AMNH); Orange Co., Cornwall, Black Rock Forest, 2014-09- 06 through 2014-09-07, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 416*, AMNH); Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, 1983- 07-26, leg. D. Grimaldi and L.L. Pechuman, flying about head, 3♂ (Am 25*, 34*, 36*, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-07-26, leg. J. Jaenike, 2♂ (Am 724*, 725*, AMNH); 2018-09-14, leg. J., Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 1169*, AMNH); [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 726*, AMNH). North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 4♂ (Am 500*, 502*, 503*, 518*, EMUS); Highlands, 3800′, 1957-06-15, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1359, CNC). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 1♂ (Am 173*, AMNH); Carter Co., Holston Mtn., 1965-06-02, leg. J.S. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1300, CNC). Vermont: Bennington Co., Green Mountain Nat. For., 42.889507, -72.976097, 2018-08-05, leg. L.E. Jones and R.D. Mannion, swept around head, 2♂ (Am 643*, 644*, AMNH); Orleans Co., Westmore, nr. Bald Mountain, 2018-08-16, D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 664*, AMNH). Virginia: Fairfax, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 195*, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota steyskali is relatively common in the Northeast but is also found in Appalachia and as far west as the Ozarks. This species has a similar distribution to the closely related species A. communis Chen and Steyskal. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota nebojsa Máca, 2003 Figures 51E–F, 53C–D, 56, 60E, 91C Amiota nebojsa Máca, 2003: 269 (original description); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 254 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.73–1.92 mm), dark brown and glossy; outer paraphysis in lateral view forming distinctive structure: laterally flattened with a distal hook, proximal end with 2 long, nearly parallel spines very near each other, basal spine shorter; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.73–1.92 mm), dark brown and glossy, legs yellow. Frons shiny; dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Cheek deep, variable in size (EL/CW 6.76– 22.66), milky white posteriorly. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.35–0.42). Palp brown. Haltere yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D4; A.R. 0.28–35; 4–5 long dorsal, 0 long ventral branches; D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with very long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated at midline, distinct from membrane surrounding cerci; middle section without long setae; small anterolateral projection. Cercus oval shaped, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus wide, almost square; ventral half with 18–20 long, scattered setulae; 11–13 peglike prensisetae, apices blunt, comblike; small lateral lobe present, oriented anteriorly. Subepandrial sclerite well sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view; subepandrial appendage extending posteriorly; apex heart shaped in posterior view. Outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, heavily sclerotized; hook on distal end; proximal end with 2 long spines in lateral view, nearly parallel to each other, distal spine slightly shorter; sternite 6 modified into large membranous sac, lightly sclerotized, basal portion microtrichose, cobbled distally. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme as long as wide, strongly curved in lateral view; proximal region inflated, forming pockets; distal end widely flared with deep concave depression. Hypandrium thin, apex notched, accommodating outer paraphysis; lateral arm with a large gonopod, rectangular, oriented posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, nearly as long as epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 10, 11, 458, 637, 741) FL/FW 0.66 (0.61–0.73), EL/EW 1.38 (1.35–1.41), EL/CW 12.54 (6.76–22.66), FML/ FMW 0.38 (0.35–0.42), PR /RR 0.56 (0.42–0.70), ThL 1.80 (1.73–1.92 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Máca (2003): “ ♂: USA, Arizona Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Pinary Cyn., 5100 ft., 9.8.1991, leg. Y.F. Hsu, [not examined]. Coll. Jan Máca, intended for National Museum, Prague (NMPC). Paratypes: As reported by Máca (2003): “same locality, 4 ♂ and 1 ♀ ”. Coll. Jan Máca, intended for National Museum, Prague (NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Durango: 3 mi E. El Salto, 8200′, 1964-07-04, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1432*, CNC); 1965-06-20, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1542*, CNC); 3 mi W. El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-19, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1487*, CNC); 10 mi W. El Salto, 9000′, 1964-08-03, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 10♂ (Am 1410*, 1543–1551*, CNC); 1964-06-30, leg. W. R.M. Mason, 2♂ (Am 1424*, 1500*, CNC); 14 mi SW. El Salto, 8000′, 1964-06-26, leg. J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 17♂ (Am 1411*, 1413*, 1445*, 1446*, 1451*, 1454*, 1491–1493*, 1497*, 1507*, 1508*, 1510*, 1516*, 1517*, 1519*, 1521*, CNC); 1964-07-17, leg. W. R.M. Mason, 2♂ (Am 1210*, 1430*, 1431*, CNC). Guerrero: Gro 12 km S of Xochipala, 1992-07-15, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1386*, CNC). USA: Arizona: Cochise Co., Ramsay Canyon, Mile High Trail. Near Sierra Vista, 1984-08-24, leg. L.B. Carlson, sweep, 3♂ (Am 637*, 639*, 741*, DEBU); Graham Mtns., Wet Canyon, 32 39 1 N, 109 48.8 W, 6050′, 2011-08-14, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1225*, CNC); Oak Creek Canyon, 1947-07-15, leg. R.H. Beamer, 1♂ (Am 458*, SEMC). New Mexico: Gila National Forest, Iron Creek Picnic ground near Emory Pass, 2007-08-16, leg. J.H. Skevington, CNC 787037, 1♂ (Am 1222*, CNC); Gila National Forest, Cherry Creek campground, 32.914167 S, 108.22500 W, 2103 m, 2007-08-14, leg. S. Kelso, CNC Diptera #58844, 1♂ (Am 1289*, CNC); Gila National Forest, Meadow Creek campground, 32 57 18 S, 108 10 17 W, 2025 m, 2007-08-14, leg. S. Kelso, CNC Diptera #57715, 1♂ (Am 1287*, CNC); Grant Co., 14 mi north Silver City, Cherry Creek Campground, 32 54 8 N, 108 13 6 W, 7400′, 2007-08-23, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1200*, CNC); Grant Co., 14 mi north Silver City, Cherry Creek Campground, 32 54.8 N 108 13.6 W, 6850′, 2010-10-13, leg. J.E. O’Hara, 1♂ (Am 1241*, CNC); 12 mi N of Silver City, 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2051, [paratypes of A. buccata Wheeler, see Discussion under that species] 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 9, 10*, 11*, AMNH); 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2074, [paratype of A. buccata Wheeler, see Discussion under that species] 1♀ (Am 8, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the mountainous regions throughout Arizona and New Mexico, as well as Guerrero State in southern Mexico. COMMENTS: When Máca described A. nebojsa (2003), he cited a paratype in the type series as an “aberrant individual.” This paratype is a different species, Amiota amputata. Amiota nebojsa and Amiota amputata have overlapping distributions and specimens in DEBU of the two species were also collected in the same series. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 104-105, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota communis Chen and Steyskal, 2004 Figures 9A–B, 11A, 12, 81C Amiota communis Chen and Steyskal, 2004; Chen et al. 2004: 65 (original description); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 41, plate VIII, figs. 12, 13 (figure of male genitalia, as A. alboguttata); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 251 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.15– 1.42 mm), dark brown almost black; frons shiny; hind tibia with comb of 8–12 setae; outer paraphysis long, slender, sinuous in dorsal/ventral views, robust, apex strongly curved and clawlike, each possessing a strong medially curving seta; inner paraphysis about 1/2 length of outer paraphyses, heavily sclerotized, slender, expanded at base, acutely bent 2/3 of the length from apex. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.15–1.42 mm), dark brown to black, legs yel-lowish. Frons slightly pollinose, golden; ventral half shiny, silvery. Palp yellow, the tip brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Hind tibia with comb composed of 8–12 setae. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.50; 5 long dorsal, 3 ventral branches; D5 pointed slightly mediad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia on basal half, apical half bare. Male genitalia: Epandrium distinct, split at middle dorsal point, but no gap, each epandrial lobe made up of 2 distinct plates or regions, microtrichia and long setae absent outside plates, each epandrial half with long ventral lobe, 9–10 long setae along the ventral margin. Cercus dis-tinct from surrounding membrane, pyramidal membranous area above, ventral to epandrial apex. Surstylus with 6 prensisetae, apices blunt; 15–18 scattered setae, most along ventral por-tion. Subepandrial sclerite rounded in dorsal view, subepandrial appendage arising from sub-epandrial sclerite, slightly pointed, directed pos-teriorly. Outer paraphysis long, slender, sinuous in dorsal-ventral views, robust, tapering into a curved hook distally, a central fracturelike cleft running the length dorsally, 6–9 sensilla on lateral surface near distal end, large setae past mid-point curving medially. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, slender, base bulbous, tapering to a point, curved laterally at 2/3 the length to the apex; length ~1/2 that of outer paraphysis. Aedeagal apodeme longer than wide, strongly bent in lateral; distal end lightly flared with a small depression, inner region bell shaped. Hypandrium simple, U-shaped, lateral arms bowing outward, scalloped on end distal from apex. Ejaculatory apodeme small and stout, slightly longer than 1/3 the length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 169, 320, 393, 425, 560) FL/FW 0.78 (0.67–0.92), EL/ EW 1.31 (1.24–1.38), EL/CW 21.39 (19.66–23), FML/FMW 0.32 (0.30–0.38), PR/RR 0.58 (0.54– 0.66), ThL 1.25 (1.15–1.42 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: As reported by Chen et al. (2004): “ ♂, USA: Wayne County, Michigan, 16.VI.1960, (G, Steyskal)” [not examined]. Deposited in National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT). Paratypes: “ 4♂, same data as holotype ” (NSMT). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algoma District, Hilton Beach, edge of hardwood forest and field, 1992-07-05, leg. J.E. Swann, malaise, debu00282842, 1♂ (Am 563*, DEBU); 1992-07-05, leg. J.E. Swann, edge of hardwood forest and field, debu00282850, 1♂ (Am 564, DEBU); 1992-07-26, leg. J.E. Swann, edge of hardwood forest and field, debu00298081, 1♂ (Am 630*, DEBU); Algonquin Province Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1994-07-01 through 1994- 07-10, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 565, DEBU); Bruce Co., Dunks Bay, 2000- 07-23 through 2000-07-27, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu00079593, 1♂ (Am 615*, DEBU); Bruce Co., Jack Poste Side trail, 4km N Hope Bay, 44 55 25 N, 81 09 17 W, 2011-07-05, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1286, CNC); Gros Cap 20 km W S.S.Marie, 1986-08-31, leg. K.N. Barber, mixed forest, 1♂ (Am 560*, DEBU); Hald.-Norfolk Reg., Cronmiller prop., ~ 6 km St. Williams, site 1, 2011-09-01 through 2011-09-20, leg. Brunke and S. Paiero, forest mals pans, debu00352726, 1♂ (Am 570*, DEBU); Hald.- Norfolk Reg., Turkey Point Provincial Park, site 1, 2011-07-05 through 2011-08-05, leg. Brunke and S. Paiero, forest, malaise pans, debu 00350353, 1♂ (Am 571, DEBU); 2011-08-05 through 2011-08-17, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, debu00349960, 1♂ (Am 572, DEBU); Lambton Co., Port Franks, Karner Blue Sanctuary, 1996-09-10, leg. J. Skevington, debu01084394, 1♂ (Am 528*, DEBU); Lanarck Co., Patterson Lake, 1979-07-21, leg. S.A. Marshall, 2♂ (Am 632, 635*, DEBU); 1979-07-22, leg. S.A. Marshall, 1♂ (Am 633, DEBU); Marmora, 1952-07-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1357, CNC); Northumberland Co., Peter’s Woods Provincial Nature Preserve, back woods, 2011-08-26 through 2011-09-12, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, 44 7 28 N, 78 2 14 W, debu00352726, 1♂ (Am 568*, DEBU); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 1919-07-31, leg. J. McDunnough, “Paratype - No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1346, CNC); Ottawa Montfort Hospital, 45 26 52 N, 75 38 27 W, 2007-07-16, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, Acer- Betula Wood, Aerial sweep at 7:30 PM, 1♂ (Am 1224, CNC); Sandbanks Pk, nr Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1564, CNC); Simcoe, 1939-06- 29, leg. G.E. Shewell, “Paratype No. 8016 paratype” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1342, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-01-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1190, CNC); Thwartway Island, St. Lawrence Is. National Park, 1976-07-06, leg. A. Carter, Sweep, Ostrich fern, Code 4045-O, 1♂ (Am 1238, CNC); 1976-08-27, leg. A. Carter, Malaise trap, Code 4529- G, 1♂ (Am 1239, CNC); 7 mi E. Griffith, 1989-07- 08, leg. B.E. Cooper, 2♂ (Am 1232, 1233, CNC); [no specific locality], 1990-09-02, leg. J.E. Swann, Edge of HDWD forest and field, malaise, 1♂ (Am 622*, DEBU). Quebec: Duncan Lake nr. Rupert, 1988-08- 08, leg. J.F. McAlpine, hovering at my ear, 1♂ (Am 1402, CNC); Gatineau Park, King Mountain, 45 29 28 N, 75 51 31 W, 2011-08-19, leg. J.M. Cumming, 1♂ (Am 1284, CNC); Lac Phillipe, 1955-07-30, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1358, CNC); Old Chelsea, 1959-09-27, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1435, CNC); 1959-09-28, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1436, CNC); 1959-09-30, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1438, CNC); 1966-08-09, leg. D.D. Monroe, 1♂ (Am 1260, CNC); Old Chelsea, King Mt., 1961-06- 16, leg. J.G. Chillcott, 1♂ (Am 1581, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1440, 1464, CNC); 1964-08-26, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1395, CNC). USA: Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 8♂ (Am 320*, 321, 325, 329*, 333, 335*, 343, 364, AMNH). District of Columbia: Rock Creek Park, 1957-06-07, leg. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., 1♂ (Am 394*, CAS). Georgia: Black Rock Mt. S.P., 1953-07-04, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 5♂ (Am 167, 168, 169*, 170, 171, AMNH); Blood Mt., 1952-07-15, leg. P.W. Fattig, 1♂ (Am 498*, EMUS); Lumpkin Co., 15 mi NW Dahlonega, 1973-06-15, leg. M. R. Humphrey, 1♂ (Am 497*, EMUS). Illinois: Mason Co., Sand Ridge St. For., 4 mi NW Forest City, 1976-06- 01, leg. C. T. Maier, 1♂ (Am 1597*, INHS); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest 37.499757, -89.340117, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 650*, AMNH). Indiana: Crawford Co., Hoosier N.F., Hemlock Cliffs, 1991- 05-19, leg. B.J. Sinclair, ex. Trickling stream, 1♂ (Am 1302, CNC); Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 740*, AMNH). Kentucky: Edmonson Co., Mammoth Cave National Park, 1991-06-09, leg. J.E. Swann, sweep in forest by wet sink hole, 1♂ (Am 750, DEBU). Maryland: Glen Echo, 1921-07-10, [leg. J. R. Malloch], 1♂ (Am 1613, INHS). Massachusetts: Brookline, 08-23 [no year], [collector unknown], Univ. of Kan., Lot 958, 3♂ (Am 460, 461*, 462, SEMC); E. Falmouth, 1924- 07-22, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 192*, AMNH); Lexington, 1956-06-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 193*, AMNH); Riverside, 08-16 [no year], [collector unknown], Univ. of Kan., Lot 958, 1♂ (Am 463*, SEMC); Woods Hole, 1950-07-17, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 189*, AMNH). Michigan: Berrien Co., St. Joseph, 1973-09-02, leg. D.D. Wilder, 1♂ (Am 387*, CAS); Delta Co., Escanaba, 45.732003, -87.081676, 2018-06, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1093, AMNH); Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, 2018- 07-06 through 2018-07-12, leg. T. Werner, 1♂ (Am 1064, AMNH). Missouri: Lithium, 1962-09-05, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 186*, AMNH). New York: Putnam Co., Hudson Highlands St. Pk., 41.448627, -73.966484, 2017-09-23, leg. L.E. Jones and C. Liriano, swept around head, 9♂ (Am 519– 522*, 728–730*, 1012, 1014, AMNH); Jeff Co., Wellesley Is., 1963-08-22, leg. L.L. Pechuman, 1♂ (Am 38*, AMNH); Orange Co., Cornwall, Black Rock Forest, 2014-09-06 through 2014-09-07, leg. D. Grimaldi, 11♂ (Am 417, 418, 420, 423, 424, 425*, 426*, 427–429, 431*, AMNH); Sta. Study Insects, Tuxedo, 1928-07-06, leg. C.H. Curran, 1♂ (Am 41, AMNH); Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, 1983-07-26, leg. D. Grimaldi and L.L. Pechuman, flying about head, 6♂ (Am 22*, 23*, 26, 27, 28*, 31*, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, [no date], leg. J. Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 723*, AMNH). North Carolina: Black Mts., 09-00 [year and day unknown], [collector unknown], 3♂ (Am 308, 309, 310, AMNH); 09-00 [year and day unknown], [collector unknown], “ Phortica n. sp.,” 1♂ (Am 317, AMNH); Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 1♂ (Am 501*, EMUS); Highlands, 3800′, 1957-06-08, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1361, CNC); 3800′, 1957-06-15, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1360, CNC); 1957-07-14, leg. C.J. Durden, 1♂ (Am 1379, CNC); Pisgah Forest, Looking Glass Park, 1957-07-31, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1383, CNC). Wayah Bald, 1957-07-13, leg. C.J. Durden, 1♂ (Am 1211, CNC). Ohio: Portage Co., West Branch State Park, 1988-07-17, leg. B.A. Foote, 3♂ (Am 312, 313*, 314, AMNH). Pennsylvania: Centre Co., 1972-07-04, leg. D.D. Wilder, 1♂ (Am 391*, CAS); Lycoming Co., 1972-07-27, leg. D.D. Wilder, 2♂ (Am 392*, 393*, CAS). Tennessee: Cades Cove, GSMNP, 1953-07 through 1953-08, leg. J.M. Carpenter, 9♂ (Am 172, 175, 176*, 177, 178*, 179, 180, 181*, 190, AMNH); Unicoi Co., Cherokee Nat. For., 36.137782, -82.350719, 2018-08-20, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 661*, NH). Vermont: Orleans Co., nr. Bald Mtn., 1650 ft., 44.793912, -71.987952, 2016-07-19 through 2016- 07-21, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 368*, AMNH). Virginia: Blackburg, 1953-09-09, [collector unknown], “male,” 1♂ (Am 166*, AMNH); Floyd Co., #1, Mile 175.4 Blue Ridge Parkway, 1960-06-23, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 435, SEMC); Giles Co., Cascade Falls, 2001-05-19, leg. O. Lonsdale, 38 21 0 N, 80 36 30 W, debu01007850, 1♂ (Am 641*, DEBU); Scott Run, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 194*, AMNH). Wisconsin: Waupaca Co., Hartman Ck. Pk., 1974-08-13, leg. T. R. Marsh, flying around person, 2♂ (Am 1591*, 1592*, INHS). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota communis is very common in the northeastern U.S. and Appalachia and as far west as the Ozarks. The distribution of A. communis is similar to the closely related species A. steyskali Máca. COMMENTS: In their key to the Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia, Malloch and McAtee (1924) referred to the male genitalia of the then undescribed A. communis as A. alboguttata (Wahlberg) in figures 12 and 13 at the end of the work. Although confusion has surrounded this name, A. alboguttata is not known to occur in the Nearctic. Chen and Steyskal described communis from material found in the National Science Museum of Tokyo (NSMT). The holotype, collected by George Steyskal (1909–1996) and labelled under his manuscript name as A. communis, was presumably sent to Toyohi Okada (1909– 2000) along with other collections of Amiota from North America. Steyskal sent Amiota specimens to other institutions as well, including the National Museums Scotland (NMS), which contains specimens collected in Michigan (L.E.J., personal obs.). Amiota communis exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 25-30, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Chen, H. W., C. T. Zhang, and G. C. Liu. 2004. New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America, East Asia and Oceania. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 40 (1): 59 - 67.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Amiota fulvitibia, sp. nov. Figures 61A–B, 62A, 63, 93A DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.12–1.29 mm), dark brown and glossy, ventral half of head medium brown, dorsal half of frons black; femora medium brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow; outer paraphysis composed of two, asymmetric lobes: left lobe long, linear, tapered to a point, with a middorsal, perpendicular spine; right lobe shorter, strongly curved, with 2 upward-curving spines; inner paraphysis lost. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.12–1.29 mm), dark brown, uniformly so, glossy. Femora medium brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow. Ventral half of frons medium brown, dorsal half black. Cheek dark brown. Palp dark brown. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.17; 3 short dorsal, 0 ventral branches; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, margins distinct from surrounding membrane; ventral lobes densely hairy, middle portion without long setae. Cercus long, pendulous; not grading into surrounding membrane. Surstylus long, armlike; ventral half with setulae; 3 long prensisetae, apices blunt; 2 long setae on interior margin of apex, pointed medially. Subepandrial sclerite moderately sclerotized, C-shaped in lateral view; with broad, squarish inner portion; subepandrial appendage well developed, heart shaped in posterior view, wide at base, tapering to long, narrow point. Outer paraphysis asymmetrical, composed of 2 lobes; left one long, tapering to a point; small, dorsal spine perpendicular to axis; right lobe smaller, rounded, curved; 2 dorsal spines, each pointed upright and curving slightly medially. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme nearly equal in length and width; curved 90°in lateral; distal end widely flared, with a very shallow emargination. Hypandrium deeply notched at apex, nearly level with base of hypandrium, accommodating outer paraphyses; lateral arm with prominent winglike gonopod, pointing ventrally. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.6× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 537, 577, 589, 599, 600) FL/FW 0.72 (0.63–0.82), EL/ EW 1.26 (1.21–1.34), EL/CW 13.72 (11.80–15.25), FML/FMW 0.23 (0.20–0.29), PR /RR 0.43 (0.33– 0.60), ThL 1.21 (1.12–1.29 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, [45.489399, -78.715496], shore C1 Mal. [malaise], 01-07.vi.94, [no collector stated, presumably E. Barr and S. Marshall], Am 587, [glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the University of Guelph (DEBU). Paratypes: ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, shore, C1 Mal. [Malaise]., 01-07.vi.94, E. Barr / S.M., 1♂ (Am 599*, DEBU); ONT [Ontario]: Algonquin Prov. Pk. Swan Lk. Stn., Scott Lk Survey, C 1 shore, Maltp. [Malaise trap], 01-07.vi.1994, [no collector stated, presumably E. Barr and S. Marshall], 1♂ (Am 596*, DEBU). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake, 1993-05-08 through 1993-05-19, leg. Larson, Marshall and Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 534*, 535*, DEBU); 1993-05-19 through 1993-05-31, leg. Larson, Marshall and Barr, malaise A1 lakeshore, 2♂ (Am 531*, 537*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-05-26, [collector unknown], C1 Shore malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 588*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-06-26, leg. E. Barr and S.A. Marshall, A3 Malaise, Sphagnum, 1♂ (Am 600*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-06-26, leg. E. Barr and S.A. Marshall, C1 Malaise, shore, 1♂ (Am 598*, DEBU); 1994-05-19 through 1994-05-27, [collector unknown], C1 shore, malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 589*, DEBU); 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, D1 shorepans, 1♂ (580, DEBU); 1995-05- 29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, fresh stump emergence, [dissection lost] 1♂ (Am 577*, DEBU). Tennessee: Sevier Co., Great Smoky Mtns. N.P., Roaring Fork Creek and Trillium Gap Trails, 1999-05-28, leg. J.M. Cumming, ex. Blossoms Chrysanthemum, 1♂ (Am 1301*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin fulvus for “brown” and tibia for “leg,” in reference to the brown femur on the legs of this species. DISTRIBUTION: This species is primarily known from Ontario, although one specimen has been collected from Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee, suggesting a much wider distribution. Southern extensions of the distribution may be along higher altitudes. COMMENTS: Amiota fulvitibia is very superficially similar to A. albilabris (Roth) in Bächli et al. (2004) in regard to the brown femora as well as genitalic structure (in lateral view), however, close inspection shows that the “three-pointed structure” in each is composed of very different structures (paraphyses in Amiota fulvitibia vs. the hypandrium and dorsal arch of A. albilabris). All known specimens of this species have been collected via pans, malaise, and emergence traps. It is unknown whether it is attracted to the face and eyes as is common in other Amiota.

Amiota nanonigrescens, sp. nov. Figures 61C–D, 62B, 64, 93B DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.22 mm), body black grading dark brown ventrally, femora light brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow; male terminalia entirely faint (except for tips of outer paraphyses, which are sclerotized), lightly sclerotized; outer paraphysis swollen, distal end tapered to small, slightly curved, blunt point; inner paraphysis lost; similar to A. nigrescens Wheeler, but differing in the faint sclerotization; deep-pocketed lobes of the aedeagal apodeme; surstylus with distal end narrow and 4 prensisetae, the most medial one pointed and 2× length of the others. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.22 mm), black grading dark brown ventrally. Femora brown, tibiae and tarsi light yellow. Frons black except orbital plates. Cheek brown. Palp dark brown. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.32; 3 long dorsal, 0 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium dorsal complete, faintly sclerotized. Cercus large, occupying most of the space surrounded by the epandrium, distinct from surrounding membrane. Surstylus armlike, ventral portion narrowed, covered with setulae, dorsal portion glabrous; 4 prensisetae, apices blunt, medialmost one long and pointed, twice the length of the other prensisetae, widely spaced and at sharp angle; lateral prensisetae small, closely spaced. Subepandrial sclerite small. Outer paraphysis on long stalk; distal portion swollen in middle, the distal end with small, blunt, tapered point. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme flared widely at anterior end, distal margin not emarginate; base deeply constricted; curved in lateral view, with deep lobes. Hypandrium simple, apex notched; lateral arm wide, with prominent posterior gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 540) FL/FW 0.78, EL/EW 1.50, EL/CW 14.25, FML/FMW 0.23, PR /RR 0.66, ThL 1.22 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: CANADA: Algonquin Pk., Swan Lake Stn., Scott Lake Survey, 45*29′15″N, 78*43′20″W, [45.489399, -78.715496], malaise A1, lakeshore, 3-14.vi.1993, Larson/Marshall/Barr, Am 540, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the University of Guelph (DEBU). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Formed from nanos, Greek for “dwarf,” and nigrescens, a previously named species in the genus, in reference to a smaller version of A. nigrescens Wheeler, a species to which it is closely related. DISTRIBUTION: This species is only known from Ontario, Canada. COMMENTS: It is unknown whether this species is attracted to the face and eyes as is common in other species of Amiota. The holotype of Amiota nanonigrescens was caught in a Malaise trap, a very common method for catching species in this species group., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on page 120, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota pseudominor, sp. nov. Figures 36A–B, 37H–I, 41, 88C DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.23– 1.27 mm), dark brown to black; similar to Amiota minor (Malloch), but A. pseudominor differing externally by white markings present under wing base and faint marking on postpronotal lobe and face; darker frons; cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 11.6–12.2), white; surstylus with distinctive secondary lobe on posterior surface; epandrium with narrow dorsal gap; pair of outer paraphyses symmetrical, forked, upper prong straight, tapered to point, lower one shorter, curved upward, less sclerotized; ejaculatory apodeme large. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.23– 1.27 mm), dark brown to black; abdomen black. Characteristic markings of the genus present, although somewhat faded. Frons dark brown, black above ptilinal suture; slightly pollinose. Facial marking large (FML/FMW 0.28–0.35), semicircular, faint. Cheek relatively deep (EL/ CW 11.6–12.2), white. Palp yellow. Arista: Short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.36; 4 dorsal branches (D1 very short), 0 long ventral branches; 3 short apical-dorsal branches pointed laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia, bare on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium separated dorsally at midline, not grading into surrounding membrane; ventral lobe with dense cluster of long setae, row of 7 setae in single row ascending to apex. Cercus small, much smaller than space surrounded by epandrium; crescentic, margins discrete, distinctively protruding well beyond posterior surface of epandrium; surrounded by large membranous area dorsally. Surstylus very distinct: secondary bulbous lobe atop middle region, triangular membranous extension with cluster of long setulae adjacent; medial margin with several long setulae; 8 long prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged. Subepandrial sclerite large, scoop shaped, with posterior margin pointed and projected nearly to same level as tip of outer paraphysis. Outer paraphysis forming forked structure in lateral, heavily sclerotized, 2-pronged in lateral view; dorsal prong longer, tapered to point; lower prong shorter, less sclerotized, curved upward, bearing sensilla at base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme rectangular, almost square; distal margin even, barely flared, concave depression absent. Hypandrium simple, of relatively uniform thickness; lateral arms widely expanded, bulging outward anteriorly and posteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme large, 0.9× size of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 2; Am 256, 257) FL/FW 0.61 (0.54–0.69), EL/EW 1.43 (1.41–1.45), EL/CW 11.9 (11.6–12.2), FML/FMW 0.63 (0.28–0.35), PR /RR 0.47 (0.45–0.50), ThL 1.25 (1.23–1.27 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 30 klm. N Chilpancingo, Guerro, Mex., [17.945004, -99.513764], July 1952, M Wasserman, WB Heed, “2266.19,” Am 256, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: 30 klm. N Chilpancingo, Guerro, Mex., July 1952, M Wasserman, WB Heed, “2266.19,” “ A. barretti,” 1♂ (Am 257*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. ETYMOLOGY: Formed from pseudo-, Greek for “false,” and minor, a previously described species in the genus. In reference to the deceptive nature of the new species, with male genitalia very similar to A. minor, but with the characteristic external markings of the genus, although faded, which A. minor lacks. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota pseudominor is currently known from Guerrero State in Mexico. COMMENTS: This species, related to A. minor but unlike it, exhibits the characteristic markings of other members of the genus., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota humeralis Loew, 1862 Figures 69C–D, 71, 72D, 77, 95C Amiota humeralis Loew, 1862a: 229 (original description); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 29 (key and description is male of A. hsui); Wheeler, 1952: 168 (key to Nearctic species, discussion); Wheeler, 1949: 260 (discussion); Wheeler, 1957: 110 (discussion); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 252 (world catalog). Stegana humeralis (Loew): Sturtevant, 1921: 57 (comb. nov. by Sturtevant). Phortica humeralis (Loew): Malloch, 1921: 312 (comb. nov. by Malloch). Amiota setigera Malloch, 1924: 51 (original description; type locality: USA, Illinois, Savoy; Deposited in Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, INHS); Wheeler, 1952: 169 (key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1957: 110 (discussion); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Máca, 2003: 265 (redescription and male genitalia figured); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 255 (world catalog); syn. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Very distinctive, small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20–1.29 mm); frons in male narrow, reflective, and silvery (frons in female slightly wider and not as shiny, glossier); hind femur of male with ca. 3–5 long upright setae (females without long dorsoventral setae on femur); inner paraphyses unique, flanking inner lateral margins of the hypandrium, each side with ca. 8–10 thick, heavily sclerotized, feathershaped lobes. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20–1.29 mm), dark brown to black, somewhat pollinose, legs yellow. Frons narrow (FL/ FW 0.96–1.25), brilliant silvery from direct anterior view; ocellar triangle black, slightly pollinose. Cheek small, milk white. Palp yellow. Katepisternum lighter in color than rest of pleuron. Hind femur with 3–5 upright setae, more than 2× longer than diameter of femur. Arista: Very long, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.46; 5 dorsal, 2 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia, bare on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium not separated dorsally, lower 2/3 with long setae. Cercus long, grading into surrounding membrane and almost continuous with epandrium. Surstylus longer than broad; 7 prensisetae, apices blunt, prensisetae becoming smaller from middle laterally and medially; prominent lateral thumblike lobe extending out and at angle to prensisetae (slightly hooked), creating gap; covered in setulae. Subepandrial sclerite simple, shield shaped, extending dorsally over surstyli, lacking subepandrial appendage. Outer paraphysis large and elaborate, ventral portion laterally flattened, with ca. 13 sensilla, distal portion with an apical claw, bridge arising proximal to apical claw joining to dorsal portion of outer paraphysis; dorsal portion consisting of 2 thickened, heavily sclerotized projections, the apices finely serrated and jagged, the distal end of dorsal portion consisting of a keellike extension with a deep cleft. Inner paraphysis elaborate: flanking inside margin of lateral arms of hypandrium, each half with 8–10 darkly sclerotized, feathershaped appendages branching from the paraphysis stem. Aedeagal apodeme typical, slightly longer than wide, “distal plate” of aedeagal apodeme flared, distal margin slightly concave. Hypandrium simple; incomplete at apex, diameter of consistent thickness, lateral arms not thickened. Ejaculatory apodeme of moderate size, length ~0.4× the depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 183, 324, 465, 656, 737) FL/FW 1.09 (0.96–1.25), EL/EW 1.24 (1.01–1.38), EL/CW 21.58 (17.25–25), FML/ FMW 0.42 (0.31–0.53), PR /RR 0.62 (0.45–0.80), ThL 1.24 (1.20–1.29 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: female: USA: District of Columbia: Loew Coll., “humeralis m.,” “Type 13406,” [barcode] MCZENT00013406, [leg. C. R. Osten-Sacken], [not examined, only photomicrographs reviewed]. Deposited in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Alabama: Clay Co., Talladega Nat. For., 33.443496, -85.839339, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 923, AMNH); Lawrence Co., Bankhead Nat. For., 434.308325, -87.395084, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 913, AMNH); Wilson Dam F.Q., 1942-07-12, leg. J.N. Belkin, 2♀ (Am 670, 671, LACM). Arkansas: Johnson Co., Ozark Nat. For., 35.673036, -93.453114, 2018-08-09, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 2♀ (Am 825, 826, AMNH); 2018-08-09, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 839, AMNH); Logan Co., Magazine Mt., 2750 ft., 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ and 7♀ (Am 318, 324*, 327, 330, 344, 359, 360, 363, AMNH); Garland Co., Ouachita Nat. For., 34.540121, -93.352490, 2018-08-09, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, 1♂ (Am 736*, AMNH). Georgia: Towns-White Cos., Unicoi Pk., 1954-10-02, leg. H. R. Dodge, 3♀ (Am 411, 413, 414, WSU). Illinois: Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 4♂ and 27♀ (Am 647*, 737*, 738*, 739*, 755–759, 761–765, 767, 768, 770–774, 776, 778, 779, 781–783, 785, 786, 788, 790, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ and 15♀ (Am 734*, 791, 796–798, 1151–1156, 1158–1162, AMNH); Mason Co., Sand Ridge State Park, 1976-06-12, leg. M.E. Irwin, 1♂ (Am 1601*, INHS); Savoy, 1916-05- 23, [leg. J. R. Malloch], on sap, INHS Insect Collection 238.815, [Holotype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♂ (no number, INHS); St. Clair Co., Stemler Cave Woods Nat. Pres., 38.464886, -90.155530, 2019-05- 24, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 996, AMNH); Union Co., Trail of Tears State Forest, 37.499757, -89.340117, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ and 3♀ (Am 807, 808, 811, 813, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 820, AMNH); White Heath, 1920-08-12, [leg. J. R. Malloch], [paratype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♀ (Am 1612, INHS); White Heath, 1920-08-12, leg. J. R. Malloch, INHS Insect Collection 238.814, [Allotype of Amiota setigera Malloch], 1♀ (no number, INHS). Indiana: Harrison Co., O’Bannon Woods St. Pk., 38.194962, -86.267880, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 3♂ and 2♀ (Am 655*, 656*, 888, 889, 894, AMNH); Perry Co., Hoosier Nat. For., 38.195597, -86.613230, 2018-08-14, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 865, AMNH). Kansas: Leavenworth, 1935-06-17, leg. L.S. Henderson, 1♀ (Am 450, SEMC). Mississippi: 8 mi. S. Columbus, 1941-09, leg. G.B. Mainland and R.P. Wagner, 1♀ (Am 70, AMNH); Yalobusha Co., George P. Cossar St. Pk., 34.131206, -89.887945, 2018-08-12, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♀ (Am 855, AMNH). Missouri: Carter Co., Ridge Road at Road C, 4.5 mi SW of Van Buren, 1967-08-04, leg. H.B. Leech, 3♀ (Am 382– 384, CAS); Franklin Co., Meramac Caverns, 1966- 07-06, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♀ (Am 385, CAS); Lithium, 1955-06-29, leg., M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ and 7♀ (Am 44, 47–51, 67, 188, AMNH); Taney Co., Drury Conservation Area, ex. Buttonbush Pond., 36 34 2.28 N, 93 4 33.60 W, 280 m, 2019-06-06, leg. B.J. Sinclair, CNC 1450129, 1♂ (Am 1296, CNC). Ohio: Lawrence Co., Wayne State Forest, Vesuvius Recreation Area, 1989-07-13, leg. S.A. Marshall, 1♀ (Am 747, DEBU); Vinton, 1900-06-05 through 1900-06- 12, [collector unknown], 2♂ and 1♀ (Am 464, 465, 467, SEMC). Tennessee: Rutledge, 1954-07, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 1♂ (Am 183*, AMNH). Texas: Austin, 1958-10, leg. L. Throckmorton, 1♀ (Am 109, AMNH). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota humeralis inhabits an area comprised of the Ozark Mountains, lower Midwest, portions of the southern Appalachia Mountains, the upper American South, and extends into the Great Plains; a unique distribution. The holotype of A. humeralis was collected in the District of Columbia, suggesting a greater historical range for this species in the east. COMMENTS: The name A. humeralis Loew has been misapplied in the literature to many small, dark species of the genus. Wheeler (1952) erroneously cited A. humeralis as the type species of Amiota Loew, which was later amended (Wheeler, 1957); the type species is A. leucostoma Loew, as designated by Coquillet (1910). The holotype of A. humeralis designated by Loew in the MCZC is a female (fig. 71). Examination of photographs of the holotype revealed a frons on the female that is reflective and golden pruinose. This reflective frons is also found in the male of A. setigera Malloch (type at INHS), although much more brilliant and silvery. Detailed distribution maps of both sexes with shimmering frons overlap and are nearly identical. This morphological and distributional is compelling evidence that the male of A. setigera Malloch is the male of A. humeralis Loew, and that taxonomic conclusion is adopted here. Wheeler (1957) alluded to this possibility as well. Females of A. humeralis are commonly collected, and in some cases, can outnumber the males caught at a given locality by up to 8:1 (L.E.J., personal obs.), so it is no surprise that a female of this species would have been among the first collected and described in the genus. Amiota humeralis exhibits a number of external characters that make its identification easy without the dissection of genitalia including the narrow, silvery frons, as well as the long setae on the hind femora. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 133-135, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Loew, H. 1862 a. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 185 - 232.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1949. Taxonomic studies on the Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 4920: 157 - 195.","Wheeler, M. R. 1957. Taxonomic and distributional studies of Nearctic and Neotropical Drosophilidae. The University of Texas Publication 5721: 79 - 114.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Sturtevant, A. 1921. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 301: 1 - 150.","Malloch, J. R. 1921. Some notes on Drosophilidae (Diptera). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 32: 311 - 312.","Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274."]}

Amiota wheeleri, sp. nov. Figures 18C–D, 19I, 27, 85B DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.18 mm), dark brown to somewhat black dorsally; outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, with apical hook, large dorsal spine perpendicular to paraphysis, left spine long, tapered to point, [right spine broken in holotype]; inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized, each with 3 large, twisting spines; aedeagal apodeme narrow, nearly flat, distally flared, distal margin deeply notched. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.18), dark brown, grading black dorsally, legs yellow. Frons black. Characteristic markings faded [likely due to preservation of holotype]. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: long, plumose; longest branch D1; A.R. 0.48; 3 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with short to medium microtrichia, including on apical half. Male genitalia: Epandrium with narrow dorsal connection, dorsal incision indistinct, grading into surrounding membrane; setae clustered on ventral lobe, with a line of single setae ascending dorsally to apex. Cercus long, oval, distinct from surround membrane. Surstylus wide, paddle shaped, middle region and ventral margin with scattered setulae; 13 prensisetae, apices blunt, of equal size; fingerlike lobe adjacent to lateralmost prensiseta. Subepandrial sclerite broad, wide, prominent notch creating posterior apex, without any appendage. Outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, distal end rounded; heavily sclerotized, preapical, curved dorsal claw, attached on inner surface of paraphysis, sensilla lining rounded margin at distal end; large proximal spine, perpendicular to paraphysis, heavily sclerotized, oriented dorsally; left appendage slightly sinuous, tapering to point; right appendage shorter, the distal end serrated (possibly broken); proximal to long appendages, 7–8 sensilla on lateral side as well as dorsally. Inner paraphyses asymmetrical, heavily sclerotized; each with 3 large, twisting spines. Aedeagal apodeme long and narrow, the distal end widely flared, deeply notched, width at apex lobes 0.7× length of aedeagal apodeme. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple, lateral arms thick in ventral. Ejaculatory apodeme not examined. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 1, Am 73) FL/FW 0.76, EL/ EW 1.45, EL/CW 10.16, FML/FMW 0.43, PR /RR 0.77, ThL 1.18 mm. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 10 mi. N. Ft. Davis, Texas, [30.781638, -103.895047], MR Wheeler, WB Heed, June 1951, “2174.6,” Am 73, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the holotype. ETYMOLOGY: Named for Marshall R. Wheeler (1917–2010), graduate of Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois, and professor of biology at the University of Texas at Austin, who collected many specimens used in this revision, and for his many contributions to drosophilid systematics. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota wheeleri is currently only known from the mountains of West Texas. COMMENTS: This species is apparently of close relation to Amiota texas, which is also found in the mountains of West Texas. The lack of white spots on the holotype is probably due to preservation techniques., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota uniacuminis, sp. nov. Figures 36C–D; 39B, C, G, K–M, R; 89A DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.09–1.32 mm); dark brown, legs dark yellow; characteristic markings of postpronotal lobe and face faded, marking on wing base less so; cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 8.57–10.60); similar to other species in complex, including A. biacuminis and A. forceps (defined under A. biacuminis), but differing from them by the following: epandrium nearly semicircular in terminal view (vs. narrowed dorsally in A. biacuminis and A. forceps); outer paraphysis with tapered, pointed upper lobe, extended well beyond level of lower lobe, lower lobe with distal end slightly expanded with 2 small points; hypandrium with prominent, wrinkled, median lobe at apex (vs. pair of such lobes in A. biacuminis), apex not deeply notched (vs. notched in A. forceps); surstylus with shorter prensisetae (~1/2 length in other species). DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.09– 1.32 mm); dark brown, legs dark yellow. Katepisternum lighter than remaining pleuron. Markings on postpronotal and face faded, marking on wing base less so comparatively. Frons dark brown dorsally; light brown ventrally, concentrated in ventrolateral corners. Cheek relatively deep (EL/CW 8.57–10.60), white posteriorly. Palp brown. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.38; 5 dorsal branches decreasing in length apicad, 4 short ventral branches; aristal trunk with medium-length microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium wide, virtually semicircular in terminal view; dorsally complete, ventral margin grading with membrane below region. Cercus pendulous, slightly crescentic, faintly grading into membrane dorsally. Surstylus with setulae on ventral half; 12 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, the innermost medial 4 slightly more spaced; prensisetae relatively short. Subepandrial sclerite well developed, compressed laterally; subepandrial appendage present, nearly triangular in full terminal view, with pointed, nipplelike tip. Outer paraphysis with upper lobe extended well beyond level of lower lobe, upper lobe tapered, pointed; lower lobe with distal end slightly expanded with 2 small points, several scattered sensilla near base. Inner paraphysis lost. Aedeagal apodeme rectangular, width 0.80× length, each margin faintly concave. Hypandrium of uniform thickness, inner margin more sclerotized; apex with a flat, rounded, slightly wrinkled lobe. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively small, half the length of the epandrium, stalk straight. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 3; Am 254, 255, 1511) FL/ FW 0.60 (0.54–0.66), EL/EW 1.30 (1.25–1.35), EL/CW 9.72 (8.57–10.60), FML/FMW 0.23 (0.19–0.26), PR /RR 0.48 (0.40–0.55), ThL 1.19 (1.09–1.32 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., [23.786449, -105.597725], 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, Am 1511, [glued directly to pin, dissected]. Deposited in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). Paratype: 14 mi. SW. El Salto, Dgo. [Durango] MEX., 8000′, June “26” 1964, J.F. McAlpine, attracted to man, 1♂ (Am 1412*, CNC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Guerro: 30 klm. N. Chilpancingo, July 1952, leg. M. Wasserman and W.B. Heed, 2266.19, 2♂ (Am 254*, 255*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: Formed from Latin uni - for “one” and acuminis for “point.” In reference to the pointed lobe at the apex of the hypandrium. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota uniacuminis is known to inhabit a wide swath of Mexico, from Durango and Guerro State. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

THE HSUI SPECIES GROUP (NEW GROUP) DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized flies; dark brown to black-brown, with typical white markings of genus; aristal branches long to short; frons dark, almost entirely dull. Male genitalia: Inner paraphysis simple, with apex finely serrate; outer paraphysis simple, lacking large dorsal spines, having only small preapical dorsal hook. NEARCTIC SPECIES: Amiota hsui Máca and A. hyalou. COMMENTS: The two species in this group, A. hsui Máca and A. hyalou have very large distributions across North America, among the largest known in the Nearctic fauna., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota imperator, sp. nov. Figures 69E–F, 72F, 78, 96A DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.60–1.73 mm), honey to light brown, legs white, middle tibia with comb of ~20 upright setae; arista with medium to long plumosity; epandrium squat, broader than deep, dorsally complete, cercus pendulous; subepandrial sclerite with pair of slender, spinelike appendages that project forward; aedeagal apodeme long and slender, length almost 2× width of base; inner paraphysis with distal, globose lobe densely covered in membranous scales. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.60–1.73 mm), color always light, varying from golden honey to light brown (darkening in older museum specimens), abdomen darker, legs brilliant milky white (sometimes yellowing in older material), setation on body jet black. Cheek milky white posteriorly. Palp yellow. Katepisternum darker than rest of pleuron. Middle tibia with comb composed of ~20 setae, length of longest setae approximately equal to width of tibia, central setae slightly longer than those flanking the ends of the comb. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branches D3– D4; A.R. 0.36; 6 dorsal, 2–3 ventral branches; D5 pointed laterad; arista trunk with very long microtrichia that shorten apicad. Male genitalia: Epandrium squat, width ~0.7× height; dorsally complete, not medially split; ventral lobe rounded, with ~15 medium-length setae, ~8–9 setae clustering near apex of epandrium, long setae absent from medial area of epandrium. Cercus grading into surrounding membrane, not recessed into epandrium, pendulous (ventral margin overhanging surstyli). Surstylus with 7 prensisetae, apices blunt, becoming smaller dorsally, spinelike seta arising below the most medial prensiseta; entire surstylus distally setulose. Subepandrial sclerite moderately sclerotized, shieldlike; with pair of long, slender, spinelike processes arising from anterior portion, pointing backward. Outer paraphyses (?) apparently fused distally into a small membranous lobe that is bifid and with a deep notch, lateral surfaces each with pair of sensilla. Inner paraphysis a heavily sclerotized digitiform lobe, the apex with a globose membrane densely covered in minute lanceolate scales. Aedeagal apodeme distinct, slender, length more than 2× width of base; tapering past middle point, “distal plate” expanding, almost circular, not wider than base; single flange forming a central column. Hypandrium simple, incomplete in middle; lateral arms slightly thickened with membranous, ventrally pointed gonopod. Median membranous structure between paraphyses (?aedeagus), with central swale and covered with setulalike projections. Ejaculatory apodeme small and stout, sclerotized, length ~0.4× depth of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 291, 507, 562, 642, 703) FL/FW 0.66 (0.61–0.74), EL/EW 1.37 (1.20–1.50), EL/CW 14.68 (12–18), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.37–0.41), PR /RR 0.54 (0.46–0.61), ThL 1.66 (1.60–1.73 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: USA: MI: Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, Leg. T. Werner, 6–12.vii.2018, Am 680, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: USA: MI: Marquette Co., Huron Mtns., Huron Mtn. Club property vicinity, 46.874950, -87.891717, Leg. T. Werner, 6–12.vii.2018, 5♂ (Am 703*, 1072, 1584–1586*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1993-06-19 through 1993- 06-31, leg. Larson / Marshall / Barr, pan A3, hemlock, clubmoss, 1♂ (Am 530, DEBU); Algonquin Provincial Park, W. R.S. A (B3), 1994-07-01, leg. R. Bonduriansky, 1♂ (Am 610*, DEBU); Hald.-Norfolk Reg., Turkey Point Provincial Park, site 1, 2011-05-31 through 2011-06-15, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, debu01153255, 1♂ (Am 613, DEBU); Northumberland Co., Peter’s Woods Provincial Nature Preserve, front woods, 2011-07-12 through 2011-07-26, leg. Brunke and Paiero, forest malaise pans, debu01153255, 1♂ (Am 614, DEBU); Peterboro Co., Keene, Mill St. Trail, 2001-07-14, leg. W.J. Crins, 1♂ (Am 562*, DEBU); Rattlesnake Pt. Conservation Area, 43 28 N, 79 55 W, 2010-06-19, leg. B.J. Sinclair, forest, 1♂ (Am 1268, CNC); Smith’s Bay, Nr. Picton, 1970-01-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1187, 1193, CNC). Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Islands N.P., Lone Shieling, Over small stream in maple forest, 1983-07-01, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, PG732859, 1♂ (Am 1397*, CNC). Quebec: Gatineau Park, Lac Phillippe, 2014-07-05, leg. O. Lonsdale, 1♂ (Am 1305, CNC); Hull, 1958-06-30, leg. W.W. Moss, 1♂ (Am 1381, CNC); Mont Tremblant, 3000′, 1959-07-15, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1380, CNC); PN de la Jacques-Cartier, Le Confluence Tr., 47 11 30 N, 71 22 43 W, 2019-07-15, leg. B.J. Sinclair, CNC1700874, 1♂ (Am 1223, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 1♂ (Am 1534, CNC). USA: Alabama: Haleyville, 1953- 07-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler, [illegible description], 1♂ (Am 296*, AMNH). Arkansas: Newton Co., Buffalo Na. River, Lost Valley, Clark Creek, 335m, 36 0 36 N, 93 22 28 W, 2019-06-04, leg. B.J. Sinclair, CNC 1556621, 1♂ (Am 1303, CNC). Connecticut: Riverton, 1980-07-01, leg. S.A. Marshall, debu 01081399 [Am 602], 2♂ (Am 558*, 602, DEBU). Georgia: Indian Spring State Park, Indian Spgs., 1950-06-21 through 1950-06-22, leg. T.C. Hsu and Stephens, “= Steyskal leucostoma 3,” 2015.9, 1♂ (Am 291*, AMNH). Indiana: Wayne Co., Richmond, 1962-08- 26, leg. T. R. Marsh, 1♂ (Am 1593*, INHS). Maine: Guerette, [no date, likely 07-1948], [collector unknown, likely T. C. Hsu and M. R. Wheeler], [genitalia on slide, no pinned specimen] 1♂ (AMNH). New Hampshire: Franconia, [no date], leg. A. T. Slosson, Ac. 26226, 1♂ (Am 127*, AMNH). New York: Bronx Co., New York Bot. Garden, 40.864029, -73.875571, 2018-08-02, leg. L.E. Jones and L. Li, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 642*, AMNH); Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-07-26, J. Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 722*, AMNH); N. Evans, 1912-07-04, leg. M.C. van Duzee, 1♂ (Am 388*, CAS); Trumansburg, 1983-07-19, D. Grimaldi, 2♂ (Am 125*, 126*, AMNH). North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 1976-06-09, leg. G.E. Bohart, 3♂ (Am 505–507*, EMUS); Highlands, 1902-08-15, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 292, AMNH); Highlands, Skittle Creek, 1957-07-19, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1384, CNC); Rich Mt., 2000′, 1957-07-31, leg. W. R. Richards, 1♂ (Am 1382, CNC). Ohio: Portage Co., West Branch State Park, 1988-07-17, leg. B.A. Foote, 2♂ (Am 315*, 316, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: From imperator, Latin meaning “emperor, commander-in-chief, ruler,” in reference to the size of this new species, among the largest in Eastern North America, and its distinctiveness. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota imperator is found throughout Eastern North America. Of note, this striking, new species was collected in the Thaines Family Forest of the New York Botanical Garden, located in the Bronx, New York City. COMMENTS: Pinned specimens of this species can look remarkably similar to species of the rufescens species group in size and color. Amiota imperator can be separated from these species by the comb on the midtibia of the males. This species is uncommon in most localities, usually collected as one individual rather than a series. Three specimens (DEBU) were caught via malaise and pan traps. Amiota imperator is likely the species referred to as “ Amiota species B ” by Wheeler (1952), although none of the specimens collected in Maine have been seen except for the genitalia of a male on a slide (no pinned material) in the collections of the AMNH. This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 135-137, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218."]}

Amiota zaliskoi, sp. nov. Figures 18E–F, 19J–K, 28, 85C DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.98–1.38 mm); dark brown, glossy; facial marking small, width 0.3× length; subepandrial sclerite cantilevered, compartmentalizing surstyli; outer paraphyses laterally flattened, with short subapical dorsal hook and pair of large, symmetrical, dorsomedial spines; inner paraphysis composed of 4 asymmetrical spines, including large, prominent one with preapical tooth, extending over complex. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.98–1.38 mm), almost black, slightly glossy, grading lighter ventrally; legs yellow. Frons black, shiny ventrally, especially ventrolateral corners. Cheek small (EL/CW 9.6–13.75), yellow to brown. Facial marking small, width 0.3× length. Palp brown. Arista: Medium, plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.38.; 4 long dorsal, 2 long ventral branches; D4 pointed laterad, V1 mediad; arista trunk with long microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, this margin faintly grading into surrounding membrane. Cercus long, pendulous, nearly diamond-shaped; dorsal margins grading into surrounding membrane. Surstylus rounded; 11 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely arranged, comblike; distinctive paddle-shaped process, curving dorsomedially, extending beyond prensisetae; distal end of process with rough, textured cuticle; row of setulae along process, curving medially in semicircular pattern to midregion of surstylus. Subepandrial sclerite distinctive; cantilevered, distal corners curving downward slightly; central membrane forming septum, surrounding surstylus. Outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, distal end rounded; very small preapical dorsal apical hook, arising on mesal surface; 2 large, heavily sclerotized, perpendicular spines present, proximal to preapical dorsal hook, with sensilla between; 4–5 sensilla in row between large spine and inner paraphysis. Inner paraphysis composed of 4 asymmetrical spines; prominent spine, large, with preapical tooth, extending over complex. Aedeagal apodeme slightly longer than wide; distal end only slightly flared, lobes distinct; distal notch very small, shallow. Hypandrium simple, of relatively uniform thickness, anterior end narrowed. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 29, 32, 529, 638, 1168) FL/ FW 0.77 (0.70–0.85), EL/EW 1.29 (1.17–1.40), EL/ CW 11.2 (9.6–13.75), FML/FMW 0.27 (0.24–0.30), PR /RR 0.58 (0.45–0.77), ThL 1.25 (0.98–1.38 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: NEW YORK: Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, [42.386486, -76.773090], VII/26/83, D. Grimaldi and L.L Pechuman, flying about head, Am 32, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratypes: NEW YORK: Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, VII/26/83, D. Grimaldi and L.L Pechuman, flying about head, 3♂ (Am 21, 29*, 30*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Algonquin Provincial Park, Swan Lake Station, Scott Lake Survey, 1995-05-29 through 1995-06-16, leg. S.A. Marshall, A transect bracket. Pans on debarked snag, 1♂ (Am 576, DEBU). Lambton Co., Port Franks, 1996-08-02, leg. J. Skevington, 1♂ (Am 638*, DEBU). Quebec: Old Chelsea, 1959-09-29, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1437*, CNC); 1150′, 1966-07-05, leg. D.D. Monroe, 1♂ (Am 1258*, CNC); 1150′, 1966-07-08, leg. D.D. Monroe, 1♂ (Am 1259*, CNC); 1150′, 1966-08-09, leg. D.D. Monroe, 1♂ (Am 1261*, CNC); Old Chelsea, King Mt., 1969-08-13, leg. B. V. Peterson, 1♂ (Am 1582*, CNC); Old Cheslea, Summit King Mtn., 1965-06-20, leg. D.M. Wood, 2♂ (Am 1462*, 1541*, CNC); Summit King Mt. Old Chelsea, 1980- 06-23, leg. K.N. Barber, 1♂ (Am 529*, DEBU). USA: New York: Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Pk., 43.132600, -77.602784, 2018-09-17, leg. John Jaenike, 1♂ (Am 1168*, AMNH). North Carolina: Wayah Bald, 5300′, 1957-07-14, leg. J.G. Chillcott, “ Paratype,” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1375*, CNC). ETYMOLOGY: Named for Edward Zalisko (1958–), outstanding teacher and professor of biology at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois. In appreciation for introducing the first author to phylogenies and evolution while he was an undergraduate at Blackburn. Zalisko once said in class, “I am the world’s authority on something that absolutely nobody cares about!” a sentiment now understood by the first author. DISTRIBUTION: Amiota zaliskoi is found in the Great Lakes region, but one record as far south as North Carolina is known. COMMENTS: This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common in many Amiota.

Amiota hyalou, sp. nov. Figures 4C–D, 5B, 7, 8, 81B DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.92–1.31 mm), dark brown to black; genital complex lightly sclerotized, except inner paraphysis, which is serrate at apex and along one margin; hypandrium narrow in middle; aedeagal apodeme small, roughly square, distal end faint; similar to Amiota hsui Máca, but male genital complex of A. hyalou smaller, translucent, and aedeagal apodeme without anterolateral projections on either side. DESCRIPTION: Small to medium-sized fly (ThL 0.92–1.31 mm), dark brown to black (fading to rusty red or light brown in older specimens), legs yellow. Setation on body varying black to golden. Frons black, fading to brown above ptilinal suture. Cheek variable, wide for body size (EL/CW 12.50–19.33), milky posteriorly. Palp yellow. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Medium plumose; longest branch D3; A.R. 0.42; 4 dorsal, 3 shorter ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia along much of length. Male genitalia small, translucent, lightly sclerotized: Epandrium not split medially, ventral lobe with a point. Cercus grading into membrane and dorsal bridge of epandrium; cercus long, exposed, not recessed into epandrium. Surstylus bowl or socket shaped with reticulating margin dorsally; 7 prensisetae, apices blunt; ca. 10 setulae, scattered, long. Subepandrial sclerite simple, slightly upturned posteriorly with short apex between surstyli. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, bent nearly 90° near middle, lightly sclerotized; several clustered sensilla in lateral view near middle portion; distal end rounded with a prominent preapical claw present, small tooth proximal to preapical claw. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, at 90° angle from attachment to outer paraphysis, serrated on distal end and dorsal margin. Aedeagal apodeme square shaped, nearly equal in length and width; distal end small, slightly concave, reduced to margin, flared slightly wider than width of base. Hypandrium simple, anterior margin narrow in middle, tapering to rounded distal edge anteriorly; lateral arms with posteriorly directed gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme not studied. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 62, 452, 455, 526, 648): FL/FW 0.87 (0.75–0.95), EL/EW 1.42 (1.34–1.66), EL/CW 15.92 (12.50–19.33), FML/ FMW 0.27 (0.25–0.29), PR /RR 0.57 (0.50–0.70), ThL 1.17 (0.92–1.31 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: male: 12 mi. N. Silver City, N.M. [New Mexico], [33.019248, -108.263582], MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, “2051,” Am 54, [specimen glued to paper point, dissected]. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Paratype: 12 mi. N. Silver City, N.M., MR Wheeler, Aug 1950, “2051,” Am 62, 1♂ (Am 62*, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Marmora, 1952-06-07, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1434*, CNC). USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts, 1950-07-21, leg. P.P. Cook, 1♂ (Am 441*, SEMC); Cochise Co., Vicinity of SWRS, 31.882018, -109.206636, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, 2019- 07-19, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 715*, AMNH); Oak Creek Canyon, 1941-07-09, leg. R. H. Beamer, 4♂ (Am 452-455*, SEMC); Tonto Creek Camp, 1951-06, leg. M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2168.3, 1♂ (Am 72*, AMNH). California: Los Angeles Co., Angeles Nat. For., 34.389176, -117.716479, 2017-06- 05 through 2017-06-17, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 526*, AMNH). Illinois: Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08- 08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 648*, AMNH). ETYMOLOGY: From hyalos, Greek for “glass,” in reference to the translucent, fragile, nonsclerotized nature of the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION: This species is widespread, a band stretching from southwestern New Mexico, through central Arizona, and into southern California. Single specimens have also been identified from southern Illinois and Ontario. COMMENTS: Amiota hyalou, as treated here, may be a species complex (fig. 8), though a lack of large series makes this difficult to assess. The various specimens differ in respect to the broadness of the distal end of the aedeagal apodeme as well as the size and positioning of the apical hook on the outer paraphysis. It is likely that the single specimen from Illinois represents a new species, but more collections and sequence data would make this easier to judge. Western populations of A. hyalou as well as the individual from Illinois exhibit the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026

Amiota leucostoma Loew, 1862 Figures 42A–B, 43, 44A–B, 45A–B, F–G, 89B Amiota leucostoma Loew, 1862a: 230 (original description); Coquillet, 1910: 505 (designated as genotype); Sturtevant, 1921: 57 (synonymy under Stegana humeralis); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 41, plate VIII, figs. 6–8 (male genitalia figured); Wheeler, 1949: 260–261 (discussion); Wheeler, 1952: 169 (key to Nearctic species); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Chen, 2004: 66 (inclusion in species group); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 253 (world catalog). Phortica leucostoma (Loew): Malloch, 1921: 312 (comb. nov. by Malloch). DIAGNOSIS Large fly (ThL 1.72–1.94 mm), light brown to light golden-honey in color, abdomen dark brown to almost black, overall coloration similar to A. minor, except with characteristic white markings of genus; outer paraphysis long, swordlike, with small lateral spine 1/3 from apex; inner paraphysis more heavily sclerotized, hooked strongly medially, with small preapical tooth; aedeagal apodeme curved 90° in lateral view, distal end widely flared, with a wide shallow concave depression. Amiota leucostoma is very similar to A. mcalpinei from British Columbia, A. tessae from the Great Lakes region, and A. rufescens (Oldenberg) from Europe, but A. leucostoma can be easily separated by the presence of a lateral spine on the outer paraphysis. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.72–1.94 mm), light brown to light golden honey, seta black; abdomen dark brown to almost black, legs yellow; coloration similar to A. minor (Malloch), except with characteristic white markings of genus. Frons light brown, ventral half darker, with numerous scattered black setulae. Cheek yellow on anterior half, whitish yellow on posterior half. Palp yellow. Tergites 1 and 2 lightly colored. Arista: Long, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.42; 6 dorsal, 3 ventral branches; branches V1 and V2 pointed mediad, D4 pointed laterad; arista trunk with mediumlength microtrichia along much of length. Male genitalia: Epandrium with gap at midline; long setae clustered at ventral portion, ascending to apex. Cercus semicircular. Surstylus pendulous, length greater than twice the width; with 9 pointed prensisetae (not rounded); distal end densely crowded with long setulae. Subepandrial sclerite with a long appendage, ventral to epandrium, the distal end rounded, bent strongly upward. Outer paraphysis long and swordlike; several sensilla pits scattered throughout middle portion; lateral spine 1/3 distance from apex, with sensillum just distal to spine. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, curving strongly medially, with subapical tooth. Aedeagal apodeme bent 90° at midpoint; widely flared on distal end, deeply concave; almost equal in length to the outer paraphysis. Hypandrium deeply notched, web of membrane between hypandrium apex; lateral arms thickened, with a prominent bulging gonopod. Ejaculatory apodeme long, thick, length equal to the epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 379, 399, 1202, 1314, 1319) FL/FW 0.67 (0.61–0.70), EL/EW 1.30 (1.25– 1.36), EL/CW 17.72 (15–19.75), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.37–0.41), PR /RR 0.56 (0.33–0.75), ThL 1.84 (1.72–1.94 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: female: USA: Pennsylvania: Loew Coll., Penn., “leucostoma m.” “Type 13407,” [barcode] MCZ-ENT00013407, [leg. C. R. Osten-Sacken], [not examined, only photomicrographs reviewed]. Deposited in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: British Columbia: Cultus Lake, 1948-07-15, leg. H. R. Foxlee, Exp No 12129-13, 1♂ (Am 1313*, CNC); 1948- 07-17, leg. H. R. Foxlee, 1♂ (Am 1312*, CNC). Quebec: Aylmer, 1926-08-12, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 1318*, CNC); Cottage Beaulieu [location uncertain], 1906-07-07, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 1319*, CNC); Laniel, 1973-07-24, leg. F.P. Ide, 1♂ (Am 1314*, CNC); Old Chelsea, Summit King Mtn., 1962-06-25, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, 1♂ (Am 1202*, CNC). USA: Illinois: Urbana, 1916-06-26, [leg. J. R. Malloch], tree trunk, 1♂ (Am 1590, INHS); 1916-08-08, [leg. J. R. Malloch], 1♂ (Am 1589, INHS). Maryland: Pennsylvania: Valley Forge, 1912-07-15, collector unknown, 4♂ (Am 1600*, 1603–1605*, INHS); Montgomery Co., Cabin John, 1929-06, leg. F. R Cole, 1♂ (Am 379*, CAS). Virginia: Blacksburg, 1953-09-09, leg. M. Levitan, 1♀ (Am 297, AMNH); Prince William Co., 0.5 km NE Thorofare Gap, vic. Haymarket, 1966-06-25, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 399*, CAS). DISTRIBUTION: This species is rarely collected and has a large distribution, most records from the Mid-Atlantic and eastern Canada, with one specimen collected as far west as British Columbia. The type locality is in Pennsylvania. COMMENTS: Amiota leucostoma has long been thought to be synonymous with A. rufescens (Oldenberg) of Europe (Malloch and McAtee, 1924), but morphology of specimens from various localities reveals consistent differences. The holotype of A. leucostoma was collected in Pennsylvania (fig. 43). Wheeler (1952) erroneously referred to A. humeralis Loew as the type species of the genus, but A. leucostoma Loew was designated as so by Coquillett (1910). It is unknown whether A. leucostoma is attracted to the eyes and face as is common in other Amiota, but this is likely given its presence in another Nearctic member of this species group, A. tessae., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 80-83, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Loew, H. 1862 a. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 185 - 232.","Sturtevant, A. 1921. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 301: 1 - 150.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Wheeler, M. R. 1949. Taxonomic studies on the Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publication 4920: 157 - 195.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Chen, H. W., C. T. Zhang, and G. C. Liu. 2004. New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America, East Asia and Oceania. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 40 (1): 59 - 67.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Malloch, J. R. 1921. Some notes on Drosophilidae (Diptera). Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 32: 311 - 312.","Coquillett, D. W. 1910. The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37 (1719): 499 - 647."]}

Amiota hsui Máca, 2003 Figures 4A–B, 5A, 6, 81A Amiota hsui Máca, 2003: 265 (original description); Malloch and McAtee, 1924: 41, plate VIII, figs. 2–5 (figure of male genitalia, referred to as A. humeralis); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 252 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20–1.28 mm), dark brown to almost black; frons slightly pollinose; outer paraphysis long, laterally flattened, in lateral view bent at nearly 90°, with apical hook; inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, projecting laterally, the apex serrated; similar to Amiota hyalou, but A. hsui differing by larger male genital complex; aedeagal apodeme of A. hsui well developed, widely flared distally, heavily sclerotized, with pair of rounded anterolateral projections on either side. DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized fly (ThL 1.20– 1.28 mm), dark brown to almost black, legs dark yellow. Frons slightly pollinose, upper half of frons dark, almost black, fading to light brown just above ptilinal suture. Eyes nearly globose anteriorly. Palp yellow. Arista: Long plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.52; 4 long dorsal, 2 ventral branches; none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with short microtrichia along most of length. Male genitalia: Epandrium not dorsally split, covered with 10–12 ventrolateral setae and 3–4 sparse setae in row along cercus margin to dorsal apex. Cercus grading dorsally into surrounding membrane. Surstylus with row of 9 prensisetae, apices blunt; 10–12 setulae sparsely arranged; small thumblike lobe adjacent to lateralmost prensisetae. Subepandrial sclerite Y-shaped, behind surstyli, with thickened outer arms. Outer paraphysis laterally flattened, with small cluster of 4–6 sensilla on lateral portion near distal end; prominent preapical claw present, with small, proximal tooth, relatively sclerotized and fading toward ventral portion. Inner paraphysis heavily sclerotized, distal end serrated, at nearly 90° relative to outer paraphysis. Aedeagal apodeme width and length nearly equal, distal end flared, the margin slightly concave, with lateral projection on either side. Hypandrium U-shaped, simple. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively long, approximately 0.6× length of epandrial lobe. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 68, 355, 405, 421, 712): FL/FW 0.81 (0.77–0.92), EL/EW 1.3 (1.15–1.38), EL/CW 15.89 (12.2–22), FML/FMW 0.3 (0.28– 0.33), PR /RR 0.52 (0.45–0.60), ThL 1.23 (1.20– 1.28 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: Description from Máca (2003): “ ♂: USA, Arizona: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts, Ash Cyn., 5100 ft., 9.8.1991, leg. Y.F. Hsu” [not examined]. Coll. Jan Máca, to be deposited in National Museum of Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Paratypes: “Same data,” 4♂ (Coll. Jan Máca, intended for NMPC). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Canada: Ontario: Lambton Co., Port Franks, Watson Property nr L-lake, 1996-07-12 through 1996-07-15, leg. J. Skevington, pans, 1♂ (Am 631*, DEBU); Picton, 1970-07-07, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1557*, 1560*, CNC); Sandbanks Pk, nr Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. McAlpine, 2♂ (Am 1561*, 1567*, CNC); Smith’s Bay, nr. Picton, 1970-07-01, leg. J.F. MAlpine, 1♂ (Am 1185*, CNC); Windsor, Ojibway Prairie Reservation, 1983-08-18, leg. K.N. Barber, 1♂ (Am 624*, DEBU). Quebec: Lac Phillipe, 45 37 N, 76 W, 1955-07-30, leg. J. R. Vockeroth, “ Paratype ” [never published], 1♂ (Am 1347*, CNC). USA: Alabama: Clay Co., Talladega Nat. For., 33.443496, -85.839339, 2018-08-15, leg. L.E. Jones, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 657*, AMNH). Arizona: Catalina Highway near Tucson, along creek in pine forest, 1725 m, 2007-08-07, leg. J. Skevington, CNC Diptera #9933, 1♂ (Am 1304*, CNC). Chiricahua Mts., 1940-07-04, leg. D.E. Hardy, 1♂ (Am 439*, SEMC); Cochise Co., campground nr. SWRS, 31.872506, -109.233923, 2019-07-19, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 1♂ (Am 712*, AMNH); Cochise Co., Vicinity of SWRS, 31.882018, -109.206636, 2019-07- 18, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, swept around head, 4♂ (Am 714*, 717–719*, AMNH); 2019-07- 19, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, swept around head, 2♂ (Am 709*, 711*, AMNH). Arkansas: Logan Co., Magazine Mt. 2750 ft, 1992-07-06, leg. D. Grimaldi, 11♂ (Am 323*, 326, 331, 339, 340, 347, 353, 355*, 356, 358, 361*, AMNH). California: 5 mi W. Willow Creek, 1951-07, leg. M. Wasserman and W.B. Heed, 2182.7, 1♂ (Am 68*, AMNH); Los Angeles Co., Angeles National Forest, vicinity of BYA Harmony Pines Camp, 2017-06-05 through 2017-06-17, leg. D. Grimaldi, flying about head, 1♂ (Am 525*, AMNH). Georgia: Towns-White Cos., Unicoi Pk., 1954-10-02, leg. H. R. Dodge, net, 3♂ (Am 410*, 412, 415, WSU). Illinois: Carlinville, 1954-08-23, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 65*, AMNH); Hardin Co., Shawnee Nat. For., 37.594631, -88.382478, 2018-08-08, leg. L.E. Jones and J.L. Hughes, 1♂ (Am 649*, AMNH); 2018-08-08, leg. J.L. Hughes and L.E. Jones, 1♂ (Am 735*, AMNH); Savoy, 1916-05-23, [leg. J. R. Malloch], on sap, 1♂ (Am 1587, INHS); Henderson Co., 3.0 mi E Oquawka, 1989-08-30, leg. E.A. Lisowski, malaise trap, 1♂ (Am 1596*, INHS); Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Pres., 5 mi. SE Westville, 1977-08-08, leg. D.W. Webb, 1♂ (Am 1598*, INHS); White Heath, 1915-08-08, [leg. J. R. Malloch], 1♂ (Am 1588, INHS). Missouri: Carter Co., Ridge Road at Road C, 4.5 mi SW of Van Buren, 1967-08-04, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 381*, CAS); Taney Co., Mincy Conservation Area, ex. Bear Mtn., 36 32 55.74 N, 4 33.60 W, 350 m, leg. B.J. Sinclair, CNC 1450106, 1♂ (Am 1297*, CNC). New Mexico: Gila National Forest, Cherry Creek campground, 32.914167 S, 108.22500 W, 2103 m, 2007-08-14, leg. S. Kelso, Diptera #58837, 1♂ (Am 1288*, CNC); 12 mi N Silver City, 1950-08, leg. M. R. Wheeler, 2051, 1♂ (Am 58*, AMNH). New York: Jeff Co., Wellesley Is., 1963-08- 22, leg. L.L. Pechuman, 1♂ (Am 37*, AMNH); Sta. Study Insects, Tuxedo, 1928-06-25, leg. C.H. Curran, 1♂ (Am 43*, AMNH); Tompkins Co., Texas Hollow, 1983-07-26, leg. D. Grimaldi and L.L. Pechuman, flying about head, 2♂ (Am 24*, 35*, AMNH); Orange Co., Cornwall, Black Rock Forest, 2014-09- 06 through 2014-09-07, leg. D. Grimaldi, 1♂ (Am 421*, AMNH). North Carolina: Cumberland Co., Fort Bragg, 1967-05-14, leg. J.D. Birchim, 1♂ (Am 405*, AMNH); 1967-05-15, leg. J.D. Birchim, 1♂ (Am 403*, AMNH); 28 v-3, 1967-06, leg. J.D. Birchim, 1♂ (Am 404*, AMNH). Ohio: Sand Run Pk., 1938-09-10, leg. G.E. Shewell, “ Paratype - No. 8018 Paratype ” [not published], 1♂ (Am 1348*, CNC); Vinton, 1900-06-05 through 1900-06-12, [collector unknown], 1♂ (Am 466*, SEMC). Oklahoma: Woods Co., 3 mi W. Waynoka, old road to Herman, 1967-08-12, leg. H.B. Leech, 1♂ (Am 378*, CAS). Virginia: Giles Co., #98 Mt. Lake Biol. Sta., 1973-07-27, leg. G.W. Byers, 1♂ (Am 437*, SEMC) Prince William Co., 0.5 km NE Thorofare Gap, vic. Haymarket, 1966-06-25, leg. P.H. Arnaud Jr., 1♂ (Am 402*, CAS). DISTRIBUTION: Amiota hsui is very widespread, inhabiting most of Eastern North America, with populations as far west as Arizona and California. Populations in southern as well as northern California suggest this species may possibly be more extensively distributed in western United States than current collections show. COMMENTS: It is likely that most male flies referred to as A. humeralis in older literature are of the then undescribed A. hsui, likely the identity of “ Amiota species A ” in Wheeler (1952). Amiota setigera Malloch is now known to be the male of A. humeralis. In their treatment of Drosophilidae in the D.C. area, Malloch and McAtee (1924) figured the male genitalia of A. hsui (erroneously referred to in the text as A. humeralis). This species exhibits the characteristic behavior of attraction to the eyes and face common to many Amiota., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Maca, J. 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 247 - 274.","Malloch, J. R., and W. L. McAtee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37: 25 - 42.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218."]}

Amiota buccata Wheeler, 1952 Figures 68C–D, 72B, 74, 94C Amiota buccata Wheeler, 1952: 171 (original description); Wheeler, 1965: 761 (Nearctic catalog); Brake and Bächli, 2008: 250 (world catalog). DIAGNOSIS: Large fly (ThL 1.54–1.71 mm), dark brown, nearly black; cheek very deep (EL/ CW 5.46–6.18), white posteriorly; frons brown, dull, arista with few, short branches; epandrium dorsally complete; surstylus slender, foot-shaped; subepandrial sclerite with spindle-shaped central appendage; aedeagal apodeme large, shieldlike, quadrate in dorsal view; outer paraphysis a broad complex in lateral view, posterior portion laterally flattened and short with small preapical dorsal hook, base with large spine facing ventrally; inner paraphyses a simple pair of narrow lobes. DESCRIPTION: Large fly (ThL 1.54–1.71 mm), dark brown, almost black, legs yellow. Cheek very deep (EL/CW 5.46–6.18), white posteriorly. Frons entirely dark golden-rust. Facial marking large, semicircular, width 0.5× length. Palp golden, tip brown. Tergite 1 lightly colored. Arista: Very short, plumose; longest branch D2; A.R. 0.26; 4 dorsal, 0 ventral branches, none pointed mediad/laterad; arista trunk with medium microtrichia along entire length. Male genitalia: Epandrium fused at midline, not distinct, barely grading with membrane surrounding cercus. Cercus small, oval, distinct from membrane. Surstylus armlike, slender, bent distally with scattered setulae; 7 prensisetae, apices blunt, closely spaced, of increasing size laterally. Subepandrial sclerite large, nearly as long as the aedeagal apodeme; with thin, spindle-shaped central appendage. Outer paraphysis very complex: posterior portion a moderately long, laterally flattened lobe with a small preapical dorsal hook; base of lobe with patch 4–5 sensilla; lateral to lobe, a small appendage, facing posteriorly; anterior portion of outer paraphysis bifurcate, 2 long, darkly sclerotized rods, tapering to point, facing ventrally. Inner paraphysis narrow, simple, wedge shaped, immediately anterior to outer paraphyses. Aedeagal apodeme long, shieldlike, anterior 1/3 curved; distal end widely flared with a concave depression; 2 lobes near the base, large, as wide as distal lobes. Hypandrium simple; lateral arm with large gonopod, oriented dorsally. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.5× length of epandrium. Head and thorax measurements: (n = 5; Am 13, 14, 17, 18, 20) FL/FW 0.63 (0.59– 0.75), EL/EW 1.37 (1.30–1.48), EL/CW 6.12 (5.46–6.18), FML/FMW 0.38 (0.33–0.44), PR /RR 0.58 (0.46–0.77), ThL 1.63 (1.54–1.71 mm). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: Data taken from Wheeler (1952): “ ♂, No. 2170.5, from Mill Canyon, Magdalena Mts., near Magdalena, New Mexico, taken by the writer in June, 1951,” [not examined]. Deposited in National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. (USNM). Paratypes: Localities and numbers of paratype specimens in AMNH differ slightly from Wheeler (1952) in some cases: “6, with same data as holotype” [Mill Canyon, Magdalena Mts., S. Magdalena, VI /26- VI /27/51, 2170.5, W.B. Heed/M. R. Wheeler, paratype], [34.008746, -107.201329], 2♂ and 2♀ (Am 14–16, 17*, AMNH); “Cherry Creek Camp near Silver City (4)” [12 mi. N. Silver City, Aug 1950, M. R. Wheeler, paratype], [33.019248, -108.263582], [all specimens are A. nebojsa Máca, see Comments], 4♂ (specimen numbers under A. nebojsa Máca, AMNH); “Long Valley in Coconino National Forest (2)” [Arizona: Clover Springs, Coconino Nat’l. Forest, 50 mi. S. Flagstaff, VI /22- VI /23/51, W.B. Heed/M. R. Wheeler, paratype], [34.506258, -111.362842], 1♂ and 1♀ (Am 18*, 19, AMNH); “Mogollon Road south of Flagstaff (4)” [Mogollon Rim Road, Arizona, June 1951, M. R. Wheeler and W.B. Heed, 2169.8, paratype], [34.326000, -110.958445], 3♂ and 1♀ (Am 7.5*, 12, 13*, 20, AMNH). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Known only from the type series. DISTRIBUTION: This species seems to be restricted to the Arizona Mountains Forest ecoregion in Arizona and New Mexico. COMMENTS: The paratype series of A. buccata Wheeler at the AMNH contains another species. The four specimens from 12 mi. N. of Silver City are of A. nebojsa Máca. While the holotype specimen at the USNM has not been dissected for confirmation, its identity is assumed to be the same as the paratypes taken from the same series as the holotype., Published as part of Jones, Lance E. & Grimaldi, David A., 2022, Revision Of The Nearctic Species Of The Genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-181 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (458) on pages 129-131, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.458.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7400026, {"references":["Wheeler, M. R. 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. University of Texas Publication 5204: 162 - 218.","Wheeler, M. R. 1965. Family Drosophilidae. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson (editors), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico: 760 - 772. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.","Brake, I., and G. Bachli. 2008. Drosophilidae (Diptera). World Catalogue of Insects 9: 1 - 412. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books."]}

Jones, Lance E., Berkov, Amy, Grimaldi, David (2021): Saproxylic fly diversity in a Costa Rican forest mosaic. Journal of Natural History 55 (19-20): 1251-1265, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1943031, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1943031

The Drosophila spinipes Species Group Diagnosis: Arista with 1 ventral terminal branch, 2 short dorsal branches (fig. 1A); labellum with 15–16 pseudotracheae and apical-marginal row of stout microsetae on each lobe (fig. 1C); cibarium simple, with ca. 10 sensilla (none of them trichodea), not in rows; proximal end of cibarium without bend, bulb or sclerotization (fig. 1B). Face narrow, flat, no carina, with median cleft on oral margin; 2 pairs of vibrissae (second pair 0.5–0.9X the size of true vibrissae); anterior reclinate orbital large, ~0.7–1.1X the size of proclinate; ocellar setae lateral to anterior ocellus (fig. 1A). Notum and dorsal portion of pleuron usually dark (except for spinipes Lamb); pleuron ventrally light (rarely dark) (figs. 2A, 3); anterior spiracle deeply recessed, with large posterior channel (fig. 2C); anterior dorsocentral setae barely larger than acrostichals; 2 small tubercles near notopleural suture, one bearing notopleural seta, another with supra-alar seta (fig. 2C). Profemur and protarsomere 1 very short, profemur stout; protarsus with 7–9 black, spine-like setae on tarsomeres 1 and 2 in both sexes (figs. 2E, F; 5). Wing: costal spinules ending slightly beyond apex of R 2+3; anal lobe and veins CuA+CuP, A 1 highly reduced (fig. 2D). Oviscapt with stout apical pegs (3 dorsal, 2 ventral), emarginate gap between dorsal and ventral ones (fig. 7); spermathecae not present or highly vestigial, ventral receptacle well developed but membranous; oviprovector membrane without scales; female tergite 8 narrow, dorsally long and sloping, lateral portions strap-like; 1–2 large eggs matured at a time, devoid of filaments (fig. 6E). Male genitalia simple, without pair of lateral postgonites (paraphyses); cercus not laterally attached/fused to epandrium; ventral lobe of epandrium long, narrow, apex with 1-3 short, spine-like setae; surstylus long, with row of spine-like prensisetae (no peg-like ones) (figs. 8–10). Anthophilous. Description: Coloration: The following structures always dull blackish-brown, except in spinipes (which is overall dark yellowish-ochre): lateral surfaces of labellum; palps, clypeus, face, cheeks, antennae; frons, occiput; mesoscutum (sometimes with pair of faint, incomplete, lighter paramedian vittae [fig. 3E), scutellum, subscutellum, postnotum; on pleuron: anepisternum, anepimeron, katatergite, haltere (in nigrospinipes n. sp. the katepisternum and meron are also dark); dorsal (not lateral) portions of tergites. Terminal tergites (7, 8) in both sexes variable (either dark blackish brown or yellowish) (fig. 4). The following structures are yellowish: portions of the pleuron other than those mentioned above; coxae and legs (generally lighter yellow); prosternum; abdominal sternites, lateral portions of tergites; sometimes tergites 7, 8 and cerci; oviscapt valves. Wing without patterning, membrane always with faint smoky tint, subcostal cell darker brown (fig. 2D). Eyes reddish. Head: Occiput moderately concave, head partially "cupped" onto anterior face of thorax; head inserted low on thorax, frons in line with curvature of thoracic dorsum (fig. 2A). Proboscis relatively short, when retracted slightly exposed ventrally; labellum laterally flattened when closed, lateral surface of lobe lightly sclerotized; each lobe with ~15 pseudotracheae; anterior margin of lobe with row ~20 short, stiff, spinule-like setulae (figs. 1C, 2B). Palp clavate, with 7–8 setae; prementum short, overlapping cibarium; lacinia with short dorsal arm. Cibarium relatively simple: almost rectangular, hypopharynx very lightly sclerotized, no other sclerotization; pair of campaniform sensilla at distal end, 10–12 smaller campaniform sensilla scattered over and near hypopharynx; no sensilla trichodea or combs of sensilla; proximal end without bend, bulb, or sclerotization (fig. 1B). Clypeus deep, laterally narrow, inserted into oral cavity, small anterior portion exposed (fig. 2B). Oral margin of face with shallow cleft in middle. One large pair of vibrissae, smaller second pair ~0.5x the thickness and length. Face very narrow, width ~0.50–0.68x the depth, flat to slightly concave, carina entirely absent; sides of face parallel (fig. 1A). Antenna: Entire pedicel and portion of scape recessed into ptilinum; pedicel with 5–6 fine setulae (dorsal one largest); basal flagellomere short, apex distant from oral margin, with very short microtrichia (no long, fine ones); arista with 2 dorsal, 1 ventral branch, plus terminal fork, ventral branch midway between second dorsal one and terminal fork. Eyes large, virtually no cheeks; almost bare, with very few, very fine ommatrichia (fig. 1A). Frons: Lateral margins significantly diverge dorsad. Most of frons matte except frontal-orbital plates, which are slightly shiny; plates narrow, end slightly anterior to proclinate. Frontal vittae slightly velvety. Frontal-orbital setae: proclinate slightly longer to slightly shorter than anterior reclinate; anterior reclinate closer to proclinate than to posterior reclinate; posterior reclinate longest orbital, midway between anterior reclinate and inner vertical; ipsilateral orbitals in line with inner vertical; verticals close, inners convergent, outers divergent. Postocellars small, usually convergent; ocellar setae lateral to anterior ocellus (Fig. 1A). Thorax: Dorsum moderately arched. Acrostichals relatively long, in 6–8 irregular rows between levels of dorsocentrals, prescutellar acrostichals slightly thicker and longer. Posterior dorsocentrals relatively close to scutellar margin; anterior dorsocentrals small, slightly longer and thicker than acrostichals. Postpronotal lobe with 2 long setae, 2 smaller ones dorsally. Anterior spiracle deeply recessed, covered by posterior margin of eye, open to surface through short, broad, pollinose channel (fig. 2C). Notopleural setae: 1 dorsal, 2 ventral pre-suturals; 1 dorsal, 2 ventral post-suturals; 2 ventral ones on low tubercles. One long supra-alar seta, 1 short postalar seta. Scutellum relatively long, apex narrowed; 2 pairs scutellar setae, posterior ones slightly longer. Subscutellum slightly swollen, postnotum large. Katepisternum with 2 setae: anterior one 0.45–0.70x size of posterior one. Pleuron bare of setulae. Legs: Very light, covered with very light setulae. Coxae relatively short. Femora: profemur very short and stout, 0.65–0.85X length of mid femur, hind femur largest (fig. 3). Protibia with 5–6 oblique, transverse rows fine, comb-like setulae; hind tibia with fine, preapical dorsal seta. Protarsus with basal segment very short, shorter than tarsomere 2. Tarsomeres 1 and 2 with large, black, heavily sclerotized, spine-like on ventral surface: 3–4 on tarsomere 1, 4–5 spines on tarsomere 2, as numbered in fig. 5). Spines alternating in size: #6> 3> 1 = 8> 2, 4, 5, 7, except in nigrospinipes n. sp., where most spines are of equivalent sizes, as are ones on tarsomere 2 of jambiya n. sp. Spines usually fang-shaped, except for ones on tarsomere 2 in jambiya; the larger spines with a longitudinal furrow on broad surface (fig. 2E, F). No sexual dimorphism in spines. Mid and hind tarsus with length of tarsomere 1 approximately equal to combined lengths of tarsomeres 2–5. Tarsomere 5 with dorso-apical ring of 7 long setulae. Pretarsal claws large, black, heavily sclerotized; pulvilli large, feathery; empodium slightly feathered. Wing (fig. 2D): Sc ending halfway to C, apically evanescent; C with fine, longer spinules proximal to Sc break; dense, short, thick spinules ending slightly past R 2+3; C thick, well developed to apex of M 1. R 2+3 long, R 4+5 ending at apex of wing. Cell bm absent (bm-m absent); cell cua present but small. CuA+CuP largely absent, a small spur; A 1 absent; anal lobe highly reduced; alula and calypter each with marginal fringe of long, fine setae. Abdomen (fig. 4): Relatively short, length approximately equal to that of thorax. Anterior end broad, abdomen laterally tapered to narrow posterior end in both sexes. Tergites evenly covered with short setae; longer ones on posterior margins and lateral surfaces, especially segments 4 and 5. Male Terminalia (figs. 8–12): Epandrium: approximately as broad as deep, U-shaped, dorsal arch with microtrichia and ~10 setae; ventral lobe slender, tapered to an apical point, reaching to approximately ventral level of surstylus, setose but lacking microtrichia, apex with one to three spine-like setae (not black). Cerci: relatively flat, with microtrichia and setae, not connected laterally to epandrium; without ventral lobes. Surstylus: relatively long, narrowed ventrad, pair attached dorsally to subepandrial sclerite; each surstylus with dorsoventral row of 10–20 black, sclerotized, spine-like prensisetae, no pegs; several fine setulae on inner margin of surstylus. Subepandrial sclerite large, variable though roughly H-shaped, broader than deep. Hypandrium: Approximately same length as phallus + aedeagal apodeme; apical-lateral lobes turned inward; one short pair of postgonites (paraphyses) present, at base of phallus, lightly to moderately sclerotized, each lobe with a fine setula. Aedeagal apodeme apically broadened, length approximately equal to that of phallus. Phallus (aedeagus): bilaterally divided into pair of valves, with coarse or fine teeth/serrations, fine spicules, sometimes with fine scales medially, or bare; apical margins finely serrate, papillate, or smooth. Female Terminalia (figs. 6, 7): Tergite 7 very short dorsally (barely visible dorsally), ventrally long, triangular in lateral view. Tergite 8 ("tergite 7" in David et al., [2011]) dorsally long and narrow, with microtrichia; with long, narrow, lateral lobes whose apices become faintly sclerotized and spectral, lateral lobes without microtrichia. Small hypoproct and epiproct present; no cerci. Sternite 8 (oviscapt) with pair of laterally flattened valves joined by nar- row bridge at anterior end; each valve with 10–15 pegs, depending on species; largest pegs always 5 apical-most ones. Oviscapt with following structures, from dorsally to ventrally (fig. 7K): always with group of 3 large, apical-dorsal pegs ("dorsal triad"), below them the "apical notch", then another two large pegs (the "ventral pair"), a subapical setula (apical sensilla trichodea absent) and finally a ventral row of 5–10 small pegs (the "ventral series"). Oviprovector membrane well developed, but lacking scales, fine or coarse. Spermathecae not observed in this study (contra Burla [1954], David et al. [2011]), either lost or highly vestigial; ventral receptacle well developed but membranous, with 4–5 folds and having a narrow blind end, lying approximately in segment 4 when oviscapt retracted (fig. 6). Egg (fig. 6E): Very large, width approximately 0.5x the length; lacking any anterior filaments (even minute ones), micropyle well developed; chorionic pattern of follicle-cell imprints very faint. One or two large eggs matured at one time. Of 8 dissected females from throughout the range, three had one egg, one had two. No eggs contained an unhatched larva. Included species: Drosophila spinipes Lamb, D. suma Burla, D. cameroonensis n. sp., D. freidbergi n. sp., D. hypandrilata n. sp., D. jambiya n. sp., D. malagasy n. sp., D. nigrospinipes n. sp., D. phalloserra, n. sp. Relationships: Flies in the spinipes group superficially resemble ones in the Zygothrica genus group based on coloration and a few aspects of the arista and terminalia. A thorax with a dark, moderately arched notum, contrasting with light pleura and sterna is found in many species of Hirtodrosophila, most Mycodrosophil a, all Paraliodrosophila, and some Zygothrica. One ventral, terminal branch of the arista is common to all species of the Zygothrica group, but unlike the spinipes group they have 4 or more dorsal, longer branches. Bare eyes are found in Mycodrosophila and Zygothrica. A pendulous, setose ventral lobe of the epandrium occurs in Paramycodrosophila, many Hirtodrosophila, and some Zygothrica, but which lack the apical, spine-like setae. An oviscapt with large apical pegs and a gap between them occurs in Paramycodrosophila and many Hirtodrosophila, but in the latter the distalmost ventral pegs are extended into an apical lobe. A female tergite 8 that is elongate and sloped, with long lateral extensions, is also found in some Zygothrica, but appears to be a feature associated with anthophily (found as well in some Drosophila, in Laccodrosophila and Zapriothrica). The relatively simple male terminalia, lacking a second pair of postgonites, occurs throughout Drosophila (except Sophophora), the Zygothrica group, and some other genera of Drosophilinae (Grimaldi, 1990). The prensisetae in spinipes -group flies are not pegs, but spine-like, as occur in a few Hirtodrosophila and Zygothrica. But, in almost all Zygothrica -group species some are peg prensisetae as well, even if just a short dorsal row. The condition of prensisetae in spinipes -group flies is more similar to what occurs in many Scaptomyza Hardy and Diathoneura Duda. Plesiomorphic features of the spinipes group, which exclude them from the Zygothrica genus group include the following: face flat, without any carina; flagellomere 1 short, apex not near the oral margin; anterior reclinate orbital seta large, approximately equal in size to proclinate (vs. a fraction the size, often minute); cibarium lacking a large, sclerotized proximal bulb, and with only scattered, trich-less sensilla (Grimaldi, 1990); in males the ejaculatory bulb lacks a pair of diverticula (cf. Throckmorton, 1966), in females scales are lacking on the eversible membrane between the oviscapt valves, the oviprovector (vs. heavily scaled); in males none of the prensisetae (on the surstylus) are peg-like. Autapomorphic features of the spinipes group are many and include the following: the distinctive protarsal spines found in both sexes; profemur and protarsomere 1 very short; very narrow face; eyes large, with very shallow cheek; ocellar setae lying outside the triangle; dorsal arm of lacinia short; spinule-like microsetae on the labellum; notopleural area with two low, setigerous tubercles; thick costal spinules ending slightly after apex of R 2+3 (normally these end midway between R 2+3 and R 4+5); anal lobe and vein CuA+CuP highly reduced; anterior dorsocentral setae small, barely larger than acrostichals; anterior spiracle deeply recessed; 1–2 large eggs lacking apical filaments (vs. generally 4 filaments in the Zygothrica group); spermathecae lost or highly vestigial. Burla (1954) and David et al. (2011) mentioned the presence of minute, unsclerotized spermathecae, though we did not find evidence of these at even 400X (this may be due to our use of specimens that were macerated rather than fresh or fixed). We also found, like these authors, a large but membranous ventral receptacle. The large 1– 2 eggs without filaments, the loss/great reduction of spermathecae, and large apical pegs on the oviscapt are features correlated with anthophily (Brncic, 1983). The foretarsal spines and shortened profemur and protarsomere 1 are related to the manner of adult feeding, as possibly are the spinule-like labellar spinules (for rasping surfaces). In summary, various plesiomorphic features of the spinipes group exclude them from the Zygothrica genus group, which agrees with a comment by David et al. (2011), about unpublished data from 28S rRNA sequences. Similarities between the two groups appear to be either superficial or due to convergence. Loss of the second pair of postgonites indicates that the spinipes group is more derived than the genera/subgenera Scaptodrosophila, Lordiphosa and Sophophora, Chymomyza, Neotanygastrella and some other Drosophilinae (Grimaldi, 1990). Spinipes - group flies are less derived than Drosophila by the lack of a facial carina, the plesiomorphic cibarial structure (Grimaldi, 1990), and having prensisetae that are not peg-like. Cariou et al. (2009) may be correct that a separate genus should accommodate spinipes -group species, but we would rather wait for additional genetic analyses (genes and taxa) before erecting a new genus. The group has a perplexing combination of very primitive features and derived genitalic ones. We agree with David et al. (2011) that male genitalia (and other morphology, including oviscapt and tarsal spine structure) of spinipes -group flies show no relationship to other anthophilous drosophilids with tarsal spines, specifically the Asian genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere and the Neotropical genus Laccodrosophila Duda (cf. Grimaldi, 1990). Impatiophila Fu and Gao from Southeast Asia, which is also anthophilous, has small, paired spines on the hind tarsomeres, leading us to think that convergent origins of tarsal spines is perhaps functionally related to anthophily. For now, it seems adequate to retain the spinipes group in the genus Drosophila, unplaced to a subgenus., Published as part of Grimaldi, David A. & Jones, Lance E., 2020, A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4809 (1) on pages 3-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4809.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3933799, {"references":["Burla, H. (1954) Zur kenntnis der Drosophiliden der Elfenbeinkuste (Franzosisch West-Afrika). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 61 (supplement), 1 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 75413","Grimaldi, D. A. (1990) Revision of Zygothrica (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Part 2, The first African species, two new Indo-Pacific groups, and the bilineata and samoaensis species groups. American Museum Novitates, 2964, 1 - 31.","Brncic, D. (1983) Ecology of flower-breeding Drosophila. In: Ashburner, M., Carson, H. L. & Thompson, J. N. (Eds.), The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. Vol. 3 b. Academic Press, New York, pp. 333 - 382."]}