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PurposeEnabling and encouraging entrepreneurial activity has long been of interest to scholars and practitioners. Previous research is partly based on the theory of planned behavior. This research has consistently shown that personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control are correlated with entrepreneurial intentions. However, previous findings have found the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intentions to be inconsistent. This paper proposes a resolution to these discrepancies and tests these hypotheses in a university setting.Design/methodology/approachUsing nearly 1,000 student survey responses, this paper uses an inter subject linear regression model to test elements of the theory of planned behavior that have been inconsistent in the literature.FindingsThis paper finds that personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control mediate or partially mediate the relationships between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intentions. Extension for theory development and practice are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsWhile very insightful, this paper is limited by the use of a within-subjects survey research design and the inherent limitations with such research. Additionally, using college students as respondents limits the ability to generalize the results to any population outside similar college-age populations.Originality/valueThis paper provides a unique test of a set of controversial findings in research on the theory of planned behavior. Identifying unique mediators between social norms and entrepreneurial intentions expands this theory and provides fertile opportunities for future research.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build an awareness-centered information security policy (ISP) compliance model, asserting that awareness is the key to ISP compliance and that awareness depends upon several variables that influence successful ISP compliance. Design/methodology/approach The authors built a model with seven constructs, i.e., leadership, trusting beliefs, information security issues awareness (ISIA), ISP awareness, understanding resource vulnerability, self-efficacy (SE) and intention to comply. Seven hypotheses were stated. A sample of 285 non-management employees was used from various organizations in the USA. The authors used path modeling to analyze the data. Findings The findings indicated that IS awareness depends on effective organizational leadership and elevated employees’ trusting beliefs. The understanding of resource vulnerability (URV) and SE are influenced by IS awareness resulting from effective leadership and elevated employees’ trusting beliefs which guide employees to comply with ISP requirements. Practical implications Practical implications were aimed at organizations embracing an awareness-centered information security compliance program to secure organizations’ assets against threats by implementing various security education and training awareness programs. Originality/value This paper asserts that awareness is central to ISP compliance. Leadership and trusting beliefs variables play significant roles in the information security awareness which in turn positively affect employees’ URV and SE variables leading employees to comply with the ISP requirements.

OBJECTIVE To describe the planning of a modified cranial closing wedge ostectomy (mCCWO) and determine the accuracy of execution without intraoperative jigs or alignment guides. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs (32 stifles) with cranial cruciate ligament disease. METHODS Medical records of dogs treated with mCCWO between July 2014 and December 2016 were reviewed. Preoperative, postoperative, and 8-week-recheck radiographs were reviewed to measure changes in the conformation of the proximal tibia. The accuracy of execution was assessed by comparing planned and actual postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the lengths of bone contact along osteotomy lines. Radiographic healing and clinical outcome were subjectively evaluated 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Preoperative planning of mCCWO decreased the cranial wedge length by a mean of 23% compared with the traditional CCWO planning. Mean TPA decreased from 40.69 ° (range 28-63) to 6.94 ° (range 2-20) after surgery (P

Although a recognized condition, growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) has no guidelines for management, and patients diagnosed with the condition are managed empirically by the most appropriate teams. We report a case of GTS in a 33-year-old patient who was initially treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and subsequent chemotherapy for a germ cell ovarian tumor. GTS was subsequently diagnosed with massive pelvic and upper abdominal masses as well as lung tumors. We also conducted a literature review on cases of GTS presenting with large tumors. Based on this, we suggest a management plan to guide the care of women with GTS. The condition is best managed in a multidisciplinary team involving the relevant surgeons, including gynecologist, abdominal and thoracic surgeons., Lay abstract Growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) is a rare but recognized condition presenting with an abdominal mass in a woman with history of malignant ovarian tumor treated with chemotherapy. There are no established guidelines for the management of women diagnosed with GTS. We report a case of GTS in a 33-year-old patient requiring major abdominal and thoracic surgery. We also review the literature on previously published cases of GTS and propose a management plan to guide clinicians looking after women with GTS. Collaboration between different surgeons including gynecologists, abdominal and thoracic surgeons as well as radiologists and oncologist should be sought.

Objective To describe a 3-port right-sided thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy (TSP) to treat dogs with recurrent idiopathic pericardial effusion (RIPE) and report their long-term survival. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Sixteen client-owned dogs. Methods Medical records were searched for dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion that recurred after 1 or more pericardiocenteses and treated with a 3-port right-sided technique (1 subxiphoid camera port and 2 instrument ports on the right side of the dog). Follow-up consisted of direct examination or communication with referring veterinarians or owners. Results Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy was successfully completed in all dogs, with no surgical complications. The median duration of postoperative follow-up was 191.5 days (range, 5-1345). The median survival time (MST) after surgery was 365 days (range, 5-1345); MST of dogs with a histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia (n = 4) was 76 days, whereas dogs with no evidence of neoplasia had an MST of 367 days (n = 12, P = .14). Recurrent pleural effusion was the ultimate cause of death or reason for euthanasia in 8 of 16 dogs. Conclusion The technique described here resulted in similar surgical times and outcomes for dogs undergoing TSP for RIPE compared with previous studies. Neoplasia was identified in 4 of 16 dogs. Clinical significance Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy can be readily performed with only 2 instrument ports, both on the same side of the dog, and without 1-lung ventilation. Recurrent pleural effusion led to the death of half of the dogs in this series.

Current research favors diversity within strategic networks as a source of idea generation and opportunity pursuit. However, diversity may not always be advantageous. Drawing from literature on entrepreneurial opportunities, social network theory, and cognitive psychology, it is argued in this paper that the level of diversity in entrepreneurial strategic networks differs based on the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunity context—discovery or creation. Competing hypotheses are developed for the nature of strategic networks in the discovery and creation opportunity contexts. The results from our two studies (using PSED II dataset and data collected from women entrepreneurs in India) show that entrepreneurial strategic networks differ based on whether entrepreneurs are pursuing discovery or creation opportunities, i.e., entrepreneurs operating in ‘discovery’ contexts tend to use networks ties with individuals who are relatively similar to themselves, while entrepreneurs in ‘creation’ contexts tend to use network ties with individuals who are relatively different from themselves. Further, the results also show that the diversity in strategic networks is not unidirectional in discovery and/or creation contexts but varies depending on the specific matters for which the entrepreneur seeks advice. Discussion and future research directions outline the unique findings of this study and potential implications for theory development.

Summary Background Administration of vaccines by needle-free technology such as jet injection might offer an alternative to needles and syringes that avoids the issue of needle phobia and the risk of needle-stick injury. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of trivalent influenza vaccine given by needle-free jet injector compared with needle and syringe. Methods For this randomised, comparator-controlled trial, we randomly assigned (1:1) healthy adults (aged 18–64 years) who attended one of four employee health clinics in the University of Colorado health system, with stratification by site, to receive one dose of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine Afluria given either intramuscularly with a needle-free jet injector (Stratis; PharmaJet, Golden, CO, USA) or with needle and syringe. Randomisation was done with a computer-generated randomisation schedule with a block size of 100. Because of the nature of the study, masking of participants was not possible. Immunogenicity was assessed by measurement of the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titres in serum for the three viral strains included in the vaccine. We included six coprimary endpoints: three strain-specific geometric mean titre ratios and the absolute differences in three strain-specific seroconversion rates. The immune response of the jet injector group was regarded as non-inferior to that of the needle and syringe group if both the upper bound of each of the three 95% CIs for the strain-specific geometric mean titre ratios was 1.5 or less, and the upper bound of the three 95% CIs for the strain-specific seroconversion rate differences was less than 10 percentage points. We used t test for group comparison. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01688921. Findings During the 2012–13 influenza season of the northern hemisphere, we allocated 1250 participants to receive vaccination by needle-free jet injector (n=627) or needle and syringe (n=623). In the intention-to-treat immunogenicity population, all participants with two serum samples were included (575 in the jet injector group and 574 in the needle and syringe group). The immune response to Afluria when given by needle-free jet injector met the criteria for non-inferiority for all six coprimary endpoints. The jet injector group met the geometric mean titre criterion for non-inferiority for the A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains (upper bound of the 95% CI for the geometric mean titre ratios were 1·10 for A/H1N1, 1·17 for A/H3N2, and 1·04 for B strains). The jet injector group met the seroconversion rate criterion for non-inferiority for the A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains (upper bound of the 95% CI of the seroconversion rate differences were 6·0% for A/H1N1, 7·0% for A/H3N2, and 5·7% for B strains). We recorded serious adverse events in three participants, none of which were study related. Interpretation The immune response to influenza vaccine given with the jet injector device was non-inferior to the immune response to influenza vaccine given with needle and syringe. The device had a clinically acceptable safety profile, but was associated with a higher frequency of local injection site reactions than was the use of needle and syringe. The Stratis needle-free jet injector device could be used as an alternative method of administration of Afluria trivalent influenza vaccine. Funding Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), PATH, bioCSL, and PharmaJet.

If we are to understand the inner workings of organizational life, the role of compliance with policies and its influence on organizational behaviour is an enlightening area of study. This is particularly true in the area of change management. This paper presents theoretical arguments and empirical evidence regarding supervisor compliance with a performance appraisal system in three different segments of a large state university. This study exposes the dynamic relationship between organizational mandates, organizational contexts, and compliance behaviours of individuals in organizations in the context of an organizational change. Results from 278 supervisors suggest that compliance varies by the work context rather than organizational mandate. The authors discuss future research avenues and implications for practitioners.

Our economy is slowly shifting from a manufacturing base to a service base. Yet, management literature has been slow to respond. We know little about the unique challenges faced by managers in the service sector. This paper reviews literature on research on management practice and employee perceptions that lead to positive customer outcomes. Specifically, relational coordination efforts by a manager are suggested to lead to specific employee behaviors that have been correlated with customer outcomes. This literature review and conceptual development are presented here in hopes that future research will take a deeper look at the challenges faced by service sector managers.

Fetal cells enter maternal blood during pregnancy and persist in women with autoimmune disease. The frequency of subsequent fetomaternal microchimerism in healthy women and its cell type is unknown. To test the hypothesis that fetal mesenchymal stem cells persist in maternal organs, we studied female bone marrow and ribs. Male cells were identified by XY fluorescence in-situ hybridisation in marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and in rib sections from all women with male pregnancies, but not in controls (9/9 vs 0/5, p=0.0005). We conclude that fetal stem cells transferred into maternal blood engraft in marrow, where they remain throughout life. This finding has implications for normal pregnancy, for obstetric complications that increase fetomaternal trafficking, and for graft survival after transplantation.

Despite predictions that the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 would lower wage levels for airline workers, evidence of significant wage declines did not appear until the 1990s. The lagged wage effects suggest that airlines used alternative employment strategies to adjust to the new competitive environment. This chapter examines whether and the extent that deregulation had an effect on non-wage employment factors including employment, productivity, and working conditions. Employment has expanded but with periods of significant economic downturns, part-time workers are increasingly used, and industry productivity has also advanced but at a rate concomitant with the manufacturing sector. Some evidence of deteriorating working conditions exists including increased fatigue among pilots and flight attendants, customer abuse, and continuing high levels of injuries.

Background Atherosclerosis is a disease of global importance. It is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease with a complex aetiology. LDL is primarily oxidised in the subendothelial space, as plasma antioxidants protect circulating LDL from oxidation. However, small amounts of oxidised LDL (oxLDL) have been detected in plasma. Modified LDL is thought to circulate as part of an immune complex; these immune complexes may also include CRP, complement and IgM antibodies. This project aims to develop a capture ELISA to measure oxLDL/CRP complexes in circulation, to help better characterise circulating immune complexes and explore potential use of oxLDL/CRP complexes a biomarker of atherosclerosis. Methods A CRP/oxLDL capture ELISA was developed using LO1, a novel mAb specific to oxLDL. Plasma samples were obtained from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass at four different timepoints. Levels of oxLDL, CRP and oxLDL/CRP complexes were determined in patient plasma using capture assays developed during this study. Results OxLDL levels show an uptrend from baseline to 60mins, followed by significant reduction at 300mins compared to baseline (0.506±0.078 vs 0.456±0.035; p=0.0138). CRP concentration initially declines from baseline up to 120mins (1.918±0.915 vs 1.136±0.599; p=0.0009), after which levels rise between 120 min and 300 min (1.136±0.599 vs 1.782±0.65; p=0.0026). There is no significant difference in levels of CRP/oxLDL complexes across all timepoints. Conclusion It is possible to measure CRP/oxLDL complexes in plasma. Pro-inflammatory events such as cardiopulmonary bypass are associated with changes in levels of oxLDL and CRP, while oxLDL/CRP levels remain unchanged.

Aortic dissection is the commonest thoracic aortic emergency; early recognition and confirmation of the diagnosis is essential for planning management. In general, dissections involving the ascending aorta are managed surgically; medical management is advised if the ascending aorta and arch are spared. Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta can involve the ascending, arch, and descending aorta. Strict guidelines on surgical indications are not available but, in general, surgery is indicated for large aneurysms (≥5.5 cm and ≥6.5 cm for ascending and descending aorta, respectively) and for rapidly expanding aneurysms (>1 cm per year). The major challenge in aortic surgery is to minimize injury to the brain and spinal cord. Various neuroprotective strategies have been used and many others are being evaluated.

The purpose of this study was to determine the core biological processes perturbed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) patients. Annotation of FCHL and control microarray datasets revealed a distinctive FCHL transcriptome, characterized by gene expression changes regulating five overlapping systems: the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix; vesicular trafficking; lipid homeostasis; and cell cycle and apoptosis. Expression values for the cell-cycle inhibitor CDKN2B were increased, replicating data from an independent FCHL cohort. In 3T3-L1 cells, CDKN2B knockdown induced C/EBPα expression and lipid accumulation. The minor allele at SNP site rs1063192 (C) was predicted to create a perfect seed for the human miRNA-323b-5p. A miR-323b-5p mimic significantly reduced endogenous CDKN2B protein levels and the activity of a CDKN2B 3′UTR luciferase reporter carrying the rs1063192 C allele. Although the allele displayed suggestive evidence of association with reduced CDKN2B mRNA in the MuTHER adipose tissue dataset, family studies suggest the association between increased CDKN2B expression and FCHL-lipid abnormalities is driven by factors external to this gene locus. In conclusion, from a comparative annotation analysis of two separate FCHL adipose tissue transcriptomes and a subsequent focus on CDKN2B, we propose that dysfunctional adipogenesis forms an integral part of FCHL pathogenesis.

Thirty-six dogs were diagnosed with pancreatic abscess by the presence of purulent exudate within the parenchyma of the pancreas during exploratory laparotomy. Data regarding history, physical examination findings, clinicopathological data, diagnostic imaging findings, bacteriological culture results, abdominal drainage technique, and perioperative treatment were evaluated for factors predictive of survival. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and rising bicarbonate ion concentration were each found to have statistically significant (P

Fetal cells trafficking into maternal blood during pregnancy engraft tissues and persist for decades in marrow and bone. While persistent fetal cells were initially implicated in autoimmune disease, animal studies suggest that microchimeric fetal cells play a broader role in response to tissue injury. This study investigated whether fetal cells participate in tissue repair after human pregnancy. Specimens were obtained from women undergoing surgery for suspected lung cancer. Y-fluorescence in-situ hybridization was performed on paraffin-embedded sections, with the investigator blinded to medical histories. Male cells were identified in lung/thymus tissue from all women with known male pregnancies, but not in those without sons. The frequency of male microchimeric cells was seven-fold greater in lung/thymus tissues than marrow and was two-fold greater than normal bone from the same women. Nested-polymerase chain reaction for sex determining region Y confirmed male DNA in tissues. Male cells in lung were clustered in tumour rather than surrounding healthy tissues. In conclusion, male presumed-fetal cells were identified in pathological post-reproductive tissues, where they were more likely to be located in diseased tissues at several-fold higher frequency than normal tissues. It is suggested that fetal cells are present at sites of tissue injury and may be stem cells, either recruited from marrow or having proliferated locally.