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The 21st century is called the age of education. Technological development, demographic changes and transformations of the labor market force the necessity of changes and meeting new, difficult life, demanding challenges. This, in turn, enforces the necessity of lifelong learning, developing and updating possessed skills, supplementing knowledge and acquiring new competences. The article deals with the subject of new education challenges in the currently emerging super intelligent society, called Society 5.0. As one of the practical solutions using technology in the form of education added value, adapted to the individual capabilities of the student, adaptive learning and personalized teaching, education cyborgization were presented. Theoretical considerations were supported by examples of practical educational implementations made by global IT companies, including the Małopolska Educational Cloud.

The introduction discusses the distinctive difficulties with reading comprehension of texts in school textbooks experienced by students with hearing impairments in the light of the literature on the subject. Then, the basics of eye tracking are outlined - a technique that was used in the author's research - including such fundamental terms as fixation and saccades. The main part of the article is a report on the author’s research whose aim was to determine the effectiveness of reading short educational texts in the field of science where different types of infographics were used, and to compare the cognitive process specific to information search in students with hearing impairments to the one in their hearing peers. A test was used as a research method. The research was conducted with the use of the eye tracking technique. Results were presented graphically and numerically. The graphical forms included: a heat map, i.e., a map showing a participant's visual fixation - and thus indirectly his or her focus of attention - and a scan path, which shows fixations and saccades following one another, thus revealing eye gaze behaviors. Conclusions from the research showed that the eye tracking technique could be used to assess a person’s cognitive activity, and in particular, to determine what information layout in an infographic is best suited to the abilities of students with hearing impairments and activates similar cognitive strategies in them to those in their hearing peers, and so should be prevalent in textbooks for this group of students.

CelCelem badania było wykazanie roli BMI jako czynnika ryzyka krtaniowej manifestacji choroby refluksowej przełyku z uwzględnieniem nowatorskich i nieinwazyjnych form diagnostyki GERD na przykładzie laryngografii.Materiał i metodaW okresie od stycznia do marca 2017 roku w II Katedrze Chirurgii Ogólnej UJ CM w Krakowie wybrano 32 pacjentów ze zdiagnozowanym GERD i objawami pozakrtaniowymi. Pacjenci zostali skierowani do Katedry i Kliniki Otolaryngologii UJ CM w Krakowie celem poszerzenia diagnostyki w kierunku refluksu krtaniowo-gardłowego LPR. Na podstawie obliczonego BMI i wyników badań laryngologicznych wybrano 20 pacjentów z objawami LPR oraz BMI >24,9. Pacjenci zostali następnie skierowani do Instytutu Techniki Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. KEN w Krakowie celem wykonania badania laryngograficznego i analizy statystycznej. Po badaniu pacjentów zakwalifikowano do leczenia farmakologicznego lub operacyjnego. Każdy pacjent po trzecim etapie badania był zobowiązany do przestrzegania diety antyrefluksowej oraz zwiększenia dotychczasowej aktywności ruchowej. Po 6 tygodniach od zakończenia leczenia wykonano badania kontrolne w Katedrze i Klinice Otolaryngologii UJ CM (badanie laryngologiczne i wideostroboskopowe) oraz w Instytucie Techniki Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie (badanie laryngograficzne).WynikiBadanie laryngograficzne wykazało podwyższone wartości SDFx oraz SDQx. Wzrost tych wartości wskazuje na dysfunkcję krtani i zaostrzenie GERD/LPR. Podczas badań kontrolnych po 6 tygodniach od zakończenia leczenia zaobserwowano poprawę funkcji krtani w postaci spadku wartości SDFx i SDQx. Badanie wideolaryngostroboskopowe wykazało zmniejszenie objawów zapalenia błony śluzowej krtani u pacjentów w porównaniu z obrazem przed leczeniem.WnioskiWysokie BMI jest czynnikiem ryzyka krtaniowej manifestacji choroby refluksowej przełyku LPR. Potwierdzono rolę laryngografii jako efektywnej i nieinwazyjnej formy diagnostyki funkcji fałdów głosowych.

Introduction . Strokes often cause dysfunctions in the reception and transmission of speech, which may be aphasia or dysarthria. These disorders can lead to disability, which imposes limitations on the patient, even leads to a complete breakdown of roles and social bonds. Aim . The main aim of the study was to assess the impact of the type and degree of apathetic disorders on the quality of life of patients after ischemic stroke. Material and Methods . The research was carried out at the Neurological Department of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Wloclawek. On average 68 patients with apathetic disorders and diagnosed ischemic stroke were qualified for the study. The study was conducted using the method of diagnostic survey. It consisted in the assessment of patients using the generally available SODA diagnostic tool — the Aphasia Dynamics Assessment Scale and a standardized tool, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire by Krystyna Jaracz. Results . When assessing the impact of the degree of aphasia on the quality of life, a statistically significant difference was observed in the overall quality of life in patients with complete (p = 0.012), significant (p = 0.012) and moderate (p = 0.031) aphasia. In self-assessment of health status, a statistically significant difference was found only in patients with complete aphasia (p = 0.048). In the physical, psychological and environmental domains, a statistically significant differences was observed in patients with severe aphasia (p = 0.05). Conclusions . The type and degree of apathetic disorders has been shown to affect the quality of life of patients. Each type of aphasia worsens the overall quality of life, and in addition, motor and sensory aphasia negatively affects functioning in the psychological field. It has also been shown that the more advanced the degree of apathetic disorders, the worse the overall quality of life, self-esteem of health, and worse physical, psychological and environmental functioning. (JNNN 2020;9(3):108–113)

We present the possibility of the application of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in diagnoses of people with Down Syndrome, complemented by psychological tests. We utilized the Mitsar EEG 202 and SON-R (2.5-7) test. Twenty people with Down Syndrome participated in this test run. The test results of an 18-year-old man were analysed in detail. Over-expression, specifically in theta waves (4-6 Hz), was observed in the frontal and parietal lobes. Data collected during the psychological diagnosis test confirmed the same indications (the QEEG findings) of the patient. We also propose neurofeedback training and types of tasks that should be applied in cognitive rehabilitation., U radu se predstavlja mogućnost primjene QEEG-a u psihološkoj obradi osoba s Downovim sindromom. Primijenjeni su testovi Mitsar EEG 202 i SON-R (2.5-7). U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo dvadeset ispitanika s Downovim sindromom. Detaljno su analizirani rezultati osamnaestogodišnje muške osobe. Rezultati su uputili na prenaglašenu ekspresivnost, posebice theta valova (4-6 Hz) registriranih u čeonom i tjemenom režnju. Podaci prikupljeni tijekom psihološke obrade potvrđuju iste rezultate QEEG-a kod pacijenta. Također iznose se pretpostavke neurofeedback-treninga i tipova zadataka koji bi se trebali upotrebljavati u kognitivnoj rehabilitaciji.

In this paper the research of art perception by people with hearing disorder has been presented. This study has been performed from the perspective of special pedagogy and neuroesthetic. The encephalography technique and QEEG analysis has been performed with usage of Mitsar-EEG-202 head. This device is controlled by WinEEG software which allows qualitative and quantitative analysis many aspects of EEG signals integrated with two physiological sensors: rhythm of heard and amplitudes of blade pulse and breathing. The results of this study shown usability of the proposed research process for identification new research topics in area of special pedagogy. They also illustrated as many important information about influence of disorder on functioning disable person may be collected by such study. This related in this case to neurological aspects of art perception by by people with hearing disorder.

Introduction and objective Heat stress induces the expression of genes encoding heat-shock proteins and immune response mediators. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the expression of genes encoding heat-shock proteins 70 kDa and27 kDa, interleukin 6, interleukin 10and C-reactive protein, between athletes and non-athletes after sauna bathing. Materials and method Athletes (n=9) and non-athletes (n=9) were exposed to a Finnish sauna twice during one session at a temperature of 98.2 °C and humidity of 10% ± 2%, with a 5 min break for cooling down under a shower. The groups did not differ in terms of age, height or body mass. Blood samples were taken before and after sauna exposure in order to assess gene expression, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Differences were observed in leukocyte mRNA levels of tested genes between athletes and non-athletes. In the non-athlete group, all the tested genes were expressed at higher levels as a response to the same heat challenge. Conclusion It appears that expression of stress-related genes induced by heat stress is dependent on the level of physical activity.

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the hyperactivity of the frontal lobes in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorders. Case description A 21-year-old female met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 since her behaviour was characterized by a preoccupations with negative thoughts and by repetitive attempts to decrease or stop those behaviours. Two working hypotheses were tested to find neuromarkers of OCD and anxiety in the patient described. In agreement with the 'OCD hypothesis' an increase of the frontal beta activity and an increase of the parietalalpha activity pattern was found. The 'anxiety' hypothesis found confirmation in an increased left temporal P1 wave in response to the visual stimuli observed in ERPs. In all three conditions (EO, EC, GO/NOGO task), two characteristics were deviant from the normative average data in EEG spectra. First, an increase of frontal beta activity and the increase of parietal alpha activity was noted. The independent component analysis applied for 700 ms EEG fragments in GO and NOGO conditions revealed a strong activation over the central areas. Conclusions Specific patterns of QEEG and ERPs, the increase of beta activity frontally, and the increase of parietal alpha activity pattern which produce hyper-frontality, might be useful in the diagnosis of an OCD patient. ERPs in a GO/NOGO task can be used in the assessment of functional brain changes in OCD patients.

BackgroundThe aim was to measure, evaluate, and improve voice pitch characteristics (measured on the basis of the average fundamental frequency, Fx), in students aged 10–12 who had substantial or severe hearing loss and were fitted with hearing aids. Two core questions were asked: (i) Is therapy using the PCLX Laryngograph Processor effective? (ii) Which factors affect the outcome of therapy?Material and MethodsTherapy based on a multimedia computer workstation using the PCLX Laryngograph Processor is proposed, a system capable of visualizing voiced speech using electroglotography. The study is constructed as a pedagogical experiment, using parallel groups and Mill’s method of difference.ResultsPretest results show that, prior to therapy sessions, both groups (experimental and control) were largely equivalent with respect to voice pitch characteristics. In total, 49 students exhibited anomalous voice pitch characteristics while 14 cases could be described as unstable (with pitch sometimes correct, but not consistently so). Correlations between concomitant variables and the effectiveness of the therapeutic process were found. In particular, intelligence and visual-motor coordination played a significant role. Variables such as learning speed, working memory capacity, forgetfulness, time since onset of hearing loss, and degree of aural impairment seem to be less important. Improvements appeared to depend on the subject’s family environment and were largely independent of age and degree of hearing loss.ConclusionsThe research has shown that in most aurally impaired subjects voice pitch is too high and needs to be corrected. The proposed therapy is shown to be highly effective, producing persistent long-term improvements, especially in the case of younger students.

Introduction . Aphasia is acquired disorder or loss of language skills, following various types of organic brain lesions, e.g.: a result of stroke, craniocerebral trauma, malignancies. It leads to the inability to express thoughts in words, or the inability to understand speech. Speech made in specially prepared speech centers in the brain dominant hemisphere. In right-handed people, these centers are located in the left hemisphere of the brain, with left-handersi n most cases are located in the right hemisphere. There are also cases of so-called. Aphasia hybrid, occurring I na right-handed as a result of damage to the right hemisphere of the brain. In clinical practice, neurologists, speech and aphasia are divided into: motor, sensory, sensorimotor, and amnestictotal. The issue of aphasia, and its definition, always aroused excitement and controversy. Case Report . The case study concerns the 42 year old woman with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke in the form of left-hand hemiparesis with aphasia mixed, as state after subarachnoid hemorrhage and aneurysm embolization of the middle cerebral artery on the right side. Discussion . There are many factors determining the patients return to full language skills. Among other things, proper identification of the nature of the disorders of speech and correct anamnesis, well-structured speech therapy program, the time of initiation of therapy, frequency of exercise, individual pace of recovery from aphasia. A very important factor determining the healing process of the patient is resistant to stress. Conclusions . In the treatment of people with aphasia should strive for a state in which the patient will be able to communicate with the environment. It should first of all make a diagnosis, gather intelligence, to create a treatment program tailored to the individual patient’s situation, begin treatment as soon as possible, to give the patient the opportunity to frequent office visits for speech therapy, take care of his emotional state. (JNNN 2015;4(1):30–34)

Introduction . Aging should be understood, however, as a progressive deterioration of the function of organs and systems caused by the passage of time, which leads to a reduction of adaptability in stressful situations. The moment when deterioration of organ function starts, is individually variable, just as the pace of its progress. Linking physical fitness with health is known as the H-R-F (Health-Related Fitness) concept. It corresponds to those components of fitness, which result from both the beneficial and adverse effects of regular physical activity, and which are related to the level of health condition. Aim . The purpose of this study is to present the results of research on basic somatic construction parameters and of selected physical fitness tests of the students of Kujawsko-Dobrzynski Third Age University of the University of Humanities and Economics in Wloclawek, aged over 60. Material and Methods . The research material consists of the data obtained from somatic measurements and fitness tests conducted among students of Kujawsko-Dobrzynski University of the Third Age at the University of Humanities and Economics in Wloclawek. Cross-sectional research was carried out under UHE team grant in November 2014 among 30 women. The age of the female students ranged from 60 to 75 years with the average age of 65 years. The group of women included in the tests were attending classes at the University of the Third Age at the University of Humanities and Economics, undertaking activities related to physical activity of elderly people in the area of a physical recreation (15 women) and the ‘solo’ dance (15 women). The classes of widely understood physical activity were supplemented by lectures and seminars in the field of philosophy, pedagogy, gerontology and life sciences. Results . The study showed that the average age of the students was 65 years, the average value of the body weight was below 70.9 kg, and the average body height was 159.7 cm. Body mass index in more than 63% of women can be classified into the category of overweight and only in the case of 17% of the respondents the index can be regarded as standard. The analysis of physical fitness indicates that the average value of the strength of the upper limbs in an attempt to bend the forearm exceeds 22 repetitions, and the mean strength of the lower limbs in an attempt to stand up from a chair is 19.13 repetitions. Conclusions . 1. The age of the study groups is different (a statistically significant difference) whereas the BMI index is the same. 2. In both fitness tests better results (statistically significant) were obtained by female listeners participating in fitness classes, which may result from the increased physical activity of higher intensity and frequency. (JNNN 2015;4(2):48–55)

The experimental research presented in this paper concerning the evaluation and the development of oral abilities of Polish children with impaired hearing systems has been conducted with the use of two digital modules: the PCLX Laryngograph Processor and Nosality, connected to a PC computer. The aim of the research was the assessment, evaluation and determining positive changes in the level of oral development of Polish children with impaired hearing systems. The obtained results and following practical conclusions can serve as guidelines in clinical and logopedical applications in voice rehabilitation and communication development of groups of non-hearing children whose native language is not necessarily Polish.

From 1980 to 1992, 85 patients diagnosed with tumour of the glottis, localized exclusively in the vocal cord area, had undergone surgery. A 90% 5-year survival rate without recurrences had been obtained. Taking into account the cases of life-saving surgery, the percentage of the 5-year survivals amounted to 94%. Considerably better results were obtained by the excision of the entire vocal cord and not just one of its sections (1/2, 2/3 etc.). The degree of deformation of the voice following chordectomy was assessed by means of acoustic and laryngographic methods (Laryngograph Processor PCLX). A 13% rate of irregularity in the functioning of the neoglottis, following surgery, was observed. The Jitter-Shimmer co-efficients were established. The results of the deformation of the voice following chordectomy were presented on the J-S scale and compared with other partial surgeries performed on patients with tumours of the glottis. All of the acoustic and laryngographic findings were presented in the from of mean values most representative of chordectomy.