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This scoping review will determine what causal theoretical frameworks have been used to examine veteran mental health help-seeking behavior. The review will also examine the causal factors proposed by these theoretical frameworks, and whether they account for the complex cultural, social, and affective experiences of veterans, which may drive both uptake or avoidance of mental health help-seeking.Some military veterans delay mental health help-seeking, preventing early intervention, creating poor long-term quality of life and functional outcomes, and increasing the likelihood of reaching crisis point before seeking help. There is a distinct lack of research utilizing causal motivational frameworks to explain veteran mental health help-seeking behavior (both engagement and avoidance). To date, no review has been conducted on motivational frameworks used to explain veteran help-seeking behavior. This scoping review will be the first to identify the motivational models that have been used to explain veteran mental health help-seeking, as well as table the proposed causal factors, and determine whether the models account for the cultural, social, and affective experiences of veterans.This scoping review will only consider studies on veteran cohorts. Studies in English that utilize or create an explanatory theory, model, or framework for veteran mental health help-seeking behavior will be included. Literature that focuses solely on intentions rather than behavior will be excluded.Published and unpublished studies and gray literature will be included. Titles and abstracts will be screened, followed by full-text screening. Factors, theories, models, and frameworks used to explain veteran help-seeking behavior will be extracted, charted, and narratively summarized. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews will be used.

Humans often show variable responses to dietary, prebiotic, and probiotic interventions. Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is a key determinant for this population heterogeneity. Here, we provide an overview of some of the major computational and experimental tools being applied to critical questions of microbiota-mediated personalized nutrition and health. First, we discuss the latest advances in in silico modeling of the microbiota-nutrition-health axis, including the application of statistical, mechanistic, and hybrid artificial intelligence models. Second, we address high-throughput in vitro techniques for assessing interindividual heterogeneity, from ex vivo batch culturing of stool and continuous culturing in anaerobic bioreactors, to more sophisticated organ-on-a-chip models that integrate both host and microbial compartments. Third, we explore in vivo approaches for better understanding of personalized, microbiota-mediated responses to diet, prebiotics, and probiotics, from nonhuman animal models and human observational studies, to human feeding trials and crossover interventions. We highlight examples of existing, consumer-facing precision nutrition platforms that are currently leveraging the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss how the integration of a broader set of the tools and techniques described in this piece can generate the data necessary to support a greater diversity of precision nutrition strategies. Finally, we present a vision of a precision nutrition and healthcare future, which leverages the gut microbiota to design effective, individual-specific interventions.

Blockchains have been around for more than ten years, and since 2015, a plethora of systems have been launched to target more flexible use cases. More recently, several enterprise blockchain systems, such as Consensys Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric, have been launched to make blockchain simpler to apply in complex organizational configurations. In this paper, we identify a specific Department of Defense use case, extrapolate requirements, and perform a thorough assessment of the different layers of the blockchain stack to identify the existing state of the art and undertake a gap analysis of the technology for this context. We describe a platform that meets many of these challenges and show how we architected, designed, and implemented a solution for this use case for deployment at NAVAIR. This solution connects transactions from two separate blockchain systems, Consensys Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric, by using a graph-based approach that preserves privacy while enabling full transparency across the military and supplier networks.

Objective: This article aims to define the cultural specificity of Australian military and veterans, and introduce some of the essential clinician knowledge, skills and attitudes required for effective cultural competence in the management of mental health (MH) conditions in this population. Conclusion: Military culture has the defining characteristics of the military as an organisation with a formal structure, as a cultural group governed by norms and shared values, and as a social group that provides people with identities. Key requirements for cultural competence introduced here are basic knowledge of the military structure, norms and identity; clinical skills including basic assessment and awareness of the commonly occurring MH disorders; and an exploration of attitudes of both the clinician and the military or veteran patient. Further research is needed, particularly in terms of assessing clinician’s cultural competence.

A dosimetric study was undertaken to assess the ability of Cyberknife (CK), Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), and TomoTherapy (Tomo) to generate treatment plans that mimic the dosimetry of high dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR BT) for prostate cancer. The project aimed to assess the potential of using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for boost treatment of high-risk prostate cancer patients where HDR BT in combination with conformal external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is the standard of care. The datasets of 6 prostate patients previously treated with HDR BT were collated. VMAT, CK, and TomoTherapy treatment plans were generated for each dataset using the target and organ-at-risk structures as defined by the Radiation Oncologist during the HDR BT treatment process. The HDR BT plan isodoses were also converted into planning structures to assist the other modalities to achieve a HDR BT-like dose distribution. CK plans were created using both the iris collimator (IC) and a multileaf collimator (MLC). Comparison of the techniques was made based on dose-volume indices. Each plan was created at centres experienced using the respective treatment planning systems (TPS). Planning target volume (PTV V100%), i.e., the volume of the planning target volume (PTV) receiving 100% of the relative dose, in VMAT and TomoTherapy SBRT plans was higher than HDR BT plans. PTV V150% and V200%, i.e., volume of the PTV receiving 150% and 200% of the relative dose, were approached on all the CK MLC and TomoTherapy SBRT plans. However, it is not presently achievable for "virtual brachytherapy" SBRT to replicate the same high intraprostatic doses as HDR BT while meeting the constraints on the organs-at-risk (OARs). Half of the CK IC plans achieved PTV V150% but this was at the expense of high rectal dose. TomoTherapy and CK MLC plans achieved PTV V150% and V200% but the bladder dose was higher compared to CK IC plans. VMAT exhibited excellent PTV coverage based on V100 and OAR sparing, but without any ability to achieve the high intra-prostatic doses of HDR (V150% and V200%). SBRT techniques can be used to deliver hypofractionated radiotherapy to the PTV V100%. Based on the comparison of "physical" dose distributions, SBRT cannot presently achieve the same high intraprostatic doses as HDR BT while respecting the OAR constraints. SBRT still remains an attractive treatment option for delivering hypofractionated treatments for prostate cancer compared to HDR BT, in particular as it is less invasive and less resource intensive. Long-term outcomes of clinical trials comparing HDR BT and SBRT "prostate boosts" may show whether the high intraprostatic doses are clinically significant and correlate with outcomes.

There is little available research on what constitutes a culturally informed program to treat mental health conditions among military, veteran, and emergency services personnel. The current study presents the qualitative participant evaluations of a modified group Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) program. Participants were grouped with either lived-experience facilitators or non-lived-experience clinicians for the program, and 93 textual responses to a series of qualitative questions were analyzed. The findings suggest strong support for the postulated three primary components of a culturally informed program: a group structure; facilitation by peers with lived experience; and functional, skills-based, and recovery-oriented content.

Purpose The challenges of accurate dosimetry for stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with small unflattened radiation fields have been widely reported in the literature. In this case, suitable dosimeters would have to offer a submillimeter spatial resolution. The CyberKnife® (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is an SRT‐dedicated linear accelerator (linac), which can deliver treatments with submillimeter positional accuracy using circular fields. Beams are delivered with the desired field size using fixed cones, the InCise™ multileaf collimator or a dynamic variable‐aperture Iris™ collimator. The latter, allowing for field sizes to be varied during treatment delivery, has the potential to decrease treatment time, but its reproducibility in terms of output factors (OFs) and dose profiles (DPs) needs to be verified. Methods A 2D monolithic silicon array detector, the “Octa”, was evaluated for dosimetric quality assurance (QA) for a CyberKnife system. OFs, DPs, percentage depth‐dose (PDD) and tissue maximum ratio (TMR) were investigated, and results were benchmarked against the PTW SRS diode. Cross‐plane, in‐plane and 2 diagonal dose profiles were measured simultaneously with high spatial resolution (0.3 mm). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with a GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking 4) tool‐kit were added to the study to support the experimental characterization of the detector response. Results For fixed cones and the Iris, for all field sizes investigated in the range between 5 and 60 mm diameter, OFs, PDDs, TMRs, and DPs in terms of FWHM measured by the Octa were accurate within 3% when benchmarked against the SRS diode and MC calculations. Conclusions The Octa was shown to be an accurate dosimeter for measurements with a 6 MV FFF beam delivered with a CyberKnife system. The detector enabled real‐time dosimetric verification for the variable aperture Iris collimator, yielding OFs and DPs consistent with those obtained with alternative methods.

Porous media are a vital component in almost every electrochemical device in the form of electrode, support or gas diffusion layers. Microstructural parameters of porous layers such as tortuosity, porosity and pore size diameter are of high importance and crucial for diffusive mass transport calculations. Among these parameters, the tortuosity remains ill-defined in the field of electrochemistry, resulting in a wide range of different calculation approaches. Here, we present a systematic approach of calculating the tortuosity of different porous samples using image and diffusion cell experimental-based methods. Image-based analyses include a selection of geometric and flux-based tortuosity calculation algorithms. Differences between the image and diffusion cell-based results are encountered and attributed to the small pore diameters and thereby induced Knudsen effects within the samples which govern the diffusion flux.

Objective To ascertain the survival of teeth having undergone root canal therapy, when bacterial photo-dynamic therapy (bacterial PDT) was used as an adjunct during root canal system disinfection. Design Retrospective survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier method) of endodontically-treated teeth, when bacterial PDT was used as an adjunct during root canal system disinfection by a single operator in a private general dental practice. Materials and methods The records relating to endodontically treated teeth, performed between 27 May 2001 and 23 June 2016, were sourced. The details of these were placed into a database that permitted flexible interrogation. Survival data on de novo root canal treated teeth (RCT), and those requiring revision of the endodontic treatment (reRCT), were exported into a statistical package to permit survival analysis by the method of Kaplan-Meier. Results The number of teeth available for analysis were RCT = 620 and reRCT = 167. Percentage survival at two, four, six, eight, and ten years for RCT was 98.31, 97.38, 95.76, 91.81 and 91.80 respectively. When non-endodontic failures were excluded percentage survival was 99.27, 98.91, 98.28, 97.33 and 97.33 respectively. Percentage survival of teeth having undergone reRCT at the same time periods was 94.14, 92.77, 86.52, 84.09 and 84.09 respectively and respectively. When non-endodontic failures were excluded percentage survival was 96.01,96.01,93.67,63.67 and 93.67 respectively. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the survival rates of teeth treated with bacterial PDT, as an adjunct during root canal system disinfection, compare very favourably with previously published work where bacterial PDT was not used. The effectiveness of conventional chemo-mechanical disinfection of the root canal system may be enhanced by the adjunctive use of bacterial PDT, particularly in reRCT cases.

The tortuosity of a porous structure is commonly used to relate the bulk transport property to an effective transport property. This approach is applied for a wide range of phenomena including charge transport and gas diffusion alike. However, due to the inherent differences between ionic and diffusive transport, the effect of the microstructure on either effective transport property differs. Here, we calculate the tortuosity of a porous membrane via gas diffusion experiments and ionic resistance measurements and compare the results of both techniques. The ionic resistance measurement arrives at lower tortuosity value compared to the gas diffusion measurements. The reason for this might stem from Knudsen diffusion effects, which only affect diffusive mass transport in the gas phase and is affected by the local variation in pore diameter. Hence, Knudsen diffusion effects cannot be neglected in microstructures featuring nano-scale pores.

Tortuosity plays a vital role in diffusive mass transport through porous layers of electrochemical devices. However, tortuosity cannot be measured directly which is why different methods have been developed to determine the tortuosity of porous samples. These methods differ considerably from each other in terms of calculation approach and applied data sets. Here, we utilise advanced tomography techniques, simulation and diffusion cell experiments to calculate tortuosity of a porous support layer of an oxygen transport membrane (OTM). The results are then compared and the suitability of these different approaches is evaluated. We conclude, that image and simulation based methodologies arrive at lower tortuosity values in comparison to diffusion cell experiments; the difference, depending on the calculation method, can be close to a factor of two. The difference may stem from Knudsen diffusion effects which currently are not accounted for in the image based modelling techniques. Moreover, tortuosity values extracted via diffusion cell experiments are a function of gas mixture and temperature. As a result, one has to distinguish between geometric tortuosity and diffusive tortuosity used for quantifying the resistance of a structure to a flux.

This study reports the interfacial stability of doped (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 ) 0.95 Cr 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3 (LSCF) and 10Sc1CeSZ system in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere for the application of oxygen transport membrane (OTM) device. Role of oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) on the interfacial stability of LSCF with 10Sc1CeSZ is studied under OTM fabrication conditions (1400 °C, PO 2 ~ 0.21–10 − 10 atm). Interfacial stability corresponding to the interaction between LSCF and 10Sc1CeSZ decreases with decrease in PO 2 . Interfacial study of LSCF with 10Sc1CeSZ shows absence and presence of strontium zirconate (SrZrO 3 ) at the interface in oxidizing (PO 2 ~ 0.21 atm) and reducing atmosphere (PO 2 ~ 10 − 10 atm) at 1400 °C respectively. Mechanism for the formation of SrZrO 3 is reported.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS During the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized mother-infant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0. CONCLUSION This study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.

Purpose The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of an angularly independent silicon detector (edgeless diodes) developed for dosimetry in megavoltage radiotherapy for Cyberknife in a phantom and for patient quality assurance (QA). Method The characterization of the edgeless diodes has been performed on Cyberknife with fixed and IRIS collimators. The edgeless diode probes were tested in terms of basic QA parameters such as measurements of tissue‐phantom ratio (TPR), output factor and off‐axis ratio. The measurements were performed in both water and water‐equivalent phantoms. In addition, three patient‐specific plans have been delivered to a lung phantom with and without motion and dose measurements have been performed to verify the ability of the diodes to work as patient‐specific QA devices. The data obtained by the edgeless diodes have been compared to PTW 60016, SN edge, PinPoint ionization chamber, Gafchromic EBT3 film, and treatment planning system (TPS). Results The TPR measurement performed by the edgeless diodes show agreement within 2.2% with data obtained with PTW 60016 diode for all the field sizes. Output factor agrees within 2.6% with that measured by SN EDGE diodes corrected for their field size dependence. The beam profiles’ measurements of edgeless diodes match SN EDGE diodes with a measured full width half maximum (FWHM) within 2.3% and penumbra widths within 0.148 mm. Patient‐specific QA measurements demonstrate an agreement within 4.72% in comparison with TPS. Conclusion The edgeless diodes have been proved to be an excellent candidate for machine and patient QA for Cyberknife reproducing commercial dosimetry device measurements without need of angular dependence corrections. However, further investigation is required to evaluate the effect of their dose rate dependence on complex brain cancer dose verification.

The first use of organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) as CO2 separation membranes is reported. The novel OIPC/PVDF nanofiber composites show CO2/N2 ideal selectivities of 30 at 35 °C. The dependence of gas permeability on the thermal phase of the plastic crystals is discussed.

The deleterious effect of silicon species on the conductivity of ceria electrolytes is well documented in the literature. A simple process has been developed at Praxair that alleviates the negative effect of high concentrations of silicon species on the conductivity of ceria electrolytes. The impact of this process on the conductivity of commercially available doped ceria electrolyte powders is demonstrated and a likely mechanism for the reduction of the resistivity is proposed. The influence of this process on other properties of the ceria electrolyte is discussed.

Porous support layers in electrochemical devices ensure mechanical stability of membrane assemblies such as solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen transport membranes (OTMs). At the same time, porous layers affect diffusive mass transport of gaseous reactants and contribute to performance losses at high fuel utilisation and conversion ratios. Microstructural characteristics are vital to calculate mass transport phenomena, where tortuosity remains notoriously difficult to determine. Here, the tortuosity of tubular porous support layers of OTMs is evaluated via high resolution X-ray nano computed tomography. The high resolution reveals the complex microstructure of the samples to then execute a selection of image-based tortuosity calculation algorithms. Visible differences between geometric and flux-based algorithms are observed and have thus to be applied with caution.

With short production development times, there is an increased need to demonstrate product reliability relatively quickly with minimal testing. In such cases there may be few if any observed failures. Thus, it may be difficult to assess reliability using the traditional reliability test plans that measure only time (or cycles) to failure. For many components, degradation measures will contain important information about performance and reliability. These measures can be used to design a minimal test plan, in terms of number of units placed on test and duration of the test, necessary to demonstrate a reliability goal. Generally, the assumption is made that the error associated with a degradation measure follows a known distribution, usually normal, although in practice cases may arise where that assumption is not valid. In this paper, we examine such degradation measures, both simulated and real, and present non-parametric methods to demonstrate reliability and to develop reliability test plans for the future production of components with this form of degradation.

It’s entirely by design that we spent the better part of the previous chapter discouraging too much up-front planning. But please don’t call us hypocrites now that we’re offering you an entire chapter that covers the planning and pre-project process. The reality of the situation is that it can be to your advantage to do a little work up front before digging into the development stage. Every project you embark on isn’t going to be crystal clear; you will more than likely end up working outside your comfort zone on more than one occasion. Although it’s easy to get a general feel for most projects, there will undoubtedly be specialized areas in which you will need to consult a subject-matter expert. Your clients may or may not have some idea of what they’re looking for; and even then, after talking it over with them you may come to the realization that their vision of what they want makes absolutely no sense for their end users. The temptation might be there to simply do what the client wants, collect your paycheck, and walk away; however, it’s far more fulfilling to work on projects where you can see the value that will be produced and where people will actually use the product you produce.

We’ve come a long way already with JavaScript. We started out by understanding the roots of the language, then graduated to creating complex logic with it. Next, we began to create our own page-level namespaces; and finally, we learned how to hold all of the functionality that we need in a given page or site.

It’s pretty hard to find a website these days that doesn’t use some kind of server-side scripting and a database. So many different options are available, from commercial products to open source products, that it can be really daunting to decide which direction you want to go. In the case of web servers, web scripting languages, and databases, the open source alternatives are just as good as (and in some cases, even better than) the commercial options.

By now, you should have a solid understanding of how to create web pages using HTML markup. You should understand how to encode semantic meaning into your page content, and you should be familiar with the concept of page elements and how these elements can be nested inside one another to give a page an orderly structure. Finally, you should also understand the basics of how a web browser interprets your HTML source code and determines its rendering. All of these topics were covered in the previous chapter, and all the concepts in this chapter will build on them.

This afterword will look at a few different areas on how to best conduct business as it relates to the Web. We’ve known brilliant designers who weren’t very adept at billing. We’ve known excellent developers who have had trouble getting paid because they didn’t work out the terms of an agreement before starting work. Freelancing is a very popular option among people working on the Web. We don’t know whether it’s the nature of the industry or just the personality type of the people who work online, but based on conversations we’ve had at conferences with others working in the field, there seems to be a really high occurrence of people doing side work for themselves among those employed at larger organizations. It’s not uncommon to find individuals who work in completely different fields such as print design or photography (we’ve even met a couple of licensed electricians!) to occasionally work in web development.

Up to this point in the book, we’ve covered a lot of the bases for building a website from scratch. We’ve talked about the most fundamental building blocks of the web and how to combine those together to get up and running with a website. We’ve covered using JavaScript to add some interactivity to our pages and to make things dynamic. We’ve even briefly looked at various server-side languages and systems that can help to make a website a truly dynamic system.

Now that we can construct more complex logic with loops and conditional statements, let’s take our knowledge of JavaScript to the next level.

Start paragraph. Take a minute to imagine what it would be like to have to describe the function of (strong emphasis) everything (end strong emphasis) you’re saying. How (emphasis) irritating (end emphasis) would that be in a conversation? Give it a try: try reading this paragraph out loud. End paragraph.

Believe it or not, when we were kids the standard way to send a message to a friend or family member was by mail. Not e-mail, mind you, but the physical kind requiring a stamp on the envelope. Fax machines came blazing onto the scene and revolutionized communications because, all of a sudden, you could send a document across the country in a matter of minutes, rather than a number of days. Personal computers were starting to show up in houses, but they generally cost an arm and a leg, and they certainly did not have any sort of way of communicating with the outside world. For the most part, assignments in school were handwritten, unless you had a typewriter at home! It was just the standard.

In the previous two chapters, we talked a lot about the theory and concepts behind standards-based frontend web development. You learned why and how to create structured, semantically meaningful HTML5 markup. You also learned how Cascading Style Sheets work, how web browsers display HTML content by default, and how to apply your own CSS rules to web pages. It’s finally time to bring all your new-found knowledge to bear on a real project and turn your bland, unstyled web page into a beautiful, professionally implemented CSS design.

Project management doesn’t have to be rocket science. Sure, there are libraries full of books on the topic that make managing projects sound like PhD-worthy material. Trust us, though: when you’re starting out, keeping things simple is the best advice we can offer you! Chances are that the project that you’re currently staring down isn’t overly complex, so don’t let it jump in complexity in your mind. We’re going to take a quick look at a few different ways of managing projects and the three things you should always keep in mind: time, money, and scope (what needs to get done).

Plan review systems often allow dose volume histogram (DVH) recalculation as part of a quality assurance process for trials. A review of the algorithms provided by a number of systems indicated that they are often very similar. One notable point of variation between implementations is in the location and frequency of dose sampling. This study explored the impact such variations can have on DVH based plan evaluation metrics (Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP), min, mean and max dose), for a plan with small structures placed over areas of high dose gradient. Dose grids considered were exported from the original planning system at a range of resolutions. We found that for the CT based resolutions used in all but one plan review systems (CT and CT with guaranteed minimum number of sampling voxels in the x and y direction) results were very similar and changed in a similar manner with changes in the dose grid resolution despite the extreme conditions. Differences became noticeable however when resolution was increased in the axial (z) direction. Evaluation metrics also varied differently with changing dose grid for CT based resolutions compared to dose grid based resolutions. This suggests that if DVHs are being compared between systems that use a different basis for selecting sampling resolution it may become important to confirm that a similar resolution was used during calculation.

Former general practitioner Eye near Peterborough (b 1922; q Guy's Hospital, London, 1947), died from oesophageal cancer on 12 June 2002. After national service with the Royal Army Medical Corps in north Africa, John entered general practice, initially in the southeast and then to Eye in the Fens, where he remained for more than 30 years. He had an enthusiasm for progress and new developments in diagnosis and treatment and developed excellent relationships with his colleagues in the local hospital. He was made a serving brother of the Order of St John for his work as a teacher and examiner for its Ambulance Brigade, and an honorary life member of the British Red Cross. He leaves a wife, Ann; five daughters; and 11 grandchildren.

THE history of twentieth-century American residential architecture does not as yet include a full account of the development of dwelling design during what may be called the era of the Period House, the years 1910-1930.1 These decades have been regarded by many historians as a time of unfruitful stagnation in domestic architecture which commenced with the eclipse around 1910 of the groups led by Wright in the Middle West and Bernard Maybeck and the Greene brothers on the Pacific Coast, and continued until the early thirties when the tide began to turn decisively against eclecticism. But while the victory of eclecticism brought to an end the bold experiments of the early years of the century, it did not interrupt the broad process of evolution in the design of suburban dwellings which had long been in progress in the United States. While seeking motifs from abroad in matters of external design, the architects who first began to popularize the Period House in the early 189os had drawn extensively upon the same source as Wright and the other turn-of-the-century pioneers: the wholly American Shingle Style. The planning of the first Period Houses indeed owed almost nothing to the influence of the European past. Rather, the early Period House took over with little modification the most advanced planning of the shingled houses of the eighties, and as far as the treatment of the plan was concerned there was virtually no break between the two styles. But between 1890 and 1930 the design of the Period House was steadily modified, in accordance with the changing needs of the times. Out of this gradual development emerged three important concepts in residential planning which survived the reaction against eclecticism in the early thirties to influence profoundly the further evolution of domestic architecture in the United States-the open plan, the use of rambling one-story designs, and the provision of outdoor living areas. The introduction of these ideas has been generally associated with the work of those architects who rejected