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Cerebral white matter tract lesions prevent cortico-spinal descending inputs from effectively activating spinal motoneurons, leading to untreatable muscle paralysis. However, in most cases the damage to cortico-spinal axons is incomplete and the spared connections could be potentiated by neurotechnologies to restore motor function. Here we hypothesized that, by engaging direct excitatory connections to cortico-spinal motoneurons, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the motor thalamus could facilitate activation of spared cortico-spinal fibers improving muscle activation of the paretic limb. We first identified, in monkeys, optimal stimulation targets and parameters that enhanced motor evoked potentials to arm, hand, and face muscles, as well as grip forces. This potentiation persisted after cerebral white matter lesions. We then translated these results to human subjects by identifying the corresponding optimal thalamic targets (VIM/VOP nuclei) and replicated the results obtained in monkeys. Finally, we designed a DBS protocol that immediately improved voluntary grip force control in a patient with a chronic traumatic brain injury. Our results suggest that targeted DBS of the motor thalamus may become an effective therapy for motor paralysis.

PurposeIn recent years, numerous banks have introduced live chat systems to their mobile banking (m-banking) applications to help customers address problems that arise while using m-banking. However, few researchers have investigated bank customers' perceptions of live chat in the context of m-banking, known as mobile chat. The present study attempts to fill this research gap and identify potential factors affecting bank customers' intention and attitude toward using mobile chat from the perspective of functional and expected advantages.Design/methodology/approachA research model was developed integrating three technological characteristics of mobile chat (mobility, reachability and convenience) identified from the mobile service and self-service technology literature with user beliefs involving performance expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions specified by the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. The proposed model was evaluated using data collected from a field survey of 268 customers with experience in Internet or m-banking at an international bank in Taiwan. The mediating effects of attitude on the relationship between intention and its predictors were also measured.FindingsThe results suggest that reachability and convenience influence performance expectancy whereas effort expectancy is affected by all the technological characteristics. Additionally, customers' intention is determined by attitude, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions whereas their attitude depends on the three constructs of user beliefs.Research limitations/implicationsThe development of user behavioral research in intelligent customer engagement is lacking in the m-banking literature. This study sheds light on Internet banking and m-banking customers' viewpoints and the salient determinants of their intention and attitude toward using mobile chat. Therefore, the findings allow a broader understanding of customer engagement applications in the banking sector.Practical implicationsThe research findings would help banks not only better understand how to deploy useful mobile applications for improving the effectiveness of their mobile service development but also develop adequate mobile strategies to engage with customers more intelligently.Originality/valueThis research provides valuable insight into the relationship between the adoption of intelligent customer engagement tools and the improvement of customer support performance in the context of m-banking. Moreover, this study is among the first to identify the potential mobile technological factors that might affect bank customer expectations from mobile chat applications.

Purpose To document the epidemiology, presentation, clinical interventions, and outcomes of paediatric glaucoma in Hong Kong. Methods This multicentre territory-wide retrospective study was performed by reviewing charts of patients with paediatric glaucoma in six clusters of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and The Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2006 to 2015. Results This study included 150 eyes of 98 patients with paediatric glaucoma (presenting age: 5.2±5.7 years). Of them, 35 eyes (23.3%) had primary congenital glaucoma, 22 eyes (14.7%) had juvenile open-angle glaucoma, and 93 eyes (62.0%) had secondary glaucoma. The most prevalent types of secondary glaucoma were lens-related after cataract extraction (18.0%), Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly (5.3%), uveitis (5.3%), Sturge-Weber syndrome (4.7%), and traumatic (3.3%). The most common clinical presentations were parental concerns (20.7%) including cloudy cornea (12.7%) and tearing/photophobia (8.0%), followed by poor visual acuity (18.0%), high intraocular pressure (13.3%), and strabismus (6.0%). The follow-up duration was 8.46±6.51 years. Furthermore, 63.2% of eyes with primary glaucoma and 45.2% of eyes with secondary glaucoma were treated surgically. The final visual acuity was 0.90±0.98 LogMAR; intraocular pressure was 18.4±6.6 mm Hg; and number of glaucoma medications was 2.22±1.61. Conclusion Primary congenital glaucoma was most prevalent, followed by juvenile open-angle glaucoma and aphakic glaucoma. Most eyes with primary glaucoma required surgical treatment. Parental concerns were important clinical presentations. Basic assessments by healthcare providers to identify glaucoma signs (eg, poor visual acuity, high intraocular pressure, and strabismus) warranted prompt referral to an ophthalmologist.

Over the past decade, the markets for mobile and wireless services have been among the world's fastest-growing, especially in Asian countries, presenting financial institutions with significant opportunities to offer value-added services. Mobile banking has since emerged as a new channel enabling the banks to react strategically to changes in competitive forces and to enhance customer convenience. Based on Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) model, this study develops an integrated model to provide a fuller understanding of factors facilitating or impeding the adoption of mobile banking, focusing on consumers in Taiwan and Vietnam. While subjective norms had a significant effect on the intention to adopt, three attributes of mobile banking (compatibility, perceived usefulness, and perceived risk) were found to have indirect effects on intention to adopt mobile banking through attitude toward adoption for consumers in both Taiwan and Vietnam. Intention to adopt mobile banking was indirectly influenced by self-efficacy and facilitating conditions, and directly affected by perceived behavioral control in both nations. Some differences in intention to adopt mobile banking between Taiwanese and Vietnamese are also discussed. Based on the research findings, managerial implications for financial institutions and mobile service providers are discussed.

In this article, key factors that contribute to the successful diffusion of sustainable innovations are explored in the cosmetic industry. Through case studies and surveys, obstacles and challenges facing cosmetic companies that either start as a sustainable cosmetic company or decides to include sustainable cosmetics in its product portfolio are discussed. Suggestions for those companies to not only survive but also thrive in an already saturated cosmetic product industry are provided. They include strategies that help cosmetic companies to better integrate sustainability into the core of their business strategies and managerial operations. Based on insights gained from the literature review and case studies, three main successful factors-customer education, company image building, and establishing strategic alliance are identified and illustrated in details.

Shifts in technological paradigms simultaneously disrupt existing industrial organization and raise opportunities for entrepreneurial companies. Analyzing the process of paradigm shift requires a systematic framework which involves a variety of factors related to market conditions, industrial organization, and the broader technical environment. How firms adapt to such paradigmatic changes requires special attention yet very few studies have been conducted. This research proposes a dynamic typology which couples organizational adaptive strategies to various patterns of technological paradigm shift. The dynamic typology is expected to serve as an analytic framework which facilitates technological firms shift strategies along with technological changes. Incorporating interactive firm strategies with technological changes of the typology is expected to overcome long time criticism on the static nature of strategic typology researches.

The continuously evolving IC industry has driven IC design service companies to become the niche players in the semiconductor value chain. These emerging companies, mostly SMEs, manage the entire chip development manufacturing process and apply third party's resources when and where its customers need them. To keep the customer as their main focus and deliver what the customer truly needs, a strong and committed partnership ecosystem is more important than ever. The objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the partnership ecosystem of Taiwan's IC design service companies. A co-evolutionary theory in the business ecosystem is used as a theoretical background to explain the relationship in the investigated partnership networks. The partnership networks of the IC design service companies were analyzed together with the corporate data such as revenues and milestones. The findings show that the firms have accumulated and created their competitive advantage by forming strategic alliances with various leading foundries, IP vendors, and EDA tool providers to leverage their technological capabilities. While the production ecosystem was localized in Taiwan based on the benefit of the complete value chain, the IP ecosystem was more internationalized. The existing networks provide a new insight into opportunities for new entrants even in the highly competitive environment like the semiconductor industry. This study contributes to the understanding of the characteristics of the niche players. It will be useful as policy implications for the industry stakeholders and governments to setup direction for further support and investment in the IC design service business.

The rapid evolution of mobile technologies and the increasing diffusion of smartphones have given significant opportunities for innovative companies to create new payment solutions and offer value-added services to their customers. Near Field Communication (NFC) mobile payment has been emerging as a noticeable phenomenon that can enable consumers to turn their smartphones into digital wallets. Although there has been a lot of coverage on consumer acceptance of mobile payments, there are only few researches providing guideline to interpret NFC-based mobile payments adoption. Taking into consideration of theoretical backgrounds of innovation diffusion and specific characteristics of NFC mobile payments, this study proposes a research framework to provide a profound understanding of factors facilitating or impeding the adoption of NFC-based mobile payments among Taiwanese consumers. The results revealed that intention to adopt NFC mobile payments is affected by most of product-related factors, personal-related factors and attractiveness of alternatives. This paper is able to advance literature on innovation adoption and facilitate technology marketers in NFC mobile payments. It provides a useful guideline to help researchers investigate issues related to NFC mobile payments. It also brings some managerial implications by assisting relevant parties in NFC mobile payments ecosystem such as mobile network operators, card issuers, payment processing institutions, bank decision makers and merchants when devising their business strategies and marketing campaigns to facilitate NFC mobile payments.

Shifts in technological paradigms simultaneously disrupt existing industrial organization and raise opportunities for entrepreneurial companies. However, research on technological innovation centers the development of new technological solutions, while largely neglecting changes in customer problems or needs. This paper develops a typology for use as an analytical framework covering technological innovations and variations in market demand. The typology is then applied to the photographic industry, specifically the development of digital imaging technologies which disrupted existing film material and chemistry technologies in a paradigm shift from analog film to digital cameras. Taking a systematic view of product technologies, the typology identifies seven types of technological changes during the photography industry's process of digitalization. Case studies show that disruption of incumbent competencies can be attributed to the interactive effects of technological innovations and variations to market demand. Adaptive strategies corresponding to the identified types of technological changes are reported and discussed. The proposed typology is designed as a generic framework and is validated using an additional set of case studies from the media industrial sector.

Profit sharing strategy (PSS) has been identified as one of the key elements affecting employee work attitude and behavior as well as performance. In this paper, the aim is to study how the adoption of profit sharing strategy is related to commitment and intention of stay. This article analyzes the correlation between the adoption of profit-sharing strategy (PSS) and employee intention of stay and how is mediated by employee commitment. Overall, there is a positive correlation between the adoption of profit sharing strategy and employee intention of stay. The data is collected from employees from different industry in Taiwan. Survey date from over 262 employees in different companies in Taiwan. In this studying relationship among profitsharing strategy, commitment and intention of stay, we found strong the correlations between profit sharing strategy and intention to stay, mediated by commitment. Employee commitment and intention of stay will be affected by profit sharing strategy.

With the growth of online business, many brick and mortar retailers, from department stores, warehouse retailors, to supermarkets have been developing their web-based channels. However, how retailors deploying numerous varieties of products in the two different channels demands management consideration. This research is designed to examine the effects of product categories on consumer perceptions that have significant differences between the two channels. Applying two-dimensional factorial experimental design, consumer perceptions on perceived risk, customer experience, and transaction cost in the two channels were examined. The results show that the channel types have impact on perceived risk, customer experience and transaction cost. The interactive effect of product category and channel type was found significant on customer experience and transaction cost. These research results provide retailers information in deploying their products in the two types of channels that should be able to target right market segments for appropriate product categories.

Fuel cell technologies have long been recognized as one of the most promising future energy solutions. Nevertheless, major technological barriers hinder the potential realization of this clean energy source. Citation network analysis methodology is used here to identify major research trends, critical technological issues, and proposed resolutions to raise the effectiveness of investment of R&D resources in fuel cell technology development. The main path analyses identify two research streams for the Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) technologies. Analyses of cited publications show that most of the technological barriers for PEMFC have been addressed and that performance has reached an acceptable level. On the other hand, DMFC still suffers from methanol and water crossover problems. Multiple main path analysis identifies specific research groups working on technological problems in DMFC. The Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell (DFAFC) and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) have recently emerged to address the toxicity of methanol, while DMFC performance is being enhanced through research on porous carbon plates, water transportation, and methanol concentrations, and the research group at Micro DMFC is applying fuel cells in electronics devices. Despite considerable research on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), its research stream does not appear in the main paths, most likely because of a broad divergence in research subjects. Growth curve analysis forecasts that fuel cell research is in the growth stage and will enter maturity in 2018. Although emerging technologies show advantages in performance and cost, the findings presented here can raise the effectiveness of critical research project selection, thus increasing the likelihood of success.

Plate-reader assays are commonly conducted to quantify the performance of synthetic biological systems. However, on the basis of a survey of 100 publications, we find that most publications do not report critical experimental settings of plate reader assays, suggesting widespread issues in their reproducibility. Specifically, critical plate reader settings, including shaking time and covering method, either vary between laboratories or are not reported by the publications. Here, we demonstrate that the settings of plate reader assays have a significant impact on bacterial growth, recombinant gene expression, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, we show that the plate reader settings affect the apparent activity, sensitivity, and chemical kinetics of synthetic constructs, as well as alter the apparent effectiveness of antibiotics. Our results suggest the critical need for consistent reporting of plate reader protocols to ensure the reproducibility of the protocols. In addition, our work provides data for the setup of plate reader protocols in synthetic biology experiments.

Service-oriented networks and clusters of firms have increasingly become prevalent in recent decades. This new form of service clusters is different from the traditional industrial clusters in which the focus is primarily on costs, production, and channel distributions. We extend the research on service innovation, alliance networks, and industrial clusters to analyze the strategy and the process of value creation and appropriation in service clusters. Higher perceived customer value is created and delivered by a network of agglomerate firms dynamically engaged in value networking and service innovation. The proposed theoretical framework and innovation mechanism provide new insights for firms located in the service clusters to gain and sustain competitive advantages. It also offers a new perspective for policymakers to advance regional and global competitiveness.

Technology evaluation, as an organizational process, is the essential ability to comprehend the values of technologies very soon after they emerge. Meanwhile, the technology evaluation process is inevitably influenced by the firm's industrial context, such as its technological trajectory. This study defines technology evaluation strategy in terms of the processes, methods, and participants involved, and uses this definition as a taxonomy to explore different types of technology evaluation strategies. A survey on the technological industries is conducted to explore types of technology evaluation strategies and their relationships with the advantages of different types of innovation under the effects of different technological trajectories. The survey identifies four types of technology evaluation strategies, namely, those of the flexible executive strategist, the emergent executive intuitionist, the deliberate quantitative strategist, and the deliberate consensual strategist, are identified. This study has found that certain types of technology evaluation strategies have better innovation performances than the others. The patterns of technological trajectories are also found to influence a firm's technology evaluation strategy and the advantages of certain types of innovations. The established explanations of the relationships among the technological trajectory, innovation type, and technology evaluation strategies may guide technology businesses to develop a better technology evaluation capability. The theoretical framework developed in this research enriches the strategic management literature with a new taxonomy for technology evaluation strategies.

Purpose – In‐depth tourism is a new traveling pattern, which combines thematic traveling experience and personal knowledge. This paper aims to analyze the industry characteristics and approaches to develop and promote in‐depth tourism from a service innovation perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The paper introduces the concept of in‐depth tourism and presents two case studies depicting the practices of this new approach. The paper also includes training and exercises on in‐depth tourism's implementation.Findings – A three‐dimensional framework consisting of customer value, regional resources and competences, and technology adoption (e.g. information and communication technologies) is developed to guide service innovations in the tourism industry.Practical implications – The new theoretical framework and set of training exercises provide management with the tools to effectively create and promote service innovations through in‐depth tourism.Originality/value – The paper introduces the concepts and p...

The increasingly important role that technologies play in today's business success is well known. To ensure proper selection and development of the key technologies, a deliberate technology plan is needed. In this paper, a strategic technology planning framework is proposed. A hierarchical decision model and its sensitivity analysis are presented as two major steps of the framework to provide effective technology assessment and to generate technology scenarios. The hierarchical model links an organization's competitive goals and strategies in evaluating the technology alternativespsila overall contributions to business success; the sensitivity analysis helps to forecast and implement possible future changes in the economic environment, industry policies, and organization strategies. With the proposed framework, organizations can start to implement their technology plans synoptically and follow up with incremental adaptations as necessary. A case study on Taiwan's semiconductor foundry industry is presented to demonstrate the model in detail.

A competitor's strategic moves and responses to a rival's actions are driven by the DNA embedded in its value creation activities. OVERVIEW: Competitor analysis is critical to strategy formulation and implementation. Firms are able to develop and deploy better strategies if their competitors' responses can be analyzed or even predicted. However, a competitor may initiate certain strategic actions to improve its position. A strategic approach to analyzing competitor responses to a rival's actions in order to achieve a better position would greatly help in the formulation of a firm's business strategy. A DNA analogy shows the way. KEY CONCEPTS: competitor DNA, value chain, strategy, business ecosystem. A systematic description of a competitor's strategy is fundamental to formulating a business strategy (1). However, strategy is studied through many lenses. A firm's competitive strategy greatly depends on its current positions, such as market share, capabilities and existing behavioral patterns. Mintzberg uses the five Ps- namely, plan, ploy, position, pattern, and perspective- to conceptualize strategy (2). Porter argues from a value-creation perspective that strategy is about forming a value network that is difficult to imitate (3). In order to systematically analyze competitors, an appropriate selection of these interrelated strategic concepts regarding firms is required. By providing opportunities for business growth, or else by imposing constraints on it, the business environment has an important bearing on a firm's strategic actions. Due to the increasingly complex and constantly changing business environment, analyzing a rival's strategic actions is necessary but not at all easy. Globalization and the opening of emerging markets are giving rise to both threats to and opportunities in the business environment of both your firm and its rivals. In addition, advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs), and complicated business value networks increase the diversity of a rival's strategic actions. When we draw an analogy between a business environment and an ecological system, firms become species in changing surroundings. In this paper we analyze how a species engages in strategic actions in response to both changes in the environment and the movements of other species within the ecosystem. The traditional strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis is used to generate strategic alternatives that fit an organization's internal capabilities and external possibilities. It is a purely descriptive model in that it does not offer the analyst explicit strategic recommendations. In the SWOT analysis, the strengths and weaknesses are not systematically connected as a sequence of value-creating activities. Weaknesses are often broader than expected, and strengths are usually narrower than anticipated. As a result, analysts are often overly optimistic in their assessment of an organization's strengths and opportunities versus its weaknesses and threats. In addition, major competitors are seldom included in the SWOT analysis, so interactions among competitors are frequently ignored. The aim of this study is to develop a framework for competitive analysis in high-tech industries. The framework is based on the integrated theories of strategic management and competitor analysis, and is made operational by means of a step-by-step procedure that is applied to the mobile-phone industry from the perspective of two Taiwanese firms. Analyzing Competitor DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) carries genetic information through which traits of a life are reproduced from generation to generation. When we see a firm as a living thing, it carries certain traits that have been embedded inside it and are difficult to change within a short time. This analogy implies that firms, like human beings, exhibit patterns of strategic behavior. This strategic behavior can be either deliberate or emergent, and consequently may or may not be predicted. …

The semiconductor manufacturing technologies have been evolving continuously since their invention. The semiconductor foundry industry, whose core business is contract semiconductor manufacturing service, is greatly influenced and shaped by the flow of these newly arriving technologies. This research applies the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to evaluate the strategic impact of new manufacturing technologies in the semiconductor foundry industry in Taiwan where the industry is in a global leadership position. The model incorporates the levels of overall competitive success, competitive goals, technology strategies, and emerging technologies. Relative impacts of elements in one level on its upper level are obtained by utilizing the inputs from experts of Taiwan semiconductor foundry industry. The results show the relative importance of competitive goals in the semiconductor foundry industry. Each competitive goal is aligned to the technology strategies as well as emerging technologies in the prioritized orders.

The development and growth of industries in the developing and newly industrialized countries, such as Taiwan and South Korea, has been solely emphasizing on cost-leadership strategy. Although such capital-intensive, volume-driven and cost-down strategies have been successful measured by industrial and economic growth, but the amounts of value created and captured in global value chain and innovation networks are insignificant. Recently, companies in South Korea, such as Samsung, Hyundai, LG, and Kia, and Taiwanese firms, such as HTC and Asus, have been able to create and capture extra value through innovation and branding strategies to differentiate their products in the global marketplace. This research applies Lee and Ho's [1] global industry value creation framework to study the value creation strategies in both developed and newly industrialized countries. We examine the value creation strategies of three smartphone companies in South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States, and evaluate the effectiveness of each company's ability to capture value in the global innovation network. Several managerial and policy implications will also be discussed.

This paper studies the conceptual evolution of technological regimes and relates it to the interactive process between technological advancements and social change. Schools of thought on technological regime are identified based on research community, belief, perceived problem, and intent solution which Kuhn used to specify scientific paradigms. Over a time sequence, these schools collectively depict the course of technological regime evolution. By summarizing the scope and underlying dimensions, technological regime plays a role of a selection mechanism for technological changes. Through an extensive literature review and bibliometric analysis, the critical dimensions of technological regime evolution are reported in terms of interaction with technological innovations and social change. The research result provides systematic information for technological and scientific policy-makers to support decisions regarding technology selection and resource allocation.

Conference Name:2013 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for education, ICTE 2013. Conference Address: Singapore. Time:December 1, 2013 - December 2, 2013.

Each industry has unique managerial factors that have a critical impact on a firm's success. These factors, known as key success factors, are the characteristics, conditions, or managerial variables that need to be maintained to achieve prosperity in a given industry. Although techniques for identifying KSFs have been developed, the determination of their priorities will help management allocate resources. Furthermore, connecting KSFs to a firm's major value activities will assist management in planning the firm's business. This article proposes an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) which integrates and operationalizes the theories associated with the KSFs and value chain for the above purposes. The proposed process is applied to the analog integrated circuit (IC) design industry to illustrate its efficacy.

This research applies a multi-perspective decision-making approach [6,7] and the concept of discounting or planning horizons as a framework to study the influence of culture on technology policy and management in Korea. Korea has invented the world's first metallic type and MP3 player and they had great opportunities to develop them earlier than other technologically advanced countries. However, these two inventions were not commercially successful for Koreans. Many reasons could have attributed to the failure. We argue that the imbalance among the technical, organizational, and personal (TOP) perspectives was a major factor. Business executives and policy makers also need to deal with issues related to discounting and forecasting when planning for commercialization and diffusion of new technologies. In addition, culture also plays an important role that bridges invention and innovation; invention can be transferred to innovation with a culture which can support the invention, and invention can be inspired by an innovative culture. In sum, the balance of multiple perspectives of decision-making, the applications of the principles of discounting and technology forecasting and planning, and the roles of diversity and government policy are all crucial for the success of an innovation in a global context.

Innovations have been recognized as a major source of competitive advantages. Theories have suggested that firms able to adapt innovation strategies to organizational culture are more likely to suc...

The development and growth of Taiwan's industries, especially the semiconductor and electronics industries, has been emphasizing overwhelmingly on cost-leadership innovation and strategy. Although such capital-intensive, volume-driven and cost-down strategies have been successfully measured by industrial and economic growth, the amounts of value created and captured in global value chain and innovation networks are insignificant. We apply the framework of creation and capture of value to analyze the industrial value creation strategy in newly industrialized countries for the last four decades. We examine their past industrial policy and business strategy, and argue that the transformation of policy and strategy must gear toward creating and capturing higher value in the global innovation network. Several managerial and policy implications are also discussed.

This paper applies the multiple-perspective decision-making approach [Linstone (1984, 1999); Linstone and Zhu (2000)] and the concepts of discounting and technological forecasting and planning as a framework to study the influence of culture on technology development and management in Korea. Korea was an early innovator of both metallic movable type printing and MP3 players and they had the first-mover advantage of developing both technologies earlier than other technologically advanced countries in the same era. However, these two innovations were not commercially successful in Korea. Many reasons could have attributed to the failure. By analyzing these two cases and an additional case on Korea's plan to build an Internet-centric economy, we conclude that the imbalance among the technical, organizational, and personal (TOP) perspectives was the major factor. Business executives and policy makers need to deal with not only issues related to discounting and forecasting when planning for commercialization and diffusion of new technologies, but also the organizational and cultural factors which play an important role that bridges inventions and the successful diffusion of innovations. In sum, the balance of multiple perspectives of decision-making, the applications of the principles of discounting and technology forecasting and planning, and the roles of diversity and government policy are all crucial for the success of an innovation in a global context.

This paper develops a service innovation framework that takes into account both industry- and firm-level strategies. The main emphases in the industry level are value proposition – identifying potential industry demand and earnings, value deployment – positioning the firms in the value networks to expand value and value appropriation – exploiting resources and capturing the benefits of service innovation (i.e., the 3V Innovation Model). At the firm level, the key processes are new service design, development and delivery (i.e., the 3D Innovation Model). The 3V Innovation Model provides a guidance to assist firms in identifying and securing their product-market positions, defining the supply chain and network relationships, and appropriating the gains from service innovation. The 3D Innovation Model presents firms with specific processes for implementing service innovation. Business model innovation serves as a linkage between the industrial-level 3V and firm-level 3D models for implementing and realising the economic value from service innovations.