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Three-dimensional (3D) trapezium models from Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.333-80), and Homo habilis (O.H.7-NNQ) were acquired through laser digitizing. Least-square planes were generated for each articular surface, and the angles between the planes were compared. Each extant species displays an overall pattern that distinguishes it from the others. The observed angles in G. gorilla and P. troglodytes are more similar to one other than either is to H. sapiens. Our results, obtained from using new 3D modeling and analytical tools, raise interesting questions about the functional capabilities of the fossil trapezia. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that A.L.333-80 is morphologically more similar to that of modern humans, whereas the O.H.7 trapezium is more similar to that of the gorilla. Significant differences between A.L.333-80 and the extant species occur, but some similarities to humans suggest the ability to form the distinctively human forceful pad-to-side and three-jaw chuck grips. Some key morphological differences from humans highlighted and quantified by our research suggest limitations in the functional capabilities of the O.H.7 trapezium, particularly in those that facilitate pronation at the base of the second metacarpal. If the O.H.7 trapezium represents part of the hand responsible for manufacturing and using the stone tools found at Olduvai, our results suggest that the hand manipulated the stones in a way for which we have no modern analog. Alternative considerations are that the O.H.7 trapezium is not representative of other trapezia from its species (i.e., N = 1), or that it represents another primate or hominid species. KEY WORDS precision grip; power grip; tool use; tool manufacture; 3D modeling

Spatial and temporal association patterns of predator and prey fishes abundance at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia are presented. Results show that greater predator and prey densities are found with a strong association between piscivorous fishes and their prey on coral-reef habitats.

Faecal output may offer a useful index of colon cancer risk. Consuming more non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) prompts excretion of more than 150 g of faeces per day, and also gives higher quantities of faecal-resistant starch (RS) and faecal-NSP. It is possible that diets high in RS and low in NSP could lead to increased risk of colon cancer. It seems that some starch must survive fermentation to reach the distal end if RS is to impact positively on colonic events, especially in the distal colon.

Juveniles from a coral reef fish population can return to their natal reef, according to research undertaken among the damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. This research involved marking otoliths in fishes with the fluorescent compound tetracycline. Researchers collected 7,327 juveniles from light traps, with the otoliths of a random selection of 5,000 being dissected out and investigated using a fluorescence microscope. There were 15 fish with sagittal otoliths with a clear yellow, tetracycline mark, which indicates that coral reef fish larvae are able to return to their natal reef.

Shakespeare was glancing satirically at certain popularity-understood characteristics of puritans, including sartorial sobriety, sanctimoniousness, abstemiousness, and distate for revelry, which was recognized in the presentation of Malvolio in 'Twelfth Night'. Malvolio's 'puratanism' is a modern construct and that the character is not necessarily taken by an Elizabeth audience as reflecting to some degree values and behavior associated with puritans.

Inulin and oligofructose were used as fat replaces in Anzac cookies, blueberry muffins, carrot cake, chocolate cake, lemon cheesecake, ice cream, and beef sausages at levels ranging from 4 to 13g/100g, achieving a significant reduction in fat content. Regression analysis showed that, unlike the controls, texture was more important than flavor in determining overall acceptability of the low-fat foods.

Three-dimensional trapezium models from Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.333-80), and Homo habilis (O.H.7) are acquired through laser digitizing. Least-square planes are generated for each articular surface and the angles between the planes are compared. Each extant species displays an overall pattern that distinguishes it from the others. The observed angles in G. gorilla and P. troglodytes are more similar to one other than either are to H. sapiens. Our results, obtained from using new 3D modeling and analytical tools, raise interesting questions about the functional capabilities of the fossil hands of A. afarensis and H. habilis. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that A.L. 333-80 is morphologically more similar to that of modern humans whereas the O.H.7 trapezium is more similar to that of the gorilla. Significant differences between A.L.333-80 and the extant species occur, but some similarities to humans suggest the ability to form two distinctively human grips. The presence of some key morphological differences from humans highlighted and quantified by our research indicates marked differences in the functional capabilities of the O.H.7 trapezium, particularly in those that facilitate modern human tool manufacture and tool use. If the O.H.7 trapezium represents part of the hand responsible for manufacturing and using the stone tools found at Olduvai, our results suggest that the hand manipulated the stones in a way for which we have no modern analog.

Discusses how habitat selection and aggression can be considered determinants of spatial segregation among damselfish on a coral reef. Distribution and abundance of adult and juvenile Dischistodus species; Habitat availability and use.

Describes the lithology and petrography of red beds present in the Bima Sandstone at two main localities in Nigeria. Effect of climate on the production of red soils; Accelerated erosion of igneous and metamorphic rocks; Association of oxidizing and reducing conditions with shallow-water sedimentary structures.