Search

Proprioception is essential for precise movement as it helps the body transmit important data about its surroundings to the central nervous system for maintaining body posture and position. This study aimed to investigate the effect of direction and joint angle on upper limb proprioception. Thirty individuals (all males) completed a position reproduction activity in 13 directions and three joint angles. It was discovered that upper limb proprioception is dependent on joint angle, direction, and range of motion. The position reproduction error was found to be dependent on the direction, which had a significantly lower accuracy in the direction with a larger range of motion. In addition, upper limb repositioning errors increased at greater limb elevation angles. Our findings also showed that the joint angle did not significantly affect the absolute error of elbow flexion. With an increase in the elbow flexion, the increase of the gravitational moment of the upper arm and hand coupled with the increase of the muscle arm of the biceps brachii possibly causes slight changes in muscle length perceived by spindles or muscular force perceived by Golgi tendon organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our findings added to the evidence of balance control, position sense, and force sense deficits in athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI). • Athletes with CAI showed diminished ankle proprioception, including joint position sense and force sense, and demonstrated impaired balance control. • Deficit in force sense was deemed as a moderate predictor of one-leg standing balance control deficits in athletes with dominant-side injury CAI. To compare balance control and ankle proprioception between athletes with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). A further objective was to explore the relationship between balance control performance and ankle proprioception in athletes with CAI. Cross-sectional study. Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory. Eighty-eight recreational athletes (47 CAI and 41 healthy control) were recruited. No applicable. Balance control performance was assessed using the sway velocity of the center of the pressure during the one-leg standing tasks. Ankle proprioception, including joint position sense and force sense, were tested using absolute error (AE) associated with joint position reproduction and force reproduction tasks in 4 directions, that is, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion. Athletes with CAI performed significantly worse than those without CAI in balance control tasks. In addition, CAI athletes showed significantly worse joint position sense and force sense in all 3 movement directions tested (plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion). Correlation analysis showed that the AE of the plantarflexion force sense was significantly moderately correlated with medial-lateral sway velocity in the one-leg standing with eyes open and closed conditions (r =.372-.403, P =.006-.012), and the AE of inversion force sense was significantly moderately correlated with medial-lateral sway velocity in the one-leg standing with eyes open (r =.345, P =.018) in athletes with CAI, but the joint position sense measures were not (all P >0.05). Athletes with CAI showed significantly impaired balance control performance and diminished ankle proprioception. Deficit in force sense was deemed as a moderate predictor of one-leg standing balance control deficits in athletes with dominant-side injury CAI, whereas ankle position sense may be a small predictor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor competence (MC) is a key component reflecting one's ability to execute motor tasks and is an important predictor of physical fitness. For adolescents, understanding the factors affecting MC is pertinent to their development of more sophisticated sporting skills. Previous studies considered the influence of poor proprioceptive ability on MC, however, the relationship between lower limb joint position sense, kinematic control, and MC is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relation between joint position sense and kinematic control with MC in adolescents during a lower limb movement reproduction task. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design. Young people (n = 427, 196 girls and 231 boys) aged 13 to 14 years were recruited. A movement reproduction task was used to assess joint position sense and kinematic control, while the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (mABC-2) was used to assess MC. In this study, participants were categorized into the Typically Developed (TD, n = 231) and Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD, n = 80) groups for further analysis of joint position sense, kinematic control, and MC between groups. Results: Kinematic data, specifically normalized jerk, showed a significant correlation with MC. There was no correlation between knee joint position sense and MC, and no group differences between DCD and TD were found. Conclusions: Joint position sense should not be used as a measure to distinguish TD and DCD. Rather than joint position sense, control of kinematic movement has a greater influence on the coordination of the lower limbs in adolescents. Movement control training should be implemented in the clinical setting to target kinematic control, rather than focus on joint position sense practice, to improve motor competency. Trial Registration Identifier: NCT03150784. Registered 12 May 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03150784. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have revealed decreased proprioception and perception of joint position in elderly adults. Joint position sense, indicating an individual's ability to perceive the position of limbs without visual aid, is essential for everyday movements. A few studies have shown a positive effect of muscle stretching on joint position sense (JPS). However, these studies have only been conducted with younger participants. The impact of stretching on JPS in elderly adults remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the acute effects of muscle stretching on joint position sense in young and elderly adults. An experimental group of younger adults (n = 15; 25.4 ± 2.9 years) and an experimental group of active, healthy elderly adults (n = 15; 64 ± 3.5 years) stretched their knee flexor muscles. The absolute error (AE) of the joint position sense was calculated before and after muscle stretching. The results indicated no significant difference in the AE between groups (p > 0.05) after the stretching intervention. The similarity in the physical activity status of the subjects may have influenced the results. Even though no significant age-specific differences were found in this study, its results may not be applicable to non-active elderly adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensorimotor disturbances such as disturbed cervical joint position sense (JPS) and reduced reaction time and velocity in fast cervical movements have been demonstrated in people with neck pain. While these sensorimotor functions have been assessed mainly in movement science laboratories, new sensor technology enables objective assessments in the clinic. The aim was to investigate concurrent validity of a VR-based JPS test and a new cervical reaction acuity (CRA) test. Twenty participants, thirteen asymptomatic and seven with neck pain, participated in this cross-sectional study. The JPS test, including outcome measures of absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE), and the CRA test, including outcome measures of reaction time and maximum velocity, were performed using a VR headset and compared to a gold standard optical motion capture system. The mean bias (assessed with the Bland–Altman method) between VR and the gold standard system ranged from 0.0° to 2.4° for the JPS test variables. For the CRA test, reaction times demonstrated a mean bias of −19.9 milliseconds (ms), and maximum velocity a mean bias of −6.5 degrees per seconds (°/s). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between VR and gold standard were good to excellent (ICC 0.835–0.998) for the JPS test, and excellent (ICC 0.931–0.954) for reaction time and maximum velocity for the CRA test. The results show acceptable concurrent validity for the VR technology for assessment of JPS and CRA. A slightly larger bias was observed in JPS left rotation which should be considered in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: This systematic review investigated the effects of plyometric exercise interventions on proprioception. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in October 2022 across eight databases: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar, DOAJ, IEEE Xplore, and Cochrane. To be included in the review, studies had to meet all the established inclusion criteria. Twelve studies were included in the final analysis, and their quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Results: The review found that the included studies considered various plyometric training protocols and methods for assessing proprioception. Despite differences in training regimens and assessment metrics, the data consistently showed a positive effect of plyometric training on proprioception. Conclusions: The review concluded that plyometric exercises improve proprioception, regardless of the specific type of training or assessment method used. A primary limitation identified was the scarcity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focus on plyometric exercises and their impact on proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To assess whether the combination of scapular-focused training and mulligan mobilization (SFTMM) improves pain and proprioception compared to scapular-focused training (SFT) and a control group in female rock climbers with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Design Three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT). Setting Outpatient setting. Subjects Individuals were randomly assigned to SFTMM, SFT alone, and control group. Interventions 8 weeks of SFTMM and SFT. Main measures Outcome measures were pain and proprioception. Results The results revealed significant differences in pain scores and proprioception among female rock climbers with SIS who participated in SFTMM, SFT, and a control group (F(2, 32) = 81.01, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.83 for pain scores; F(2, 32) = 178.2, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.91 for proprioception scores). Post-hoc tests via the Bonferroni test indicated that both SFTMM and SFT significantly reduced pain levels (p = 0.001) and improved proprioception levels (p = 0.001) compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in pain scores and proprioception between the SFTMM group and the SFT group (p > 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, the study indicates that SFTMM significantly reduces pain and improves proprioception in female rock climbers with SIS, as shown by notable changes compared to the control group. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the SFTMM (combined intervention) and SFT alone. Therefore, while the incorporation of SFT and MM shows promise; further research is needed to fully understand its long-term benefits and clinical implications. Ethical Code Registration The study was approved at Ethics.research.ac.ir, code: IR.SSRC.REC.1402.170 on 2023-10-22.

Abstract Background Motor competence (MC) is a key component reflecting one’s ability to execute motor tasks and is an important predictor of physical fitness. For adolescents, understanding the factors affecting MC is pertinent to their development of more sophisticated sporting skills. Previous studies considered the influence of poor proprioceptive ability on MC, however, the relationship between lower limb joint position sense, kinematic control, and MC is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relation between joint position sense and kinematic control with MC in adolescents during a lower limb movement reproduction task. Methods This study was a cross-sectional design. Young people (n = 427, 196 girls and 231 boys) aged 13 to 14 years were recruited. A movement reproduction task was used to assess joint position sense and kinematic control, while the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (mABC-2) was used to assess MC. In this study, participants were categorized into the Typically Developed (TD, n = 231) and Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD, n = 80) groups for further analysis of joint position sense, kinematic control, and MC between groups. Results Kinematic data, specifically normalized jerk, showed a significant correlation with MC. There was no correlation between knee joint position sense and MC, and no group differences between DCD and TD were found. Conclusions Joint position sense should not be used as a measure to distinguish TD and DCD. Rather than joint position sense, control of kinematic movement has a greater influence on the coordination of the lower limbs in adolescents. Movement control training should be implemented in the clinical setting to target kinematic control, rather than focus on joint position sense practice, to improve motor competency. Trial Registration Identifier NCT03150784. Registered 12 May 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03150784 .

Purpose: Posture re-education is a common method to improve the posture of athletes. This study aims to compare two methods of proprioceptive exercise, one with visual biofeedback and one without traditional method, in athletes with chronic ankle instability. Method: This research was quasi-experimental where 30 male athletes with CAI from sports Futsal, volleyball, and handball were selected. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups with 15 athletes placed in each group: proprioceptive exercise with visual biofeedback and proprioceptive exercise without visual biofeedback. They following parameters were evaluated using the respective tests: joint angle reconstruction error using tests to ankle Joint Position Sense (JPS), number of errors in maintaining balance using Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and rate of reaching the maximum distance using Y balance test. Result: Comparison of the two groups in terms of variable dorsiflexion (P = 0.028, η2 = 0/166) and plantarflexion (P = 0.013, η2 = 0/209) proprioception of athletes' ankles indicated that reconstruction angle difference by degree, static postural control by number of errors (P = 0.012, η2 = 0/213), and dynamic postural control in anterior (P = 0.001, η2 = 0.570), posterior–medial (P = 0.001, η2 = 0.759), and posterior–lateral (P = 0.030, η2 = 0.163) by centimeter were significant. Conclusion: In most of the results, the effect size is small for this reason when proprioceptive exercise is combined with visual biofeedback. Athletes may utilize feedback to make slight improvements in their performance and adjust their movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have revealed decreased proprioception and perception of joint position in elderly adults. Joint position sense, indicating an individual’s ability to perceive the position of limbs without visual aid, is essential for everyday movements. A few studies have shown a positive effect of muscle stretching on joint position sense (JPS). However, these studies have only been conducted with younger participants. The impact of stretching on JPS in elderly adults remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the acute effects of muscle stretching on joint position sense in young and elderly adults. An experimental group of younger adults (n = 15; 25.4 ± 2.9 years) and an experimental group of active, healthy elderly adults (n = 15; 64 ± 3.5 years) stretched their knee flexor muscles. The absolute error (AE) of the joint position sense was calculated before and after muscle stretching. The results indicated no significant difference in the AE between groups (p > 0.05) after the stretching intervention. The similarity in the physical activity status of the subjects may have influenced the results. Even though no significant age-specific differences were found in this study, its results may not be applicable to non-active elderly adults.

Mastour Saeed Alshahrani,1,&ast; Ravi Shankar Reddy,1,&ast; Adel Alshahrani,2,&ast; Saud F Alsubaie3,&ast; 1Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences-Physiotherapy Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 55461, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ravi Shankar Reddy, Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 503587903, Email rshankar@kku.edu.saIntroduction: Shoulder proprioception is vital and this cross-sectional study investigated the association between glycemic control and shoulder joint proprioception in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).Methods: A total of 120 participants, including 60 with T2DM and 60 healthy individuals, were assessed for shoulder joint position sense (JPS) using a digital inclinometer. The T2DM group exhibited significantly greater mean shoulder joint position errors in flexion (4.32° vs 2.15°), abduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation compared to the healthy group (p < 0.001).Results: The study found significantly greater shoulder joint position errors in the T2DM group compared to the healthy group, highlighting notable proprioceptive deficits in individuals with T2DM. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between HbA1c levels and shoulder joint position errors in the T2DM group, suggesting a link between long-term glycemic control and proprioceptive accuracy.Discussion: The significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels and shoulder joint position errors suggests that poor glycemic control is associated with impaired proprioception in T2DM patients. This underscores the need for comprehensive management strategies to mitigate proprioceptive deficits and improve the quality of life in individuals with T2DM.Keywords: joint position sense, diabetes complications, sensory feedback, neuromuscular function, HbA1c Levels

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of training interventions using the Virtual Reality (VR) approach on the proprioceptive function of elbow joints in children with hemiplegia.Methods: Twenty boys with cerebral palsy, aged 7 to 12 years, were selected based on available sampling by referring to special schools in Tehran and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Kinect Xbox 360 device (Microsoft, New York, USA) was used as a therapeutic tool for VR interventions. A gyroscope device was used to measure the elbow’s joint position sense. The experimental group participated in the VR program, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used at the P

Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) significantly affects athletic performance and increases the risk of recurrent ankle sprains. Stroboscopic Glasses (SG) may enhance proprioceptive feedback and postural control. We aimed to evaluate the augmented effects of Proprioceptive Feedback Training (PFT) combined with SG in athletes with CAI. We conducted a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with participants assigned to the PFT+SG or PFT alone groups. The interventions were administered over an eight-week period. Improvements in the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Sport subscale (FAAM-S), Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) Questionnaire, Joint Position Sense (JPS) error value, postural stability via the Balance Velocity Test (BVT), Functional Performance Tests (FPTs), and giving-way episodes were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Substantial improvements in FAAM-S and IdFAI scores were observed in the PFT+SG group compared to those in the PFT group. JPS and BVT were significantly higher in the PFT+SG group than in the PFT group. FPTs and giving-way episodes were significantly higher in the PFT+SG group than in the PFT group. The inclusion of SG in PFT significantly enhanced rehabilitation outcomes in athletes with CAI. SG combined with PFT may address proprioceptive deficits and improve functional performance in patients with CAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Vibration therapy approaches are an effective and safe treatment option for musculoskeletal disorders. This study examines the effects of vibration therapy using a percussion massage gun (PMG) on joint position sense, range of motion, pain, functionality, and kinesiophobia in individuals with cervical disc herniation (CDH). Methods: This single-blind randomized controlled trial involved 44 CDH patients divided into a Vibration Group (VG) and a Conventional Group (CG). The CG underwent a standard physiotherapy treatment heat application, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), and exercises for range of motion and strengthening. VG received conventional therapy augmented with vibration therapy (VT) via a PMG. Joint position sense (JPS) using the Laser Pointer Assisted Angle Repetition Test; pain intensity with the Visual Analog Scale, kinesiophobia with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and cervical dysfunction with the Neck Disability Index were assessed. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in pain, kinesiophobia, disability, and proprioception after treatment (p < 0.05). When comparing the difference values between groups, the VG was found to be more effective than the CG in the parameters of VAS activity (p = 0.013). The CG had more improvement in JPS neck left rotation than the VG (p = 0.000). Conclusions: VT, when combined with conventional physiotherapy, is effective in improving pain, proprioception, and functionality in individuals with CDH. These findings support the inclusion of VT as a beneficial adjunct therapy. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups is recommended to validate these results and explore the long-term effects of VT on CDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hip osteoarthritis and total hip arthroplasty imply damaged articular and periarticular structures responsible for proprioception, and this damage may impair the accurate perception of body-weight distribution. In this study, we investigated proprioceptive abilities and accuracy perceiving body-weight distribution in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, and we assessed the associations between these abilities and body perception accuracy with functional mobility testing in 20 patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty and 20 age-matched healthy participants. We assessed (a) absolute error in hip joint position sense (AE-JPS), (b) absolute error in body-weight distribution (AE-BWD) during standing and sit-to-stand tasks with open and closed eyes, and (c) functional mobility with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). We assessed patients undergoing hip arthroplasty before (T0) and five days after their surgery (T1), while control participants underwent a single evaluation. Relative to controls, participants undergoing surgery showed higher AE-JPS at 15° of hip flexion at T0 (p =.003) and at T1 (p =.007), greater AE-BWD during sit-to-stand with open eyes at T1 (p =.014) and with closed eyes at both T0 (p =.014) and at T1 (p <.001), and worse TUG at both T0 (p =.009) and T1 (p <.001). AE-BWD during sit-to-stand with closed eyes positively correlated with TUG at T0 (r = 0.55, p =.011) and at T1 (r = 0.51, p =.027). These findings suggested that impairments in body-weight distribution perception were evident both before and immediately after total hip arthroplasty, suggesting that these impairments may regularly mark these patients' functional mobility problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some basic and instrumental daily living activities include backward gait. There is a need to clarify which parameters should be focused more on to improve backward gait in older individuals. This research investigated the proprioception, and balance in forward-backward gait of older individuals with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A prospective cross-sectional research was conducted with 105 older adults with TKA. Individuals' forward and backward gait performance was assessed with the Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) and 3 Meter Walk Back Test (3MBWT), respectively. Proprioception was measured with a mobile application-based inclinometer. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Activity Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) were used to assess balance and balance confidence levels, respectively. A single clinician evaluated the individuals. TUG was weakly and positively correlated with the Right and Left Leg Proprioception Test (RLPT and LLPT) (r 1 = 0.386, r 2 = 0.391, p < 0.01). Also, the 3MBWT was weakly and positively correlated with RLPT and LLPT, respectively (r 1 = 0.293, r 2 = 0.251, p < 0.01). In addition, TUG was strongly and negatively correlated with BBS and ABC, respectively (r 1 = −0,693, r 2 = −0.722, p < 0.01). Besides, 3MBWT was strongly and negatively correlated with BBS and ABC (r 1 = −0.642, r 2 = −0.645, p < 0.01). The study revealed that forward and backward walking were similarly associated with balance and proprioception in older adults with TKA. Clinicians should focus more on balance ability than proprioception to improve backward walking performance in older individuals with THA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is one of the best exercises proposed for injury prevention of hamstring muscles. However, its effects on lower extremity proprioception are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a single bout of NHE on hip and knee joints' proprioception. Forty collegiate male soccer players participated in this study with a mean age of 22.85 ± 1.82 years and were randomized into either control (n = 20) or experimental (n = 20) groups. Each subject participated in pre-test measurements in which hip and knee active joints position sense (JPS) were assessed in standing and lying tasks using the image-capturing method. The experimental group then performed three sets of NHE with 10 repetitions in each set, while the control group rested for 10 min. Paired and independent t-tests were used for calculating the differences within and between groups on SPSS software, respectively. The level of significance was P ≤ 0.05. Hip JPS in the lying task and knee JPS in both of the standing and lying tasks were impaired significantly after performing a single bout of NHE (P ≤ 0.05). However, the effects of this exercise on hip JPS in the standing task were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). NHE performing with three sets of 10 repetitions can significantly impair hip and knee JPS immediately after exercise and reduce the proprioception acuity of the lower limbs. It is recommended to perform this exercise at a time rather than before training or match sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated subject‐independent test factors that influence the absolute angle error in active knee angle reproduction tests. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies published before 20 December 2023. Studies were included that were published in either English or German and that investigated joint proprioception in the healthy knee. Included studies were also required to have participants 18–60 years old and free of lower‐limb injury, neurological disorders and diseases affecting joint position sense. Risk of bias was assessed using a Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. Results: Of the 2023 articles identified, 26 studies (1082 participants) were included in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis showed a significant pooled standard mean difference in the absolute angular error for body orientation, direction of movement and fatigue. Active knee angle reproduction tests were found to have a lower absolute angular error when performed in the sitting position compared to the prone position (SMD = −0.56; 95% CI = −1.00 to −0.12). The absolute angular error was found to be greater in cases of knee flexion compared to knee extension (SMD = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.18–1.24). General and local muscle fatigue were found to result in a higher absolute angular error (SMD = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.04–1.75). Conclusion: Hence, fatigue, body orientation and direction of movement influence the extent of the absolute angular error in active knee angle reproduction tests. Practitioners should be aware that the test conditions and the patient's level of fatigue can affect the results of such tests and that directly comparing results obtained using different test protocols may not be appropriate. The test protocol should be well documented and applied consistently in the clinical setting. Level of Evidence: Level III, systematic review with meta‐analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The study aimed to determine the most important activities of the knee joints related to gait re-education in patients in the subacute period after a stroke. We focused on the tests that a physiotherapist could perform in daily clinical practice. (2) Methods: Twenty-nine stroke patients (SG) and 29 healthy volunteers (CG) were included in the study. The patients underwent the 5-meter walk test (5mWT) and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Tests such as step up, step down, squat, step forward, and joint position sense test (JPS) were also performed, and the subjects were assessed using wireless motion sensors. (3) Results: We observed significant differences in the time needed to complete the 5mWT and TUG tests between groups. The results obtained in the JPS show a significant difference between the paretic and the non-paretic limbs compared to the CG group. A significantly smaller range of knee joint flexion (ROM) was observed in the paretic limb compared to the non-paretic and control limbs in the step down test and between the paretic and non-paretic limbs in the step forward test. (4) Conclusions: The described functional tests are useful in assessing a stroke patient's motor skills and can be performed in daily clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression garments (CGs) are commonly used in rehabilitation and sports contexts to enhance performance and speed up recovery. Despite the growing use of CGs in recent decades, there is no unanimous consensus on their overall influence on joint proprioception. In this current meta‐analysis, we aim to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the impact of CGs on joint proprioception. We conducted a literature search across seven databases and one registry. Ultimately, we included 27 studies with 671 participants. The meta‐analysis revealed that wearing CGs resulted in a significant reduction in absolute error during joint position sensing (Hedges' g: −0.64, p = 0.006) as compared to no CGs. However, further analyses of variables such as constant error (p = 0.308), variable error (p = 0.541) during joint position sense tests, threshold to detect passive motion (p = 0.757), and active movement extent discrimination (p = 0.842) did not show a significant impact of CGs. The review also identified gaps in the reporting of certain outcomes, such as parameters of CGs, reporting of performance, individual‐reported outcomes, and lack of placebo comparators. Consequently, this review provides guidelines for future studies that may facilitate evidence‐based synthesis and ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the overall influence of CGs on joint proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with systemic implications, potentially affecting musculoskeletal health. This study aimed to assess shoulder muscle strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM, exploring potential correlations and shedding light on the musculoskeletal consequences of the condition. The objectives were two-fold: (1) to assess and compare shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy between individuals with T2DM and asymptomatic counterparts, and (2) to examine the correlation between shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 172 participants using the convenience sampling method, including 86 individuals with T2DM and an age-matched asymptomatic group (n = 86). Shoulder strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer, while joint repositioning accuracy was evaluated with an electronic digital inclinometer. Results: Individuals with T2DM exhibited reduced shoulder muscle strength compared to asymptomatic individuals (p < 0.001). Additionally, joint repositioning accuracy was significantly lower in the T2DM group (p < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy in various directions (ranging from −0.29 to −0.46, p < 0.001), indicating that higher muscle strength was associated with improved joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant impact of T2DM on shoulder muscle strength and joint repositioning accuracy. Reduced strength and impaired accuracy are evident in individuals with T2DM, emphasizing the importance of addressing musculoskeletal aspects in diabetes management. The negative correlations suggest that enhancing shoulder muscle strength may lead to improved joint repositioning accuracy, potentially contributing to enhanced physical functioning in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of training interventions using the Virtual Reality (VR) approach on the proprioceptive function of elbow joints in children with hemiplegia. Methods: Twenty boys with cerebral palsy, aged 7 to 12 years, were selected based on available sampling by referring to special schools in Tehran and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Kinect Xbox 360 device (Microsoft, New York, USA) was used as a therapeutic tool for VR interventions. A gyroscope device was used to measure the elbow’s joint position sense. The experimental group participated in the VR program, but the control group continued their traditional therapy program. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used at the P<0.05 level of significance using SPSS version 18 software. Results: In pre-test phase, no significant difference was found in the joint position sense (t=0.07, df=18, p=0.944). In post-test phase, VR training led to better scores for the experimental group (t=2.3, df = 18, p=0.03). Based on the results of the paired sample t-test, VR training resulted in significant improvement in the joint position sense of experimental group (t=4.061, df = 9, p=0.003). Conclusion: VR can be used as a suitable therapy method to improve the proprioceptive sense in hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. This type of therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the joint position sense of hemiplegic cerebral palsy children, as it lets them explore new experiences that would be difficult or dangerous for them under normal situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE This study aimed to validate the effect of core-based exercise on proprioception in individuals with neurological disorders through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published up to October 10, 2023. The search yielded 1,945 articles, with seven studies ultimately included for in-depth analysis. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using Hedges’ g value using both random-effects and fixed-effects models. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed that core-based exercise significantly improved joint position sense (SMD=-1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-2.09 to −0.57; I²=0%; p

Taping stimulates the mechanoreceptors, increases sensory information to the central nervous system, and improves sensorimotor synchronization, resulting in improved motor control. However, the efficacy of taping on elbow proprioception is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of taping on elbow proprioception in healthy individuals. This study was a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, controlled, single-blinded study with a sham application. Fifty six healthy adults were randomized 1:1 to kinesio taping (n = 27) or sham taping (n = 29). Active joint position sense error (JPSE) was used to quantify proprioception using a universal goniometer at three-time points: baseline (BS), immediately after taping (IA), and 30 minutes after taping (30MA), with the tape still in place at 70° and 110° of elbow flexion. Participants were blinded to group assignments. The Friedman analysis assessed differences between evaluations within groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test determined differences between groups. The study was completed with 56 participants and there were no dropouts. No skin reaction or adverse effect was observed in the participants and no test trial was excluded. The baseline scores of the groups were similar (p > 0.05). A significant difference was detected in the study group after kinesio taping at 70° (MD = −1.22; CI = (−2.33: −0.10; p < 0.005; d = 0.653) and 110° of elbow flexion (MD = −1.34; CI = 2,47: −0,21; p < 0.005; d = 0.73). This statistically significant difference was observed even at the 30MA evaluations at 70° (p < 0.05). Also, there was a statistically insignificant tendency to decrease in JPSE of both groups at both degrees following taping. Elbow proprioception may be enhanced by kinesio taping, and this effect could last up to 30 minutes at 70° of elbow flexion. In contrast, sham taping did not produce such an improvement. Based on the differences in JPSE, kinesio taping proved more effective and had a longer-lasting impact than the sham application. The statistically insignificant tendency to decrease in JPSE may indicate that the 30-minute application period is inadequate to create a statistically significant effect on elbow proprioception. Longer usage periods can better reveal the effects of orthoses on proprioception. • Kinesio taping significantly improves elbow proprioception in healthy individuals. • The increase in the elbow proprioception could last up to at least 30 minutes. • Both Kinesio and sham taping may have an enhancing effect on elbow proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving proprioception can reduce the risk of injuries, while its disruption may lead to injuries and recurrent or persistent symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of elbow orthoses on elbow proprioception in asymptomatic individuals. This was a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study with a sham application. Sixty participants were equally distributed into three orthosis groups (counterforce, sleeve, and sham). Proprioception was assessed using active joint position sense error (JPSE) at 70° and 110° of elbow flexion at three time points: baseline (BS), immediately after (IA) wearing the orthosis, and 30 minutes after (30MA) wearing the orthosis. Between groups: No significant difference in JPSE was observed at 70° (p = 0.095); however, there was a significant difference at 110° (p = 0.005). Between time points: At 70°, JPSE did not exhibit a significant difference (p = 0.055), whereas a significant difference was observed at 110° (p = 0.020). Interaction of time points×groups: No significant interaction was observed either at 70° (p = 0.476) or at 110° (p = 0.346). At 70°, within the sleeve group, significant differences were identified between BS-30MA (p = 0.001) and IA-30MA (p = 0.009). At 110°, in the sleeve group, significant differences were observed between BS-30MA (p = 0.007) and IA-30MA (p = 0.007). In the counterforce group, significant differences were identified between BS-30MA time points (p = 0.001). At 70°, no difference was observed within the overall evaluation in the counterforce group (p > 0.05), whereas at 110°, a significant difference was noted (p = 0.026). At both 70° and 110°, no differences were identified within the overall evaluation in the sleeve and sham groups (p > 0.05). In asymptomatic individuals, sleeve orthosis improved elbow proprioception at 70°, whereas both counterforce and sleeve orthoses were effective at 110°. • Counterforce orthosis may improve elbow proprioception. • Sleeve orthosis may improve elbow proprioception. • A 30-minute usage may be insufficient to improve proprioception significantly. • These orthoses can be employed without suppressing elbow proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the use of KT has increased considerably in the clinical practice in the last years, there is limited evidence about the effects of its application in proprioception. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of KT on joint position sense and force sense on the wrist of healthy subjects. Fifty-four subjects were analyzed in a randomized, crossover, single-blind study design. To determine the force sense, the subjects had to reach 50% of their maximum grip force. Wrist joint position sense was assessed during active repositioning tests at the target angles of 30° flexion and extension of wrist. A digital dynamometer was used to determine the sense of force and a digital goniometer was used to determine the joint position sense. Subjects were evaluated with KT (I- strip on ventral aspect of forearms from origin to insertion) and placebo (an inelastic tape was applied following the same procedure as KT). No significant differences have been found in the force sense, neither in the comparisons between control and interventions (p =0.286), nor between pre and post-intervention (p =0.111). For wrist joint position sense, a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) was found at 30º of extension between the control and experimental group in favor of the control group. The application of KT did not produce changes in FS and only caused a significant improvement in JPS in extension (30º). The results appear to indicate that the application of KT to improve proprioception in healthy subjects should be reconsidered. • Kinesio tape applied on forearm did not improve force sense in healthy subjects. • Kinesio tape did not improve wrist joint position sense in healthy subjects. • The effect of Kinesio tape may be time-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP) have altered proprioception. The relationship between shoulder pain and proprioception is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between shoulder pain and proprioception. This was a cross-sectional comparative study. Twenty-two participants with RCRSP (mean age 27.6 ± 4.8 years) and 22 matched pain-free participants (23.4 ± 2.5 years) performed two upper limb active joint position sense tests: (1) the Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test (PRO-Reach; reaching toward seven targets) in centimeters and (2) Biodex System at 90% of maximum internal rotation in degrees. Participants performed three memorization and three reproduction trials blindfolded. The proprioception error (PE) is the difference between the memorized and estimation trials. Pain levels were captured pre- and post-evaluation (11-point Likert Numerical Pain Rating Scale). Relationships between PE and pain were investigated using independent t- tests and Spearman rank correlations. Overall, 22.7% RCRSP participants indicated an increase in pain following the PRO-Reach (X̅ increase of 1.4 ± 1.5 points), while 59% did so with the Biodex (X̅ increase of 2.3 ± 1.8 points), reflecting a clinically important increase in pain. Weak-to-moderate correlations between pain and PEs were found with the Biodex (r = 0.39-0.53) and weak correlations with the PRO-Reach (r = −0.26 to 0.38). Concerning PEs, no significant differences were found between groups with the Biodex (p = 0.32, effect size d = −0.31 [−0.90 to 0.29]). The RCRSP participants demonstrated lower PEs with the PRO-Reach in elevation compared to pain-free participants (global X̅ = 4.6 ± 1.2 cm vs 5.5 ± 1.5 cm; superior 3.8 ± 2.1 cm vs 5.7 ± 2.9 cm; superior-lateral nondominant targets 4.3 ± 2.2 cm vs 6.1 ± 2.8 cm; p = 0.02-0.05, effect size d = 0.72-0.74 [0.12-1.3]). Individuals with RCRSP demonstrated better upper limb proprioception in elevation, suggesting a change to interoception (sensory reweighting) in the presence of pain. • Associations between pain and upper limb proprioception are weak to moderate. • Individuals with RCRSP have better upper limb proprioception when reaching. • There is a possibility of a change to interoception in the presence of pain. • Our understanding of proprioception in the presence of pain is still developing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proprioception of the elbow is necessary for daily activities. Proprioception can be impaired with injury or pathology, and rehabilitation efforts seek to improve proprioception for improved upper extremity functioning. In clinical practice, joint position sense (JPS) testing is often utilized to assess conscious proprioception; however, varying methods exist with little evidence of psychometric properties, especially for the elbow. The primary aim of this study was to create a standardized elbow JPS test protocol using goniometry measurement to determine the most reliable testing position. The secondary aim was to determine if the elbow JPS test had acceptable test-retest reliability in healthy adults. This was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of healthy adults. Three elbow positions (45°, 60°, and 75° of elbow flexion) were measured twice on the same day by a single rater using a universal goniometer. We calculated the absolute error in degrees between each position and reposition and the intraclass correlation coefficient (3,1) for relative reliability. We also calculated the standard error of the measurement and visually inspected Bland-Altman plots for absolute reliability. Sixty-eight healthy adults (mean age 27.9 years, standard deviation 8.59) were assessed. The mean absolute error for all positions for test and retest was 5.7°. The intraclass correlation coefficients were moderate to good (0.57-0.75), and the standard error of the measurement was 2° (rounded) for all positions. The limits of agreement were moderately narrow, and the Bland-Altman plots showed a random distribution of errors for each position, indicating clinically acceptable measurement error. The joint position reproduction test for JPS using goniometry demonstrated moderate to good test-retest reliability and acceptable measurement error in healthy adults. The elbow joint angle of 60° flexion was the most reliable for JPS testing, providing insight for JPS assessment in clinical practice. • Goniometry joint position sense testing has moderate to good test-retest reliability. • Elbow joint position sense testing is most reliable at 60° of elbow flexion. • Further research is needed with patient populations to guide clinical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proprioception is vital for motor control and can be disturbed, for example, due to fatigue or injury. Clinical feasible, reliable and valid tests of shoulder proprioception are warranted. The aim was to investigate the effects of local fatigue on shoulder proprioception and the reliability of a feasible joint position sense test using an experimental repeated measures design. Method: Forty participants repeated a shoulder joint position sense test to assess test–retest reliability. The test was then utilized on a subgroup of handball players who were subjected to five bouts of a repeated throwing task with the dominant hand. The effect of local fatigue was investigated by comparing the fatigued with the non-fatigued shoulder. Results: There was a significant interaction for the arm × bout (p = 0.028, ηp2 = 0.20) and a significant effect for the arm (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.35) with a significant decrease in joint position sense for the throwing arm compared to the non-throwing arm. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.78 (95% CI = [0.57; 0.89]). The standard error of measurement between trials was 0.70° (range: 0.57°–0.90°). Discussion: The results indicate that repeated throwing to fatigue disturbs shoulder joint position sense. Assessment with the modified test showed acceptable reliability and can be a valuable assessment tool in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose The systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated subject‐independent test factors that influence the absolute angle error in active knee angle reproduction tests. Methods Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies published before 20 December 2023. Studies were included that were published in either English or German and that investigated joint proprioception in the healthy knee. Included studies were also required to have participants 18–60 years old and free of lower‐limb injury, neurological disorders and diseases affecting joint position sense. Risk of bias was assessed using a Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. Results Of the 2023 articles identified, 26 studies (1082 participants) were included in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis showed a significant pooled standard mean difference in the absolute angular error for body orientation, direction of movement and fatigue. Active knee angle reproduction tests were found to have a lower absolute angular error when performed in the sitting position compared to the prone position (SMD = −0.56; 95% CI = −1.00 to −0.12). The absolute angular error was found to be greater in cases of knee flexion compared to knee extension (SMD = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.18–1.24). General and local muscle fatigue were found to result in a higher absolute angular error (SMD = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.04–1.75). Conclusion Hence, fatigue, body orientation and direction of movement influence the extent of the absolute angular error in active knee angle reproduction tests. Practitioners should be aware that the test conditions and the patient's level of fatigue can affect the results of such tests and that directly comparing results obtained using different test protocols may not be appropriate. The test protocol should be well documented and applied consistently in the clinical setting. Level of Evidence Level III, systematic review with meta‐analysis.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with systemic implications, potentially affecting musculoskeletal health. This study aimed to assess shoulder muscle strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM, exploring potential correlations and shedding light on the musculoskeletal consequences of the condition. The objectives were two-fold: (1) to assess and compare shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy between individuals with T2DM and asymptomatic counterparts, and (2) to examine the correlation between shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM. Methods A cross-sectional study enrolled 172 participants using the convenience sampling method, including 86 individuals with T2DM and an age-matched asymptomatic group (n = 86). Shoulder strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer, while joint repositioning accuracy was evaluated with an electronic digital inclinometer. Results Individuals with T2DM exhibited reduced shoulder muscle strength compared to asymptomatic individuals (p

Sensorimotor disturbances such as disturbed cervical joint position sense (JPS) and reduced reaction time and velocity in fast cervical movements have been demonstrated in people with neck pain. While these sensorimotor functions have been assessed mainly in movement science laboratories, new sensor technology enables objective assessments in the clinic. The aim was to investigate concurrent validity of a VR-based JPS test and a new cervical reaction acuity (CRA) test. Twenty participants, thirteen asymptomatic and seven with neck pain, participated in this cross-sectional study. The JPS test, including outcome measures of absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE), and the CRA test, including outcome measures of reaction time and maximum velocity, were performed using a VR headset and compared to a gold standard optical motion capture system. The mean bias (assessed with the Bland–Altman method) between VR and the gold standard system ranged from 0.0° to 2.4° for the JPS test variables. For the CRA test, reaction times demonstrated a mean bias of −19.9 milliseconds (ms), and maximum velocity a mean bias of −6.5 degrees per seconds (°/s). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between VR and gold standard were good to excellent (ICC 0.835–0.998) for the JPS test, and excellent (ICC 0.931–0.954) for reaction time and maximum velocity for the CRA test. The results show acceptable concurrent validity for the VR technology for assessment of JPS and CRA. A slightly larger bias was observed in JPS left rotation which should be considered in future research.

Context: Many methods used to evaluate knee proprioception have shortcomings that limit their use in clinical settings. Based on an inexpensive 3D camera, a new portable device was recently used to evaluate the joint position sense (JPS) of the knee joint. However, the test–retest reliability of the new method remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the new device and a long-arm goniometer for assessing knee JPS, and to compare the variability of the 2 methods. Design: Prospective observational study of the test–retest reliability of knee JPS measurements. Methods: Twenty-one healthy adults were tested in 2 sessions with a 1-week interval. Three target knee flexion angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) were reproduced in each session. Target and reproduced angles were measured with both methods. Intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of the measurement, and Bland–Altman plots were used to quantify test–retest reliability. Paired t tests were used to compare knee JPS (absolute error of the target-reproduced angle) between the methods. Results: The new device (good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients .74–.80; standard error of the measurement 0.52°–0.61°) demonstrated better test–retest reliability than the goniometer (poor to fair intraclass correlation coefficients .23–.43; standard error of the measurement 0.89°–2.07°) and better test–retest agreement (respective mean differences for the 30°, 45°, and 60° knee angles: 0.11°, 0.13°, and 0.41° for the new system; 0.84°, 1.52°, and 1.18° for the goniometer). The measurements (absolute errors of the target-reproduced angles) with the goniometer were significantly greater than those with the new device (P < .05); the SDs of repeated measurements with the goniometer (1.50°–2.41°) were greater than with the new device (1.08°–1.38°). Conclusions: Given that the new device has good reliability and sufficient precision, it is the better alternative for evaluating knee JPS. Goniometers should be used with caution to assess knee JPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Purpose of this study is to compare the short-term results of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty applied stable knees regardless of the condition of the ACL and the application of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and ACL reconstruction combined surgery applied to ACL deficient cases with anterior instability and to identify the condition and function of the ACL for success in this surgery. Patients and Methods: 80 out of the 105 patients who were operated in 2013-2015 and came for follow-up were included in the study and the patients were divided into four groups. The VAS pain score, KSS Score, WOMAC score, OKS questionnaires and joint range of motion measurements were conducted pre-operatively and post-operatively. One leg standing test, joint position sense measurement, and isokinetic muscle strength test were performed in post-operative controls. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the demographic data and follow-up of the groups (p>0.05). While there was a statistically significant difference in knee flexion between Group 2-Group 4 and Group 3-Group 4 in the pre-operative period, no difference was found in the post-operative period (p>0.05). While there was no difference among the groups, knee joint range of motion in direction of extension declined in a statistically significant way in all four groups (p<0.05). Pain felt postoperatively was the most in Group 1 and the least in Group 3. A statistically significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 3 in the test performed with the eyes closed (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of a functional anterior cruciate ligament is expected to make a positive contribution to surgical results especially in young patients with high activity expectation. Whether the patient's ACL rupture is primary or secondary and his/her activity expectation should be effective in the choice of a surgical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) does not provide clear data on step reaction time and proprioception and gait in shaped pathways. This study investigated the relationship between proprioception and reaction time with walking performance in shaped pathways in older patients undergoing TKA. A cross-sectional observational study. An orthopedic outpatient clinic with 103 older patients with TKA after a minimum of 6 months after surgery. Participants were evaluated with Figure-of-8 Walk Test (F8WT), L Test, Tinnetti Gait Test (TGT), proprioception measurement with an app-based inclinometer, and step reaction time (SRT) test. The same assessor carried out all evaluations. F8WT showed a strong correlation with SRT-right, SRT-left, and Tinetti Gait Test (TGT), respectively (r 1 = 0.628, r 2 = 0.619, r 3 = −0.615, P <.01). In addition, F8WT was moderately correlated with Right Leg Proprioception Test (RLPT) and Left Leg Proprioception Test (LLPT), respectively (r 1 = 0.487, r 2 = 0.439, P <.01). There was a moderate correlation between L Test with RLRT, LLRT, and TGT, respectively (r 1 = 0.597, r 2 = 0.584, r 3 = −0.542, P <.01). Besides, there was a weak positive correlation between L Test with RLPT and LLPT, respectively (r 1 = 0.394, r 2 = 0.335, P <.01). A regression model showed that the L test was related to RLRT, LLRT, and TGT (R 2 = 0.432, P <.001). The higher ability of the L test was weakly associated with higher levels of TGT (standardized β = −0.28, P =.0012). Besides, regression analysis also proved that F8WT was related to RLRT, LLRT, and TGT (R 2 = 0.522, P <.001). The most highly associated parameter was LLRT (standardized β = 0.958, P =.003). Gait in shaped pathways is associated with proprioception, reaction time, and balance ability in older patients with TKA. Therefore, proprioception, reaction time, and balance should be considered to improve the shaped pathway walking performance of patients after bilateral, right, or left TKA surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper proprioceptive and neuromuscular control is crucial for the overhead athlete's performance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shoulder joint position sense (JPS) levels in overhead throwing athletes. The secondary aim was to confront the proprioceptive abilities with glenohumeral adaptive changes and pathologies among athletes. Ninety professional handball players and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. JPS levels were measured by an electronic goniometer and expressed as values of an active reproduction of the joint position (ARJP) and as error of ARJP (EARJP) in 3 different reference positions for each movement (abduction and flexion at 60°, 90°, and 120°; internal [IR] and external rotation [ER] at 30°, 45°, and 60°). Side-to-side differences revealed significantly better values of EARJP for the throwing shoulders in abduction at 90° and 120°, flexion at 90° and 120°, IR at 60°, and ER at 30° and 60° compared with the nonthrowing shoulders. Handball players showed significantly better proprioceptive levels in their throwing shoulder compared to the dominant shoulder of the control group in abduction at 90° (P =.037) and 120° (P =.001), flexion at 120° (P =.035), IR at 60° (P =.045), and in ER at 60° (P =.012). Handball players present superior shoulder JPS in their dominant throwing shoulder at high range of motion angles when compared to a nonathlete population and to their own nondominant shoulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is crucial for knee joint stability, but total failure can impair proprioception. Rehabilitation involves unique regimens, virtual reality VR games being a helpful aid. Purpose: Examining how a Wii Fit rehabilitation program affects knee proprioception following ACL reconstruction. Methods: Thirty patients were assigned randomly to Study group (A), and control group (B). For eight weeks, the study group received the Wii Fit training protocol three times a week, lasting forty minutes each, with a conventional exercise program tailored to the control group. The knee joint's position sense was measured in both groups, before and after activities using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Results: After treatment the joint position error JPE significantly improved for group A and group B. With significant decrease of JPE for the three angles of group A compared to group B (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results revealed that Playing weight shifting VR games on the Wii Fit for eight weeks, with a consistent exercise rehabilitation program, can significantly improve knee joint position sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To observe how knee proprioceptive acuity and quadriceps neuromuscular function change during and after repeated isokinetic knee-extension exercise in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) or meniscus surgery. Methods: Patients with ACLR or meniscus surgery and matched controls (n = 19 in each group) performed knee-flexion replication at 15° and 75°, and quadriceps peak torque (PT), central activation ratio (CAR) and rate of torque development (RTD) at baseline and immediately after every five sets of isokinetic knee-extension exercise (times 1–5). Results: Compared to the baseline, the ACLR and control groups displayed errors in knee-flexion replication at 75° only at time 5 (115.9–155.6%; p ≤ 0.04, d ≥ 0.97), whereas the meniscus surgery group exhibited errors at all time points (142.5–265.6%; p ≤ 0.0003, d ≥ 1.4). Significant percentage reductions in quadriceps CAR were observed between times 4 and 5 in the ACLR group (–5.8%; p = 0.0002, d = 0.96), but not in the meniscus surgery (–1.4%; n.s.) and control (0.1%; n.s.) groups. Significant percentage reductions in quadriceps RTD were observed between times 4 and 5 in the ACLR (–24.2%; p = 0.007, d = 0.99) and meniscus surgery (–23.0%; p = 0.01, d = 0.85) groups, but not in the control group (–0.2%; n.s.). Conclusion: Patients with ACLR or meniscus surgery displayed a greater loss in knee proprioceptive acuity and quadriceps neuromuscular function during and after exercise than healthy individuals. Evidence-based interventions to enhance exercise-induced fatigue resistance should be implemented following ACLR or meniscus surgery, aiming to prevent proprioceptive and neuromuscular changes within the knee joint and quadriceps. Level of evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Our study aimed to identify age-related changes in knee proprioception to provide reference values for weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) conditions and to identify factors (age, WB condition, dominance, and sex) that can affect knee proprioception. Methods A total of 84 healthy adult men and women were recruited. Active knee joint position sense (JPS) was measured using a digital inclinometer for knee proprioception. The participants performed the required movements actively, with verbal feedback from the examiner, slowly moving to the target angles (30° and 50°) and maintaining them for 5 s before returning to the starting position. Afterward, without assistance from the examiner, the participants actively moved back to the same angle, and the examiner confirmed the angles. This procedure was repeated twice for each target angle, and the average values were used as the data. The participants were barefoot, wearing shorts, and closed their eyes while the measurements were obtained. The measurements were first obtained on the dominant side under the NWB conditions. When a change in posture was needed during the measurement, the participants sat in a resting position for 2 min. Results Except for age, all other factors (WB condition, dominance, sex) were not statistically significant. Age showed a significant difference in knee JPS, except for the non-dominant side at 30° and the dominant side at 50° in the NWB condition. Conclusion This study indicates that the WB condition, dominant side, and sex need not be considered when measuring and assessing knee JPS. Age shows a negative correlation with knee joint position sense, and the reference values presented in this study can be used as objective target values during the rehabilitation process.

Introduction: We investigated the effect of preoperative joint position sense in the big toe on the postoperative recovery of gait function after spinal tumor surgery. Methods: Seventy-three patients with spinal tumors who underwent surgery at our hospital between 2014 and 2019 and could be followed for at least 6 months after surgery were included. The patients were divided into the cervical spinal (41 cases) and thoracic spinal (32 cases) groups according to the localization of the tumor. These groups were further classified into an Impaired group (cervical spinal, 34 cases; thoracic spinal, 19 cases) and an Intact group (cervical spinal, 7 cases; thoracic spinal, 13 cases) according to the presence or absence of preoperative joint position sense in the big toe. The amount of change in ambulatory function from the preoperative period to 3 and 6 months postoperatively was compared between the Impaired and Intact groups within each tumor localization category. Results: Impaired preoperative joint position sense in the big toe in patients undergoing thoracic spinal tumor surgery delayed the recovery of gait function in the early postoperative period. Conclusions: In patients with thoracic spinal tumor surgery, the absence of preoperative joint position sense in the big toe delayed the recovery of postoperative gait function.

Abstract Background Knee joint position sense (JPS) might be negatively affected after injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Recent systematic reviews suggest further investigation of psychometric properties, including validity, of knee JPS tests following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). This study investigated the known-group validity by comparing knee JPS errors between individuals who underwent unilateral ACLR and healthy controls. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 36 men, including 19 after ACLR (ACLR group) and 17 healthy controls (control group). In both groups, the absolute error (AE), constant error (CE) and variable error (VE) of passive knee JPS were calculated in the flexion and extension directions, for two target angles (30° and 60° flexion) per direction. Discriminative validity was evaluated by comparing JPS errors between the operated and non-operated knees in the ACLR group. Known-group validity was evaluated by comparing JPS errors between the operated knees in the ACLR group and the asymptomatic non-dominant knees of healthy controls. Results Mean AE, CE and VE for all tests were 4.1°, − 2.3° and 3.6° for the operated knees in the ACLR group, 5.5°, − 2.6° and 3.3° for the non-operated knees in the ACLR group and 4.6°, − 2.6° and 3.3° for the non-dominant knees in the control group, respectively, regardless of the test direction and target angle. The operated knees in the ACLR group did not show significantly greater JPS errors compared to the contralateral knees in the ACLR group and to the non-dominant knees in the control group (p ≥ 0.05). On the other hand, the non-operated knees showed significantly greater AE for the 0°–60° flexion test (p = 0.025) and CE for the 0°–30° flexion test (p = 0.024) than the operated knees in the ACLR group. JPS errors did not significantly differ in the operated knees in the ACLR group based on the direction of movement and the target angle. However, the errors were significantly higher when the knee was moved through a greater range compared to that of a lesser range between the starting and target angles. Conclusion The ACLR knees did not show greater passive JPS errors than the contralateral or control knees. The direction of movement and target angle did not influence the JPS acuity after ACLR. However, higher JPS errors were evident when the knee was moved through a greater range compared to a lesser range of motion. Further studies investigating the psychometric properties of standardized JPS tests following ACLR are warranted.

Abstract Background Aikido is a martial art comprises of locking techniques and falls. During the locking techniques, the elbow joint is forced into extended position. Moreover, the elbow hits the ground during the falling techniques. These might compromise joint position sense (JPS). The objectives of this study were to compare JPS and strength of the muscles of elbow joint between Aikidokas and a non-athlete group and to evaluate the correlation between JPS and muscle strength among Aikidokas. Methods All male Jiyushinkai style Aikidokas and a healthy matched non-athlete group participated in this cross-sectional study. Passive JPS at a speed of 4°/s and the isokinetic strength of elbow flexors and extensors were assessed. Results Evaluating the isokinetic parameters revealed no significantly difference between the groups in either flexion or extension at speeds of 60 (P-value range: 0.2–0.99) and 120 °/s (P-value range: 0.05–0.96). Also, the groups had no significant difference regarding different types of reconstruction error including constant error (P-value range: 0.38–0.91), variable error (P-value range: 0.09–0.87), and total variability (P-value range: 0.30–0.80). Moreover, very weak to weak correlation was observed between isokinetic parameters and passive JPS (r-value range: 0.01–0.39). Conclusions JPS was not impaired in Aikidokas in spite of the repetitive stress applied to the elbow joint during the performance of Aikido techniques. The lack of significant difference in isokinetic between Aikidokas and healthy non-athletes, and the absence of an acceptable correlation between IPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas, might be attributed to the soft nature of Aikido.

El complejo ligamentario dorsal del pulgar es la estructura con mayor concentración de mecanorreceptores, especialmente corpúsculos de Ruffini. Todas las aferencias que se originan en los mecanorreceptores del pulgar constituyen su propiocepción, que es esencial para un control sensoriomotor bien adaptado (Suetterlin y Sayer,2014). Las enfermedades que tienen implicancia sobre el pulgar, como la osteoartritis (OA) carpo-metacarpiana (CMC), impactan en su función, y consecuentemente en el desempeño ocupacional de las personas. Una mujer de 50 años con OA CMC fue derivada para tratamiento conservador de Terapia Ocupacional (T.O), diagnosticada cuatro meses antes, el diagnóstico médico explicitaba estadio II de Eaton et al. en mano derecha, dominante. Trabajó 28 años como empleada administrativa y actualmente es ama de casa. En la evaluación inicial refirió preocupación y frustración al realizar sus actividades diarias, acusó dolor y presentó deterioro en la función manual. Se aplicó un tratamiento conservador tradicional combinado con ejercicios propioceptivos durante 3 meses. Las medidas de resultado indicaron una mejora en la propiocepción del pulgar y una mejora significativa en el desempeño ocupacional y el dolor. Se incluyeron el Joint Position Sense Test, la Medida Canadiense de Rendimiento Ocupacional, la sub Escala Funcional del Australian Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index y la Escala Visual Analógica. Seguimientos: 1 mes y 3 meses. El tratamiento mejoró significativamente el desempeño ocupacional y sensibilidad propioceptiva de un paciente con deterioro funcional relacionado con OA CMC en su mano dominante.

Background: Our study aimed to identify age-related changes in knee proprioception to provide reference values for weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) conditions and to identify factors (age, WB condition, dominance, and sex) that can affect knee proprioception. Methods: A total of 84 healthy adult men and women were recruited. Active knee joint position sense (JPS) was measured using a digital inclinometer for knee proprioception. The participants performed the required movements actively, with verbal feedback from the examiner, slowly moving to the target angles (30° and 50°) and maintaining them for 5 s before returning to the starting position. Afterward, without assistance from the examiner, the participants actively moved back to the same angle, and the examiner confirmed the angles. This procedure was repeated twice for each target angle, and the average values were used as the data. The participants were barefoot, wearing shorts, and closed their eyes while the measurements were obtained. The measurements were first obtained on the dominant side under the NWB conditions. When a change in posture was needed during the measurement, the participants sat in a resting position for 2 min. Results: Except for age, all other factors (WB condition, dominance, sex) were not statistically significant. Age showed a significant difference in knee JPS, except for the non-dominant side at 30° and the dominant side at 50° in the NWB condition. Conclusion: This study indicates that the WB condition, dominant side, and sex need not be considered when measuring and assessing knee JPS. Age shows a negative correlation with knee joint position sense, and the reference values presented in this study can be used as objective target values during the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub-acromial Impingement Syndrome (SIS) is a prevalent shoulder pathology characterized by pain, muscle weakness, and altered joint position sense (JPS). This prospective study aimed to comprehensively assess the relationship between shoulder muscle strength, JPS, and pain in individuals with SIS. A total of 100 participants, including 50 with SIS and 50 healthy controls, underwent shoulder muscle strength testing and JPS evaluation in various directions (flexion, abduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation). Pain intensity was quantified using a visual analog scale. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the associations between muscle strength, JPS, and pain, with Cohen's d values indicating the effect size. Individuals with SIS exhibited significantly lower shoulder muscle strength and greater JPS errors compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.51 to 0.84). The results showed strong positive correlations between muscle strength and JPS in all assessed directions (p < 0.001, with r values ranging from 0.35 to 0.62). Mediation analysis revealed that pain partially mediated the relationship between muscle strength and JPS in all directions (p < 0.005). This study highlights the multifaceted nature of SIS, emphasizing the coexistence of muscle weakness, proprioceptive impairments, and pain. The findings underscore the importance of addressing these factors in the comprehensive rehabilitation of individuals with SIS to optimize functional outcomes and enhance their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced knee muscle strength, joint position sense (JPS), and dynamic balance are some of the impacts of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture that remained in patients after surgery. The goal of this study was to assess patients who had finished a sport rehabilitation programme and were back exercising with their healthy partners for the JPS, dynamic balance, and knee muscle strength. In this study, 40 male soccer players--20 participants with autograft reconstruction of the hamstring or surgery, and 20 uninjured participants--took part. By using isokinetic dynamometry, the flexor and extensor peak torque of the knee at angular velocities of 60 deg. s-1, JPS at 60°, and dynamic stability were assessed in the dominant leg by using Y balance test. The independent t-test was utilized to compare the outcomes between the two groups. The findings demonstrated that there were no differences in any of the test parameters for determining muscle strength and JPS between the two groups at 60 degrees per second in the dominant leg. (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no observed difference in all directions of YBT between Injured and healthy groups in dominant leg (p > 0.05). The results of this study allow us to make the conclusion that when a rehabilitation programme has been completed successfully, surgically induced outcomes may be improved and the risk of re-injury in athletes may be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kinesiologia Slovenica is the property of Faculty of Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is the most commonly reported musculoskeletal overuse injury in active individuals, such as athletes, and is a multifactorial problem with no definite cause identified to date. Some studies have shown a relationship between impaired core and trunk sensorimotor control and knee disorders, especially PFP. The aim of this study was to evaluate trunk flexion proprioception by comparing the repositioning error between healthy athletes and athletes with PFP. Design: Cross-sectional case-control study. Setting: Rehabilitation sciences research center. Participants: Twenty healthy athletes and 20 athletes with PFP. Main Outcome Measures: To examine proprioception of trunk flexors, the absolute active and passive repositioning error at 30° and 60° trunk flexion were evaluated with isokinetic dynamometry. The results were compared between the two groups. Results: In the PFP group, the active trunk repositioning error at 30° flexion was significantly greater than in the healthy individuals (P < .001). The mean absolute active repositioning error at 30° flexion was 3.04° (1.37°) in the PFP group and 1.50° (0.70°) in the control group. There was no significant difference between groups in the active trunk repositioning error at 60° flexion (P = .066). The mean absolute active repositioning error at 60° flexion was 2.96° (1.26°) in the PFP group and 2.18° (0.99°) in the control group. The passive trunk repositioning error at 30° and 60° flexion was significantly greater in the PFP group (P = .013 and P - .004, respectively). The mean absolute passive repositioning error at 30° and 60° flexion in the PFP group was 2.94° (0.80°) and 3.13° (1.19°), respectively, and was 2.08° (1.08°) and 1.96° (0.71°), respectively, in the control group. The calculated eta-squared value showed that joint repositioning errors had large effect sizes (0.15-0.32). Conclusion: Trunk proprioception in the flexion direction may be impaired in patients with PFP. This finding suggests that trunk proprioception training may be important in rehabilitation for athletes with PFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Proprioception deficits contribute to persistent and recurring physical disability, particularly with shoulder disorders. Proprioceptive training is thus prescribed in clinical practice. It is unclear whether nonsurgical rehabilitation can optimize shoulder proprioception. Objectives: To summarize the available evidence of conservative rehabilitation (ie, nonsurgical) on proprioception among individuals with shoulder disorders. Evidence acquisition: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were systematically searched, from inception until November 24, 2019. Selected articles were systematically assessed, and the methodological quality was established using the Dutch Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were utilized for this review. The conservative treatments were categorized as follows: (1) conventional therapy, (2) proprioceptive training, (3) elastic kinesiology tape, and (4) other passive therapies. Evidence synthesis: Twelve articles were included, yielding 58 healthy control shoulders and 362 shoulders affected by impingement syndrome, glenohumeral dislocations, nonspecific shoulder pain, rotator cuff dysfunction, or subluxation poststroke. The level of agreement between the evaluators was excellent (84.9%), and the studies were evaluated to be of fair to excellent quality (risk of bias: 28.5%-100%). This review suggests, with moderate evidence, that proprioceptive training (upper-body wobble board or flexible foil training) can improve proprioception in the midterm. No decisive evidence exists to suggest that conventional therapy is of added value to enhance shoulder proprioception. Conflicting evidence was found for the improvement of proprioception with the application of elastic kinesiology tape, while moderate evidence suggests that passive modalities, such as microcurrent electrical stimulation and bracing, are not effective for proprioceptive rehabilitation of the shoulder. Conclusions: Proprioceptive training demonstrates the strongest evidence for the effective rehabilitation of individuals with a shoulder proprioceptive deficit. Elastic kinesiology tape does not appear to affect the sense of shoulder proprioception. This review suggests a possible specificity of training effect with shoulder proprioception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]