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Purpose To present novel findings in stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis (SNIFR), including the largest series of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings to date. Methods A retrospective case series with multimodal imaging was obtained and reviewed. Results All three patients were women, ages 59-63. Two cases were unilateral and one was bilateral. Vision ranged from 20/20 to 20/60 in the affected eyes. Peripheral retinoschisis was observed in all three patients. All patients were followed for a minimum of one year. In one case, progressive macular retinoschisis leading to foveal involvement was observed over two years, with an associated vision decline from 20/25 to 20/60. Attempted interventions included topical dorzolamide in all cases and intravitreal bevacizumab in one patient; however, no treatment effect was observed. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size was within normal limits (mean 280[micro]m). In all SNIFR eyes, the retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular. Conclusion Novel findings regarding SNIFR include the progressive nature of foveal involvement and the lack of response to topical dorzolamide and intravitreal bevacizumab. FAZ was normal in all eyes, consistent with the relatively preserved vision in these cases. Retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular in all eyes, a finding which may give insight into the mechanism of this disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To facilitate timely surgery and efficient use of operating room time, our practice uses a team-based approach so patients may undergo primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery with a different surgeon instead of the diagnosing surgeon. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 331 eyes that underwent RRD surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: RRD surgery performed by the diagnosing surgon, and RRD surgery performed by a different surgeon. RESULTS: Of 331 eyes, 200 eyes (60.4%) were repaired by the diagnosing surgeon and 131 eyes (39.6%) were repaired by a different surgeon. Primary anatomic success (PAS) rates at 3 months postoperatively were equivalent between the two groups (87.0% and 87.8% in the diagnosing surgeon and different surgeon groups, respectively [ P = .83]). There was no significant difference in preoperative ( P = .08) or final ( P = .28) visual acuity between the groups. Time between diagnosis and RRD repair was shorter in the different surgeon group (median of 1.5 days [IQR: 1.0–3.6] in the surgeon group versus 2.2 days [IQR: 0.8–5.7] in the diagnosing surgeon group) ( P = .03). Logistic regression analysis gave no evidence to suggest that PAS rates depended on day of week, time of day surgery was performed, group, or the interaction between those factors ( P = .93). CONCLUSIONS: Visual and anatomic success in RRD repair are equivalent when surgery is performed by either the diagnosing surgeon or a surgical colleague because time to surgery is reduced. Neither time of day nor day of the week had any influence on the outcomes. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2021;52:560–566.]

To report a case series of full-thickness macular holes without vitreomacular traction that resolved without surgery.Retrospective case series of 11 patients who demonstrated closure of full-thickness macular holes without surgical intervention.All full-thickness macular holes closed, with all patients having improvement in visual acuity. All but one of the cases had acuity better than 20/40 at last recorded visit. Most cases presented with associated epiretinal membrane (73%), cystoid changes (64%), defects150 microns (80%) and resolved within 2 months (91%). Topical anti-inflammatory drops were used in 7/11 cases, and dorzolamide was used in 1 case.Full-thickness macular holes can develop in eyes without the presence of vitreomacular traction. Topical therapy without vitrectomy may be particularly helpful in closure of full-thickness macular holes with associated cystoid macular edema. Holes with a lamellar hole component may spontaneously resolve as part of a retinal remodeling process.

Objective Surgeon tremor was measured during vitreoretinal microscopic surgeries under different hand support conditions. Background While the ophthalmic surgeon’s forearm is supported using a standard symmetric wrist rest when operating on the patient’s same side as the dominant hand (SSD), the surgeon’s hand is placed directly on the patient’s forehead when operating on the contralateral side of the dominant hand (CSD). It was hypothesized that more tremor is associated with CSD surgeries than SSD surgeries and that, using an experimental asymmetric wrist rest where the contralateral wrist bar gradually rises and curves toward the patient’s operative eye, there is no difference in tremor associated with CSD and SSD surgeries. Methods Seventy-six microscope videos, recorded from three surgeons performing macular membrane peeling operations, were analyzed using marker-less motion tracking, and movement data (instrument path length and acceleration) were recorded. Tremor acceleration frequency and magnitude were measured using spectral analysis. Following 47 surgeries using a conventional symmetric wrist support, surgeons incorporated the experimental asymmetric wrist rest into their surgical routine. Results There was 0.11 mm/s2 (22%) greater ( p = .05) average tremor acceleration magnitude for CSD surgeries (0.62 mm/s2, SD = 0.08) than SSD surgeries (0.51 mm/s2, SD = 0.09) for the symmetric wrist rest, while no significant ( p > .05) differences were observed (0.57 mm, SD = 0.13 for SSD and 0.58 mm, SD = 0.11 for CSD surgeries) for the experimental asymmetric wrist rest. Conclusion The asymmetric wrist support reduced the difference in tremor acceleration between CSD and SSD surgeries.

In this retrospective, multicenter study of 261 eyes (259 patients), patients who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) post-lockdown period experienced an additional 22-day delay, leading to significantly more epiretinal membrane and proliferative vitreoretinopathy and lower single-surgery anatomic success rates. During lockdown, perfluoropropane gas was used more commonly, and pneumatic retinopexy was used more commonly in COVID-19-positive patients.

To present novel findings in stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis (SNIFR), including the largest series of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings to date.A retrospective case series with multimodal imaging was obtained and reviewed.All three patients were women, ages 59-63. Two cases were unilateral and one was bilateral. Vision ranged from 20/20 to 20/60 in the affected eyes. Peripheral retinoschisis was observed in all three patients. All patients were followed for a minimum of one year. In one case, progressive macular retinoschisis leading to foveal involvement was observed over two years, with an associated vision decline from 20/25 to 20/60. Attempted interventions included topical dorzolamide in all cases and intravitreal bevacizumab in one patient; however, no treatment effect was observed. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size was within normal limits (mean 280[micro]m). In all SNIFR eyes, the retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular.Novel findings regarding SNIFR include the progressive nature of foveal involvement and the lack of response to topical dorzolamide and intravitreal bevacizumab. FAZ was normal in all eyes, consistent with the relatively preserved vision in these cases. Retinoschisis cavities were nonvascular in all eyes, a finding which may give insight into the mechanism of this disease.

Diabetes can be associated with profound visual loss due to several mechanisms. As the duration of diabetes and blood glucose levels increase, these changes become more severe. The proliferation of new blood vessels, vitreous hemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachments may ultimately result and can be devastating to visual function. New advances, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications and innovative microsurgical instruments, have provided additional methods for the management of diabetic retinopathy in the clinic and in the operating room, leading to improved outcomes. Advances in earlier treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, especially with anti-VEGF injections, allow for a reduction in severity, improved vision, and more controlled and successful surgery. Modern surgical techniques and instrumentation have also allowed for improved patient outcomes. Future research into sustained delivery and release of anti-VEGF, reducing the need for frequent in-office injections, may prove to be additionally beneficial. Over the last decade, anti-VEGF has become an increasingly common treatment modality for the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhages, and tractional retinal detachments. Further research is needed to determine the ideal method of delivery and timing of the treatment.

Diabetes can be associated with profound visual loss due to several mechanisms. As the duration of diabetes and blood glucose levels increase, these changes become more severe. The proliferation of new blood vessels, vitreous hemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachments may ultimately result and can be devastating to visual function. New advances, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications and innovative microsurgical instruments, have provided additional methods for the management of diabetic retinopathy in the clinic and in the operating room, leading to improved outcomes.Advances in earlier treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, especially with anti-VEGF injections, allow for a reduction in severity, improved vision, and more controlled and successful surgery. Modern surgical techniques and instrumentation have also allowed for improved patient outcomes. Future research into sustained delivery and release of anti-VEGF, reducing the need for frequent in-office injections, may prove to be additionally beneficial. Over the last decade, anti-VEGF has become an increasingly common treatment modality for the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhages, and tractional retinal detachments. Further research is needed to determine the ideal method of delivery and timing of the treatment.

Purpose: This article evaluates the influence of baseline diabetic macular edema (DME) on cost-utility analysis of treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) based on 5-year Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network ( DRCR.net ) Protocol S results. Methods: A decision-analysis model calculated comparative cost utility of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment for PDR with and without baseline DME. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services data were used to calculate associated modeled costs in a hospital/facility-based and nonfacility setting. Cost utility was calculated based on the preserved visual utility and estimated life years remaining. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of the model’s assumptions. Results: The modeled cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of treatment for PDR with baseline DME for 5 years of utility in the facility (nonfacility) setting was $280,919 ($203,444) in the PRP group and $452,387 ($339,319) in the IVR group. The estimated lifetime cost per QALY in the facility (nonfacility) setting was calculated as $84,761 ($50,077) in the PRP group and $314,483 ($230,301) in the IVR group. The cost per QALY of IVR for the first 5 years of treatment was 1.6 to 1.7 times that of PRP, whereas lifetime cost per QALY was 3.7 to 4.6 times higher. When considering all patients regardless of baseline DME status, lifetime cost per QALY of PRP was 8% to 13% higher, whereas IVR was only 1% higher compared with the cost per QALY without baseline DME. Conclusions: When considering the subset of patients with PDR and baseline DME, PRP maintains a more favorable cost utility compared with IVR. This augments previous reports that PRP has a more favorable cost utility than IVR for PDR without DME, given the marginal visual benefit of IVR.

Purpose To determine whether preoperative adjustments are required for intraocular lens calculations in combined phacovitrectomy surgery. Methods A single-center, retrospective study of 50 eyes that underwent combined phacovitrectomy and a control group of 50 eyes after cataract surgery over a 3-year period by a single anterior segment surgeon and a single posterior segment surgeon. Main outcome measures were predicted refractive error (RE), as determined by SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas, change compared with actual RE, surgically induced astigmatism, and the relationships between preoperative central foveal thickness or change in central foveal thickness and final RE. Results The differences in predicted and final RE between groups were not statistically significant between groups when both SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas were used (P > 0.05). Regardless of the formula used, final RE was neither significantly hyperopic nor myopic as compared to the target. There was no difference in surgically induced astigmatism between the two groups. Increased preoperative central foveal thickness was correlated with greater difference between predicted and actual RE. No relationship was noted between change in central foveal thickness and RE. Conclusion Combined phacovitrectomy for concurrent cataract epiretinal membrane by experienced cataract and vitreoretinal surgeons seems to deliver as predictable refractive results as cataract surgery alone.

Purpose: This work compares best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) outcome measures following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with and without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel for epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 114 eyes of 114 patients with visually significant ERM undergoing PPV with membrane peel (PPV/MP) at a single institution. CRT measurements were collected from Heidelberg and Zeiss spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging units. Results compared preoperative and postoperative CRT and BCVA among patients with at least 60 days of follow-up. Results: A total of 114 eyes with ERM met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-one eyes (71%) underwent PPV/MP with ILM peel and 33 eyes (29%) underwent PPV/MP without ILM peel. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative CRT between the 2 study groups ( P = .95). The mean follow-up time of eyes undergoing PPV/MP without ILM peel and with ILM peel was 391 days and 319 days, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the mean reduction of CRT between the 2 groups ( P = .470). Both groups had improvement of BCVA following surgery and there was no statistical difference in final logMAR visual acuity when comparing the 2 groups ( P = .738). Conclusions: There was an overall improvement of CRT and BCVA among patients undergoing PPV/MP for ERM with or without ILM peel. There was no statistically significant difference in the final BCVA or CRT between the 2 groups.

Purpose:We report the use of sequential vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) flaps in closure of a chronic, large, traumatic macular hole (MH) in a 32-year-old male patient.Methods:The patient underwent vitrectomy using a sequential ILM flap technique.Results:This sequential ILM flap technique resulted in complete closure of the MH and improvement in visual acuity. In this case, a second ILM flap procedure allowed for successful closure of a traumatic MH.Conclusions:This case suggests that the MH's closure may have been facilitated by both relief of tangential traction on the retina as well as glial tissue proliferation from presence of the ILM flap.

Use of nonsterile gloves and an alcohol pad does not significantly impact the contamination of the rubber septum of the aflibercept vial. Other contamination points might instead be explored for endophthalmitis risk.

Our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the utility of NSAID drops in pain control following intravitreal injection. The addition of topical NSAID to proparacaine drops and lidocaine ophthalmic gel had negligible effect on subjective pain.

Purpose Based on standard screening techniques, sickle retinopathy reportedly occurs in 10% of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). We performed a prospective, observational clinical study to determine if ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) detect more-frequent retinopathy in adolescents with SCD. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Setting : Institutional. Subjects : Sixteen adolescents with SCD, aged 10–19 years (mean age 14.9 years), and 5 age-equivalent controls (mean age 17.4 years). Observation Procedures : Examinations including acuity, standard slit-lamp biomicroscopy, UWFA, SD-OCT, and OCT-A were performed. Main Outcome Measures : Sickle retinopathy defined by biomicroscopic changes, Goldberg stages I-V, Penman scale, flow void on OCT-A, or macular thinning on SD-OCT. Results While 22 of 32 SCD eyes (68.8%) had retinopathy on biomicroscopy, by UWFA 4 of 24 (16.7%) SCD eyes had peripheral arterial occlusion (Goldberg I), and 20 of 24 eyes (83.3%) had peripheral arteriovenous anastomoses (Goldberg II) in addition. No patients had Goldberg stages III-V. By SD-OCT and OCT-A, thinning of the macula and flow voids in both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus were found in 6 of 30 (20%) eyes. Conclusions All 24 eyes with adequate UWFA studies demonstrated sickle retinopathy. SD-OCT and OCT-A, which have not been previously reported in the adolescent population, detected abnormal macular thinning and flow abnormalities undetected by biomicroscopy. These findings suggest that pediatric sickle retinopathy may be more prevalent than previously suspected. If these findings are confirmed with larger cross-sectional and prospective analyses, these approaches may enhance early screening for sickle retinopathy.

Purpose To analyze anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent–associated industry payments to ophthalmologists using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Open Payments and Provider Utilization and Payment data. Design Retrospective database review using 2 national databases. Methods Payments from 2013 to 2014 were analyzed by anti-VEGF agent, payment category, and dollar amount. Ranibizumab and aflibercept usage was correlated by performing log-ratio analysis. Results A total of 3207 ophthalmologists received 13 449 payments totaling $4 454 325 associated with ranibizumab and aflibercept. As 7% of ophthalmologists received 90% of payments, the Gini index was 0.92, demonstrating unequal distribution of payments. Consulting fees and speaker fees were associated with highest payment amounts to fewest providers. For 2383 providers (74%), greater than 90% of the anti-VEGF payments were associated exclusively with either ranibizumab or aflibercept. A total of 1382 ophthalmologists were matched in both databases. Providers receiving >90% of payments from ranibizumab were more likely to use ranibizumab, and those receiving >90% of payments from aflibercept were more likely to use aflibercept over bevacizumab as compared to those who received no payments. Conclusions The distribution of all anti-VEGF payments is unequal. Ophthalmologists who received aflibercept or ranibizumab payments were more likely to receive the majority of payments from one source or the other, but not both. Those who received anti-VEGF payments were more likely to use ranibizumab or aflibercept, as compared to off-label bevacizumab, than those who did not receive any payment.

In the year 2000, the number of patients in the United States known to have diabetic retinopathy was believed to be about 4 million. Recent National Eye Institute studies estimated that among people older than 40 years of age, there were approximately 8 million known cases in 2010 and project that the number of cases of diabetic retinopathy in the United States will most likely double over the next 40 years, to an estimated 15 million in 2050. In 2007, the estimated number of diabetics in the United States was approximately 24 million (NIDDK), yet the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes cases was estimated to be close to 6 million people; one can assume that the numbers for undiagnosed diabetic eye disease are similarly underestimated. Diabetic retinopathy is cited as the leading cause of new cases of blindness in persons aged 20–74, and about 12% of new cases of blindness yearly are attributed to diabetes. It is believed that in 60–90% of those cases, visual loss could have been prevented with early detection and management. Despite this, it has been estimated that about one-third of US diabetic patients have never had an eye exam, and only two-thirds of those with high-risk proliferative retinopathy or clinically significant macular edema have had an ophthalmic evaluation within 2 years.

There are many potential causes of vision loss in trauma patients. To reduce morbidity, clinicians can advocate for the use of safety glasses and head protection, promote education concerning the risks involved when engaging in high-risk activities, and minimize the likelihood that such potentially devastating accidents occur. Unfortunately, not all trauma is preventable, but with prompt evaluation and treatment, many patients can retain vision. Because these injuries may initially be asymptomatic, a high degree of suspicion and low threshold for referral should be considered with any patients who have a history of head injury, periorbital ecchymosis, or altered visual acuity.

Importance: The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) indicated that urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures should continue during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although decreases in the frequency of critical procedures have been reported outside the field of ophthalmology, analyses are limited by volume, geography, and time. Objective: To evaluate whether the frequency of ophthalmic surgical procedures deemed urgent or emergent by the AAO changed across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: Vitreoretinal practices from 17 institutions throughout the US participated in this multicenter cross-sectional study. The frequency of 11 billed vitreoretinal Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes across respective weeks was obtained from each practice between January 1, 2019, and May 31, 2020. Data were clustered into intravitreal injections (code 67028), lasers and cryotherapy (codes 67141, 67145, and 67228), retinal detachment (RD) repairs (codes 67107, 67108, 67110, and 67113), and other vitrectomies (codes 67036, 67039, and 67040). Institutions were categorized by region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West Coast), practice setting (academic [tax-exempt] or private [non-tax-exempt]), and date of respective statewide stay-at-home orders. Main Outcomes and Measures: Nationwide changes in the frequency of billing for urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 526 536 CPT codes were ascertained: 483 313 injections, 19 257 lasers or cryotherapy, 14 949 RD repairs, and 9017 other vitrectomies. Relative to 2019, a weekly institutional decrease in injections was observed from March 30 to May 2, 2020, with a maximal 38.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 437.8 [436.3] to 273.8 [269.0] injections) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -259 to -69 injections; P = .002). A weekly decrease was also identified that spanned a longer interval, at least until study conclusion (March 16 to May 31, 2020), for lasers and cryotherapy, with a maximal 79.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 6.6 [7.7] to 1.5 [2.0] procedures) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -6.8 to -3.3 procedures; P < .001), for RD repairs, with a maximal 59.4% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.5 [4.0] to 1.6 [2.2] repairs) from April 13 to 19, 2020 (95% CI, -2.7 to -1.4 repairs; P < .001), and for other vitrectomies, with a maximal 84.3% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.0 [3.1] to 0.4 [0.8] other vitrectomies) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -3.3 to -1.8 other vitrectomies; P < .001). No differences were identified by region, setting, or state-level stay-at-home order adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance: Although the AAO endorsed the continued performance of urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures, the frequency of such procedures throughout the country experienced a substantial decrease that may persist after the COVID-19 pandemic's initial exponential growth phase. This decrease appears independent of region, setting, and state-level stay-at-home orders. It is unknown to what extent vitreoretinal intervention would have decreased without AAO recommendations, and how the decrease is associated with outcomes. Although safety is paramount during the COVID-19 pandemic, practices should consider prioritizing availability for managing high-acuity conditions until underlying reasons for the reduction are fully appreciated.

Purpose To compare United States and international drug pricing for commonly prescribed intravitreal and topical ophthalmic medications. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods For 25 commonly used ophthalmic medications (3 intravitreal, 22 topical), we obtained 2017 third quarter United States average wholesale price (AWP), drug acquisition cost, or consumer pricing through United States government health insurance plans (Veterans Affairs [VA], Medicaid, Medicare Part B, and Medicare Part D) and commercial drug plans (CVS Caremark and Navitus Health Solutions), online pricing without insurance through a large United States warehouse retailer (Costco), and international drug pricing through government-sponsored health plans in Italy, Spain, Turkey, Canada, and Japan. Main Outcome Measures Drug acquisition costs and consumer pricing of ophthalmic drugs through various payment systems. All prices were converted to United States dollars. Results For intravitreal medications in the United States, aflibercept and ranibizumab were priced similarly to each other and were more expensive than dexamethasone implants. Pricing of aflibercept and ranibizumab through government health insurance plans in Italy, Spain, Turkey, Canada, and Japan were less expensive by as much as 84.3% compared with the United States. For topical medications in the United States, pricing varied significantly both across different classes of medications and also between nonbranded and branded medications. Drug acquisition costs through the VA and Medicaid were inexpensive on average, but pricing through a hospital-employee drug insurance plan offered the smallest range (between $2.35 and $60.00). In all 5 non–United States countries studied, each topical medication with the exceptions of cyclosporine emulsion and difluprednate was less than $100, and 94.4% of topical medications in these countries had a nonbranded or branded option that was less than $50. Conclusions In the United States, for topical more than intravitreal medications, significant price variation exists across both different drug pricing systems and different medications. Price differentials between nonbranded and branded medications can be significant. Internationally, topical medications exhibited a more limited and lower price range compared with drug pricing in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Aggressive posterior vitreoretinopathy (APVR) manifests with a broad area of retinal avascularity, progressive neovascularization, and/or tractional retinal detachment during the neonatal period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective, observational, consecutive case series study was performed to evaluate the retinal findings and structural retinal outcomes in patients treated for APVR within the first 3 months of life. RESULTS: Three premature neonates with a non-retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) APVR identified during routine ROP screening exams exhibited relatively severe, rapidly progressive retinal vascular abnormalities. Immediate laser photocoagulation of the avascular retina and vitrectomy for traction retinal detachment within several days to weeks improved or stabilized the retinal anatomy in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: This series describes clinical features in APVR in premature infants and suggests that early diagnosis and intervention may mitigate the typical aggressive course and poor prognosis of this condition. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:201–207.]

Purpose To review data for ophthalmologists published online from the Physician Payments Sunshine Act. Design Retrospective data review using data acquired from a publicly available electronic database. Methods A database was downloaded from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website under Identified General Payments to Physicians and a primary specialty of ophthalmology. Basic statistical analysis was performed including mean, median, and range of payments for both single payments and per provider. Main Outcome Measures Data summary by category of payment and geographic region and comparison with other surgical subspecialties. Results From August 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013, a total of 55 996 individual payments were reported to 9855 ophthalmologists for a total of $10 926 447. The mean amount received in a single payment was $195.13 (range, $0.04–$193 073). The mean amount received per physician identifier (ID) was $1108 (range, $1–$397 849), and the median amount was $112.01. Consulting fees made up the largest percentage of fees. There was not a large difference in payments received by region. The mean payments for the subspecialties of dermatology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and urology ranged from $954 to $6980, and median payments in each field by physician ID ranged from $88 to $173. Conclusions A large amount of data were released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for the Physician Payment Sunshine Act. In ophthalmology, mean and median payments per physician did not vary greatly from other surgical subspecialties. Most single payments were less than $100, and most physicians received less than $500 in total payments. Payments for consulting made up the largest category of spending. How this affects patient perception, patient care, and medical costs warrants further study.

A 41-year-old man presented with progressive loss of vision in both eyes. He also had elongated digits and pectus excavatum. Evaluation revealed ectopia lentis, which is consistent with Marfan’s syndrome.

Purpose Knowledge on the utility of prophylactic 360° laser retinopexy before pars plana vitrectomy in the absence of peripheral retinal pathology is limited. This study compares the occurrence of rhegmatogenous events in the setting of small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with and without prophylactic preoperative laser. Methods Our multicenter, retrospective case-control analysis reviewed patients who underwent epiretinal membrane removal or macular hole repair through 23- or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy: 205 controls who did not receive prophylactic laser and 176 cases who received preoperative prophylactic laser retinopexy anterior to the equator. Main outcome measures were the rate and characteristics of postoperative retinal tears and detachments. Patients with previous pars plana vitrectomy or significant retinal disease were excluded. Results Of those patients with prophylactic laser and those without, there was no significant difference in the number of retinal breaks (1.7% vs. 0.49%, respectively; P = 0.339) or retinal detachments (0% vs. 0.49%, respectively; P = 1.00). Of the lasered group, there was one sclerotomy-related retinal break and two non-sclerotomy-related retinal breaks. Of the nonlasered group, there was one non-sclerotomy-related retinal break and one sclerotomy-related retinal detachment. Conclusion Preoperative prophylactic peripheral laser retinopexy does not seem to offer an added benefit in the prevention of intraoperative and postoperative rhegmatogenous events.

Purpose To evaluate the costs and cost-utility of examination for posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and treatment of associated pathology, and of managing various other peripheral retinal disorders to prevent retinal detachment (RD). Design A decision analysis model of cost-utility. Participants There were no participants. Methods Published retrospective data on the natural course of PVD, retinal tears, and lattice degeneration were used to quantitate the visual benefits of examination and treatment. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services data were used to calculate associated modeled costs in a hospital/facility–based and nonfacility/ambulatory surgical center (ASC)–based setting. Published standards of utility for a given level of visual acuity were used to derive costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Main Outcome Measures Cost of evaluation and treatment, utility of defined health states, QALY, and cost per QALY. Results The modeled cost of evaluation of a patient with PVD and treatment of associated pathology in the facility/hospital (nonfacility/ASC)–based setting was $65 to $190 ($25–$71) depending on whether a single or 2-examination protocol was used. The cost per QALY saved was $255 to $638/QALY ($100–$239/QALY). Treatment of a symptomatic horseshoe tear resulted in a net cost savings of $1749 ($1314) and improved utility, whereas treatment of an asymptomatic horseshoe tear resulted in $2981/QALY ($1436/QALY). Treatment of asymptomatic lattice degeneration in an eye in which the fellow eye had a history of RD resulted in $4414/QALY ($2187/QALY). Conclusions Evaluation and management of incident acute PVD (and symptomatic horseshoe tears) offer a low cost and a favorable cost-utility (low $/QALY) as a result of the minimization of the cost and morbidity associated with the development of RD, thus justifying current practice standards.

To describe a case of serous retinopathy and associated photoreceptor atrophy after intravenous cisplatin therapy.Evaluation was performed using electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, and funduscopic examinations to assess the extent of retinal disease, toxicity, and eventual atrophy.A 56 year-old man with metastatic small cell carcinoma with vision changes after initiation of cisplatin therapy. The patient developed loss of vision to 20/400. A serous retinopathy was found on spectral domain optical coherence tomography with associated outer retinal atrophy and subretinal fibrosis. He developed outer ellipsoid layer atrophy after discontinuation of cisplatin therapy. He had patchy hypoautofluorescent areas in his macula on fundus autofluorescence and decreased cone response and slowed b-wave on electroretinogram. The serous retinopathy resolved with discontinuation of cisplatin and the malignancy was further managed with etoposide without recurrence of subretinal serous fluid or further vision loss.Commonly used to treat various solid tumors, cisplatin is not without significant neurologic, ocular, and retinal toxicities. Multimodal imaging may further the authors' understanding of toxicity and this case highlights the benefits of optical coherence tomography, especially with color vision deviation or visual acuity change.

Objective To evaluate costs and treatment benefits of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) repair. Design A Markov model of cost-effectiveness and utility. Participants There were no participants. Methods Published clinical trials (index studies) of pneumatic retinopexy (PR), scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and laser prophylaxis were used to quantitate surgical management and visual benefits. Markov analysis, with data from the Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services, was used to calculate the adjusted costs of primary repair by each modality in a hospital-based and ambulatory surgery center (ASC) setting. Main Outcome Measures Lines of visual acuity (VA) saved, cost of therapy, adjusted cost of therapy, cost per line saved, cost per line-year saved, and cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) saved. Results In the facility, hospital surgery setting, weighted cost for PR ranged from $3726 to $5901 depending on estimated success rate of primary repair. Weighted cost was $6770 for SB, $7940 for PPV, and $1955 for laser prophylaxis. The dollars per line saved ranged from $217 to $1346 depending on the procedure. Dollars per line-year saved ranged from $11 to $67. Dollars per QALY saved ranged from $362 to $2243. In the nonfacility, ASC surgery setting, weighted cost for PR ranged from $1961 to $3565 depending on the success rate of primary repair. The weighted costs for SB, PPV, and laser prophylaxis were $4873, $5793, and $1255, respectively. Dollars per line saved ranged from $139 to $982. The dollars per line-year saved ranged from $7 to $49, and the dollars per QALY saved ranged from $232 to $1637. Conclusions Treatment and prevention of RD are extremely cost-effective when compared with other treatment of other retinal diseases regardless of treatment modality. Retinal detachment treatment costs did not vary widely, suggesting that providers can tailor patient treatments solely on the basis of optimizing anticipated results because there were no overriding differences in financial impact.

Importance Since 2014, medical industry payment data to physicians have been public via the Open Payments database. Patient opinions regarding these data help us to understand concerns and policymakers to improve reporting mechanisms for such payments. Objective To assess patient perceptions of Open Payments information. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted in 3 ophthalmology clinic sites of an academic institution in Manhattan, New York City, New York. All patients older than 18 years who were waiting for appointments were eligible. Data were collected from January to June 2016 and analyzed from June to September 2016. Exposures Participants answered 27 questions about the Open Payments database in English or Spanish. Demographic information was also collected. Main Outcomes and Measures Key questionnaire results included patient awareness of the Open Payments database and perceptions of physicians' financial relationships. Cronbach α validation of the survey was performed, and Poisson multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between patient characteristics and responses. Results A total of 407 individuals participated. The mean (SD) age of study participants was 58.8 (17.9) years, and 220 (54.2%) were women. Of these, 30 (7.3% [95% CI, 5.1%-19.4%]) were aware of the Open Payments database, and 109 (26.8% [95% CI, 24.8%-34.0%]) planned to access it. More than half (n = 212; 53.5% [95% CI, 48.6%-58.5%]) wanted to know if their physician receives industry payments. Regarding payments of any kind valuing $100, 161 (41.9% [95% CI, 37.0%-46.9%]) disapproved. Similarly, 178 (45.8% [95% CI, 40.8%-50.7%]) disapproved of $500 payments, and 221 (57.0% [95% CI, 52.0%-61.9%]) disapproved of $25 000 payments. Poisson multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that participants who took the survey in Spanish were 38% more likely to approve of physicians receiving payments than were those who took the survey in English (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.38 [95% CI, 1.19-1.59]; P

Jonathan S Chang, Harry W Flynn Jr, Darlene Miller, William E Smiddy Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative organism known to cause opportunistic infections. It is a rare source of endophthalmitis, often in the setting of trauma, but has been reported following cataract extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial sensitivities, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes in patients with endophthalmitis caused by S. maltophilia following cataract extraction. Methods: A retrospective case review of records from January 1, 1990 to June 30, 2010 was performed at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Results: Eight cases of S. maltophilia endophthalmitis were identified following cataract surgery. Initial visual acuity ranged from 20/200 to light perception. Time to diagnosis with cultures was 2–118 days. Patients received either intravitreal tap and inject (n = 5) or pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injections (n = 3). All patients had vitreous or anterior chamber cultures positive for S. maltophilia. Seven of seven isolates tested were found to be sensitive to ceftazidime. Seven of eight isolates were sensitive to polymyxin B, six of eight isolates were sensitive to amikacin, and five of the seven isolates tested were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Two of four tested isolates were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulbactam. All eight isolates were resistant to gentamicin and seven of the seven tested isolates were resistant to imipenem. All patients received intravitreal ceftazidime as part of the initial treatment regimen. Final visual acuity ranged from 20/25 to 4/200. Conclusion: S. maltophilia endophthalmitis is a rare source of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery. A case series of eight independent patients is reported, along with antibiotic resistance profiles and clinical outcomes. Isolates showed sensitivity to ceftazidime, amikacin, and polymyxin, with variable sensitivity to other antibiotics, therefore differing from previous reports. Keywords: endophthalmitis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, cataract

BACKGROUND Throughout medicine, the cost of various treatments has been increasingly studied with the result that certain management guidelines might be reevaluated in their context. Cost-utility is a term referring to the expense of preventing the loss of quality of life, quantified in dollars per quality-adjusted life year. In 2002, the American Academy of Ophthalmology published hydroxychloroquine screening recommendations which were revised in 2011. The purpose of this report is to estimate the cost-utility of these recommendations. METHODS A hypothetical care model of screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy was formulated. The costs of screening components were calculated using 2016 Medicare fee schedules from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. RESULTS The cost-utility of screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy with the 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines was found to vary from 33,155 to 344,172 dollars per quality-adjusted life year depending on the type and number of objective screening tests chosen, practice setting, and the duration of hydroxychloroquine use. Screening had a more favorable cost-utility when the more sensitive and specific diagnostics were used, and for patients with an increased risk of toxicity. CONCLUSION American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines have a wide-ranging cost-utility. Prudent clinical judgment of risk stratification and tests chosen is necessary to optimize cost-utility without compromising the efficacy of screening.

Purpose To evaluate costs of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) vs. intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Design A Markov-style model of cost-effectiveness and cost utility. Participants There were no participants. Methods Based on results from Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research (DRCR) Network Protocol S, we performed a Markov-style analysis to generate the total 2-year costs for each treatment arm. The cost per line-year saved and cost utility were calculated based on the estimated life years remaining. Both treatment arms were assumed to result in 9 lines of vision saved in 20% of patients. Medicare reimbursement data were acquired to determine costs, which were then separately calculated for practice settings of a hospital-based facility as the highest end of the cost range and a nonfacility in the same geographic area as the lowest end. Cost parameters for a prototypical patient's life expectancy also were modeled and calculated. Main Outcome Measures Inputed cost of therapy, cost per line saved, cost per line-year saved, and cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Results When PRP was the primary treatment, the 2-year cost in the facility setting was $13 053, with cost per line saved $7252, cost per line-year $240, and cost per QALY $7988. In the nonfacility setting costs were approximately 21% lower. When IVR was the primary treatment, the 2-year cost in the facility setting was $30 328, cost per line saved was $16 849, cost per line-year $575, and cost per QALY $19 150. In the nonfacility setting costs were approximately 15% lower. Extrapolation to lifetime therapy yielded the cost per QALY with PRP treatment of $14 219 to $24 005 and with IVR of $138 852 to $164 360. Cost utility for PRP would be 85% lower than IVR in the facility setting and 90% lower than IVR in the nonfacility setting. Conclusions PRP compared with IVR as primary treatment for PDR is less expensive over 2 years, but both fall well below the accepted cost per QALY upper limit. However, over an average lifetime, the cost differential between PRP and IVR increases, and IVR therapy may exceed the typical accepted limit of cost per QALY.

The effects of exogenous B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) on postmyocardial infarction (MI) are not known. We tested the hypothesis that in vivo infusion of BNP would improve cardiac function and affect left ventricular (LV) remodeling in an experimental model of MI.MI was induced by coronary ligation in rats and confirmed by echocardiography. 19 rats were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: sham (n = 7), MI + saline (n = 5), MI + BNP (400 ng.kg(-1).minute(-1)) (n = 7). Infusions were delivered for 7 days via venous catheters tunneled to an infusion pump. Rats were followed for 8 weeks. Echocardiography, hemodynamics, histology, and in vivo and ex vivo pressure-volume relationships were examined.LV systolic pressure, LV dP/dtmax, and infarct size improved with BNP treatment versus control MI group (132 +/- 4 vs.110 +/- 2 mm Hg, 8097 +/- 317 vs. 5816 +/- 378 mm Hg/s, 19.3% +/- 1.6% vs. 23.3% +/- 1.9%, respectively; all P0.05). Ex vivo end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship demonstrated reduced diastolic dysfunction after BNP therapy (P0.05 vs. control MI). Serum BNP levels confirmed delivery of BNP.We demonstrate beneficial effects on LV function and decreased LV remodeling with BNP infusion in an experimental model of acute MI.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by both phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Our analysis of functional networks perturbed in ASD suggests that both truncating and non-truncating de novo mutations contribute to autism, although there is a strong bias against truncating mutations in early embryonic development. We find that functional mutations are preferentially observed in genes likely to be haploinsufficient. Multiple cell types and brain areas are affected, but the impact of ASD mutations appears to be strongest in the cortical neurons and the medium spiny neurons of the striatum, implicating corticostriatal brain circuits. In females, truncating ASD mutations on average impact genes with 50–100% higher brain expression levels compared to males. Our study also suggests that truncating de novo mutations play a smaller role in the etiology of high-functioning ASD cases. Overall, we find that stronger functional insults usually lead to more severe intellectual, social and behavioral ASD phenotypes.

Three cases of pediatric BB orbital injury are reported demonstrating varying outcomes. Pediatric orbital BB injuries have a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes depending on the ocular structures involved. Improved safety education of patients and parents is necessary to reduce the burden of these vision-threatening injuries. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2015;52:e59–e62.]

The benefit of the beta(2)-adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol, in left ventricular assist device patients with dilated cardiomyopathy has been reported, but its effect on ischemic heart failure (HF) is unknown. We investigated whether clenbuterol improves left ventricular remodeling, myocardial apoptosis and has synergy with a beta(1) antagonist, metoprolol, in a model of ischemic HF. Rats were randomized to: 1) HF only; 2) HF + clenbuterol; 3) HF + metoprolol; 4) HF + clenbuterol + metoprolol; and 5) rats with sham surgery. HF was induced by left anterior descending artery (LAD) artery ligation and confirmed by decreased left ventricular fractional shortening, decreased maximum left ventricular dP/dt (dP/dt(max)), and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) compared with sham rats (p < 0.01). After 9 weeks of oral therapy, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and ex vivo end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) measurements were obtained. Immunohistochemistry was performed for myocardial apoptosis and DNA damage markers. Levels of calcium-handling proteins were assessed by Western blot analysis. Clenbuterol-treated HF rats had increased weight gain and heart weights versus HF rats (p < 0.05). EDPVR curves revealed a leftward shift in clenbuterol rats versus metoprolol and HF rats (p < 0.05). The metoprolol-treated group had a lower LVEDP and higher dP/dt(max) versus the HF group (p < 0.05). Clenbuterol and metoprolol groups had decreased myocardial apoptosis and DNA damage markers and increased DNA repair markers versus HF rats (all p < 0.01). Protein levels of the ryanodine receptor and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase were improved in clenbuterol-, metoprolol-, and clenbuterol+metoprolol-treated groups versus HF rats. However, as a combination therapy, there were no synergistic effects of clenbuterol+metoprolol treatment. We conclude that clenbuterol ameliorates EDPVR, apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis but does not have synergy with metoprolol in our model of ischemic HF.

Purpose:To describe findings of a patient with spontaneous separation of macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) associated with a limited posterior vitreous detachment.Methods:Case report.Results:A 69-y...

To review data for ophthalmologists published online from the Physician Payments Sunshine Act.Retrospective data review using data acquired from a publicly available electronic database.A database was downloaded from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website under Identified General Payments to Physicians and a primary specialty of ophthalmology. Basic statistical analysis was performed including mean, median, and range of payments for both single payments and per provider.Data summary by category of payment and geographic region and comparison with other surgical subspecialties.From August 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013, a total of 55 996 individual payments were reported to 9855 ophthalmologists for a total of $10 926 447. The mean amount received in a single payment was $195.13 (range, $0.04-$193 073). The mean amount received per physician identifier (ID) was $1108 (range, $1-$397 849), and the median amount was $112.01. Consulting fees made up the largest percentage of fees. There was not a large difference in payments received by region. The mean payments for the subspecialties of dermatology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and urology ranged from $954 to $6980, and median payments in each field by physician ID ranged from $88 to $173.A large amount of data were released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for the Physician Payment Sunshine Act. In ophthalmology, mean and median payments per physician did not vary greatly from other surgical subspecialties. Most single payments were less than $100, and most physicians received less than $500 in total payments. Payments for consulting made up the largest category of spending. How this affects patient perception, patient care, and medical costs warrants further study.

Objective To evaluate cost-effectiveness and cost utilities for treatment options for vitreomacular adhesions (VMAs) and full-thickness macular holes (MHs). Design A Markov model of cost-effectiveness and utility. Participants There were no participants. Methods Outcomes of published clinical trials (index studies) of surgical treatment of VMAs and MHs and a prospective, multicenter clinical trial of pharmaceutical vitreolysis with intravitreal ocriplasmin with saline control were used to generate a model for costs of treatment and visual benefits. All techniques were assumed to result in a 2.5-line visual benefit if anatomy was resolved. Markov analysis, with cost data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, was used to calculate imputed costs for each primary treatment modality in a facility setting, with surgery performed in a hospital serving as the highest end of the range and nonfacility setting with surgery performed in an ambulatory surgery center serving as the lowest end of the range. Main Outcome Measures Imputed costs of therapy, cost per line saved, cost per line-year saved, cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Results When pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was selected as the primary procedure, the overall imputed cost ranged from $5802 to $7931. The cost per line was $2368 to $3237, the cost per line-year saved was $163 to $233 and the cost per QALY was $5444 to $7442. If intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin was the primary procedure, the overall imputed cost was $8767 to $10 977. The cost per line ranged from $3549 to $4456, the cost per line-year saved was $245 to $307, and the cost per QALY was between $8159 and $10 244. If intravitreal saline injection was used as a primary procedure, the overall imputed cost was $5828 to $8098. The cost per line was $2374 to $3299, the cost per line-year saved was $164 to $227, and the cost per QALY was $5458 to $7583. Conclusions As a primary procedure, PPV was the most cost-effective therapy in this model. The other treatments had similar costs per QALY saved and compare favorably with costs of therapy for other retinal diseases.

Secondary intraocular lens (IOL) placement in the absence of a capsular bag may result in several complications. The authors report the clini-copathologic features of a case of ghost cell glaucoma after the placement of a sutureless posterior chamber IOL. A 47-year-old male presented with a dislocated IOL and underwent lens exchange using a sutureless scleral-fixation technique. Over the following year, the patient developed recurrent vitreous hemorrhages and elevated intraocular pressure despite medical therapy, and an aqueous specimen disclosed ghost cells. Although uncommon, mechanical contact between the iris and a secondary IOL may produce persistent vitreous hemorrhage and elevated intraocular pressures with the formation of ghost cells. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2015;46:111–113.]

Background/aims To report the outcomes of patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for myopic macular retinoschisis. Methods Retrospective, non-randomised case series of patients who underwent PPV for myopic macular retinoschisis. Macular holes and foveal retinal detachments that occurred with myopic macular retinoschisis were also included in the series. Myopic macular retinoschisis was confirmed with optical coherence tomography. Visual acuity (VA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) were measured at baseline and 6 months following surgery. Results A total of 41 eyes were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up time was 192 days (range 132–272). The mean preoperative VA was 20/ 130, and the mean VA at 6 months was 20/70 (p=0.02). Following surgery, 14 (34.1%) eyes had VA of 20/40 or better. In 15 (36.6%) eyes, VA was 20/50–20/ 100 and in 12 (29.2%) eyes, VA was 20/200 or worse. CFT improved from a mean of 558 microns at baseline to 265 microns at 6 months (p

Introduction: Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) reflects disease-related vascular injury. Previous studies of pediatric SCR using standard imaging approaches reported retinopathy in Results: Eight children (mean age 16.3 years; 5 HbSS, 2 HbSC,1 HbS-Beta thalassemia0) were evaluated. Three were on hydroxyurea therapy, 1 on chronic transfusion, 1 on both and 3 on no therapy. No patient had vision disturbance at the time of examination. Biomicroscopic examination revealed sunburst lesions in the mid-peripheral retina in 3 patients and subtle vascular changes in the far periphery of all patients. In contrast, UWFA detected extensive capillary non- perfusion of the peripheral retina with abnormal vascular loops (Goldberg Stage I) in all 8 patients; 3 patients had peripheral arteriovenous anastomoses (Goldberg Stage II) that were undetectable by biomicroscopy. No patient had Goldberg Stages III-V. SD-OCT demonstrated thinning of the temporal macula in 2 patients, and OCT-A of both patients revealed flow voids in both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in the area of thinned retina. Both the SD- OCT and OCT-A abnormalities were undetectable with standard biomicroscopy. Conclusions: All 8 children with SCD in this case series demonstrated evidence of SCR using the combination of standard biomicroscopy, UWFA, SD-OCT, and OCT-A imaging. Findings from these sensitive imaging modalities suggest that pediatric SCR is more prevalent than previously suspected. Additional patients and age-equivalent controls will be included in this report to validate the specificity of findings to SCD. Larger cross-sectional and prospective analyses using sensitive retina imaging are needed to confirm our findings and identify their significance for detecting pathology. If confirmed, these approaches may enhance early screening for patients at risk of vision-threatening consequences of SCR. Supported by the Irving Institute CTSA at CUMC and by 2T35HL007616 (DP). Retinal findings in pediatric sickle cell disease patients SD-OCT: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; OCT-A: Optical coherence tomography angiography; UWFA: Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography. Retinal findings in pediatric sickle cell disease patients. / SD-OCT: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; OCT-A: Optical coherence tomography angiography; UWFA: Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.