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Uno de los factores importantes que influyen en los accidentes automovilísticos es el manejar bajo condiciones no-óptimas, tales como estrés, ira, miedo, depresión entre otros, en las cuales la posibilidad de sufrir un accidente durante manejo se incrementa. Por lo tanto, hasta la fecha han sido propuestos varios esquemas que detectan la emoción del conductor basado en su expresión facial. La mayoría de ellos usan solo un fotograma (una imagen) y operan en condiciones restringidas que rara vez se presentan en condiciones reales de manejo. Con el fin de poder resolver este problema, este artículo presenta un algoritmo para el reconocimiento de la emoción del conductor basado en sus expresiones faciales, en el cual a partir de la secuencia de cuadros de video se extraen vectores de características temporales usando los puntos relevantes del rostro. Los vectores de características extraídos se introducen en diferentes clasificadores, tales como Maquina de Soporte Vectorial (SVM) y K-vecinos más cercanos (KNN) para la comparación de su funcionamiento.

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We report the spectroscopic observation of the jet-cooled para-ethynylbenzyl (PEB) radical, a resonance-stabilized isomer of C9H7. The radical was produced in a discharge of p-ethynyltoluene diluted in argon and probed by resonant two-color two-photon ionization (R2C2PI) spectroscopy. The origin of the D0(2B1)-D1(2B1) transition of PEB appears at 19,506 cm-1. A resonant two-color ion-yield scan reveals an adiabatic ionization energy (AIE) of 7.177(1) eV, which is almost symmetrically bracketed by CBS-QB3 and B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) calculations. The electronic spectrum exhibits pervasive Fermi resonances, in that most a1 fundamentals are accompanied by similarly intense overtones or combination bands of non-totally symmetric modes that would carry little intensity in the harmonic approximation. Under the same experimental conditions, the m/z = 115 R2C2PI spectrum of the p-ethynyltoluene discharge also exhibits contributions from the m-ethynylbenzyl and 1-phenylpropargyl radicals. The former, like PEB, is observed herein for the first time, and its identity is confirmed by measurement and calculation of its AIE and D0-D1 origin transition energy; the latter is identified by comparison with its known electronic spectrum (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2008,130, 3137-3142). Both species are found to co-exist with PEB at levels vastly greater than might be explained by any precursor sample impurity, implying that interconversion of ethynylbenzyl motifs is feasible in energetic environments such as plasmas and flames, wherein resonance-stabilized radicals are persistent.

The D0(2A″)-D1(2A″) electronic transition of resonance-stabilized radical C9H9 isomers cis- and trans-meta-vinylbenzyl (MVB) has been investigated using resonant two-color two-photon ionization (R2C2PI) and laser-induced fluorescence. The radicals were produced in a discharge of m-vinyltoluene diluted in Ar and probed under jet-cooled conditions. The origin bands of the cis and trans conformers are at 19 037 and 18 939 cm-1, respectively. Adiabatic ionization energies near 7.17 eV were determined for both conformers from two-color ion-yield scans. Dispersed fluorescence (DF) was used to conclusively identify the cis-conformer: ground-state cis-MVB eigenvalues calculated for a Fourier series fit of a computed vinyl torsion potential are in excellent agreement with torsional transitions in the 19 037 cm-1 DF spectrum. R2C2PI features arising from cis- or trans-MVB were distinguished by optical-optical hole-burning spectroscopy and vibronic assignments were made with guidance from density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. There is a notable absence of mirror symmetry between excitation and emission spectra for several totally symmetric modes, whereby modes that are conspicuous in emission are nearly absent in excitation, and vice versa. This effect is largely ascribed to interference between Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller contributions to the electronic transition moment, and its pervasiveness a consequence of the low symmetry (Cs) of the molecule, which permits intensity borrowing from several relatively bright electronic states of A″ symmetry.

En este ensayo se aborda la violencia de género desde la perspectiva de la salud pública en Nicaragua, el objetivo es hacer un abordaje de los factores sociales, culturales y políticos-legales que funcionan como mecanismos estructurantes-normalizadores de permanencia o de cambio de la violencia de género como problema público. El ensayo ha seguido una metodología de observación documental basado en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Se derivan del estudio aspectos que vinculan la violencia de género con la salud, la cultura y el rol que juega el Estado de Nicaragua. Se visualizan importantes avances gubernamentales en materia de empoderamiento económico y político de las mujeres nicaragüenses y los avances político-legales orientados a prevenir la violencia de género en Nicaragua.

In this paper, we propose a portable device named SOMN_IA, to detect drowsiness and distraction in drivers. The SOMN_IA can be installed inside of any type of vehicle, and it operates in real time, alerting the dangerous state caused by drowsiness and/or distraction in the driver. The SOMN_IA contains three types of alarm: light alarm, sound alarm, and the transmission of information about the driver’s dangerous state to a third party if the driver does not correct his/her dangerous state. The SOMN_IA contains a face detector and a classifier based on the convolutional neural networks (CNN), and it aids in the management of consecutive information, including isolated error correction mechanisms. All of the algorithmic parts of the SOMN_IA are analyzed and adjusted to operate in real-time in a portable device with limited computational power and memory space. The SOMN_IA requires only a buck-type converter to connect to the car battery. The SONM_IA discriminates correctly between real drowsiness and normal blinking, as well as between real dangerous distraction and a driver’s normal attention to his/her right and left. Although the real performance of the SOMN_IA is superior to the CNN classification accuracy thanks to isolated error correction, we compare the CNN classification accuracy with the previous systems.

The 3-ethynylcyclopentenyl radical (3ecpr) has been identified as the carrier of an electronic spectrum with origin at 21792 cm–1 using resonant ionization and laser-induced fluorescence spectrosco...

La presente investigacion examina la distribucion y dinamica de transicion de la innovacion en America Latina para el periodo 2006-2017. El objetivo principal del documento es conocer si el proceso dinamico de innovacion en la region tiene un patron que apunta hacia la convergencia, o si por el contario presenta un comportamiento heterogeneo. Se utilizan tecnicas no parametricas de creciente aceptacion como alternativas para estudiar las desigualdades regionales: las cadenas de Markov y las funciones de densidad Kernel. Los resultados indican que el desarrollo de la innovacion en la region no es homogeneo y en el largo plazo las economias Latinoamericanas no convergen a un solo equilibrio estable. La distribucion en los esfuerzos de innovacion se encuentra polarizada en la region.

Dopamine transporters (DAT) modulate pre-synaptic dopamine and physiological functions such as movement and reward. DAT also mirrors disease state in neurological disorders, rendering it an essential diagnostic target. [18F]PR04.MZ is a new PET imaging agent for DAT with an improved affinity and selectivity profile, for which we here describe the complete pharmacokinetic evaluation in healthy controls. Thirty-two healthy subjects underwent T1-weighted MRI and dynamic PET scans for 180 min with arterial blood sampling (n = 5) or 90 min without blood sampling (n = 25) after injection of 197.6 ± 12.2 MBq [18F]PR04.MZ. Blood and plasma metabolite analysis were performed. MRI-based normalization of brain images, delineation of VOIs, and kinetic modeling was conducted to determine distribution volumes (Vt) and binding potentials (BPnd). The impact of scan duration was evaluated and repeated PET scans were performed to assess test-retest variability (n = 5). A static imaging protocol has been validated for clinical applications. [18F]PR04.MZ showed rapid metabolization in circulation, very high uptake in striatum and midbrain, and very low non-specific binding. The two-tissue compartment model 2TCM provided best fits for measured time-activity-curves and calculated Vts in putamen, caudate, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and cerebellar cortex were 11.83, 9.73, 2.12, and 0.57, respectively. All non-invasive models correlated well with BPnd values derived from 2TCM but underestimated DAT availability by about 28–33%. Of those, simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) provided the best fits, lowest Akaike Information Criteria values, and BPnd values of 14.82, 11.95, and 2.63 in putamen, caudate, and SNpc, respectively. BPnd estimates for striatal regions and SNpc were stable between 90 and 130 min post-injection. Test-retest results were excellent, showing low variability in all and excellent reliability in most relevant regions. Static imaging from 60 to 90-min post-injection is a viable alternative for quantification. [18F]PR04.MZ is a PET tracer with very high affinity, selectivity, and specific uptake in striatum and midbrain. 2TCM and SRTM provide good fits, high and stable Vts or BPnds, and good test-retest reliability for precise quantification of DAT in human subjects.

El neoliberalismo como ideología y como modelo socioeconómico marcó la historia de muchos pueblos en el mundo, tiene consigo tantas víctimas como cualquier otra guerra convencional en las que como condición invariable siempre son los pobres los que engrosan las estadísticas. Estudiar el neoliberalismo desde una perspectiva crítica que vaya más allá de los aspectos socioeconómicos y que dimensione los rasgos políticos y geopolíticos serviría para desmitificar y desmontar un discurso y una producción intelectual que legitiman este modelo desde una posición complaciente. En este artículo, el interés es más ambicioso y complejo dado que, no solo se pretende analizar la etapa neoliberal como linealidad histórica, sino como conjugación de factores, actores y categorías conceptuales que han gozado de un bagaje teórico-discursivo amplio, pero desde una perspectiva crítica tímida. El objetivo es analizar la etapa neoliberal de Nicaragua, 1990-2006, desde una crítica militante que ponga de relieve las implicaciones políticas e ideológicas de los gobiernos y el ejercicio del poder durante ese periodo y enfatizando en la vinculación con los intereses hegemónicos de Estados Unidos.

We report the spectroscopic observation of the jet-cooled

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The serotonin receptor subtype 2A antagonist (5-HT2AR) (R)-[18F]MH.MZ has in preclinical studies been identified as a promising PET imaging agent for quantification of cerebral 5-HT2ARs. It displays a very similar selectivity profile as [11C]MDL 100907, one of the most selective compounds identified thus far for the 5-HT2AR. As [11C]MDL 100907, (R)-[18F]MH.MZ also displays slow brain kinetics in various animal models; however, the half-life of fluorine-18 allows for long scan times and consequently, a more precise determination of 5-HT2AR binding could still be feasible. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of (R)-[18F]MH.MZ PET to image and quantify the 5-HT2AR in the human brain in vivo. Nine healthy volunteers underwent (R)-[18F]MH.MZ PET at baseline and four out of these also received a second PET scan, after ketanserin pretreatment. Regional time–activity curves of 17 brain regions were analyzed before and after pretreatment. We also investigated radiometabolism, time-dependent stability of outcomes measures, specificity of (R)-[18F]MH.MZ 5-HT2AR binding, and performance of different kinetic modeling approaches. Highest uptake was determined in 5-HT2AR rich regions with a BPND of approximately 1.5 in cortex regions. No radiometabolism was observed. 1TCM and 2TCM resulted in similar outcome measure, whereas reference tissue models resulted in a small, but predictable bias. (R)-[18F]MH.MZ binding conformed to the known distribution of 5-HT2AR and could be blocked by pretreatment with ketanserin. Moreover, outcomes measures were stable after 100–110 min. (R)-[18F]MH.MZ is a suitable PET tracer to image and quantify the 5-HT2AR system in humans. In comparison with [11C]MDL 100907, faster and more precise outcome measure could be obtained using (R)-[18F]MH.MZ. We believe that (R)-[18F]MH.MZ has the potential to become the antagonist radiotracer of choice to investigate the human 5-HT2AR system.

En este documento se exponen los resultados de una investigación que indagó en los factores que incentivan la actividad de innovación en América Latina durante 2006-2017. Metodológicamente, la investigación se apoya en un modelo de corrección de errores (VECM) que estima la relación de equilibro de largo plazo entre las variables. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación de equili- brio positiva y signi cativa. Se concluye que en los países de la región donde predominan actividades económicas con escaso contenido tecnológico es más importante la absorción de tecnología empresarial que el gasto en I+D a nivel empresa.

The 3-ethynylcyclopentenyl radical (3ecpr) has been identified as the carrier of an electronic spectrum with origin at 21792 cm

El estudio de las migraciones desde la perspectiva de género permite conocer la participación de las mujeres en los flujos migratorios de una manera más crítica y enfatiza en la implicación que tienen los roles con la propia experiencia de inmigrar de hombres y mujeres. Siguiendo esta lógica investigativa, el presente artículo se aproxima mediante la revisión teórica-conceptual y el relato vivencial a través obre entrevista de la experiencia migratoria delas mujeres nmigrantes en España, concretiza en aspectos relacionados a la onstrucción de redes sociales, subraya algunos factores que afectan a las mujeres inmigrantes, en aspectos específicos como la socialización, el apoyo social, su situación laboral. Para ello se toma como referente clave el relato y el mapa de red social de una mujer inmigrante de nacionalidad mexicana radicada en España.

This paper presents a Proportional-Derivative Control strategy for the non-linear PVTOL system without algebraic restrictions. The total thrust is computed using a non-linear feedback compensation so that the altitude reaches the desired reference. The horizontal position $x$ is then controlled by choosing the orientation angle $\theta$ as a smooth saturation function of $x$ and $\dot{x}$ . A proof of convergence is presented using a Lyapunov approach. The proposed control strategy is successfully tested in numerical simulations.

Dopamine transporters (DAT) modulate pre-synaptic dopamine and physiological functions such as movement and reward. DAT also mirrors disease state in neurological disorders, rendering it an essential diagnostic target. [Thirty-two healthy subjects underwent T1-weighted MRI and dynamic PET scans for 180 min with arterial blood sampling (n = 5) or 90 min without blood sampling (n = 25) after injection of 197.6 ± 12.2 MBq [[[