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2. Semi-orthogonal subspaces for value mediate a tradeoff between binding and generalization

Author

Johnston, W. Jeffrey, Fine, Justin M., Yoo, Seng Bum Michael, Ebitz, R. Becket, and Hayden, Benjamin Y.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

When choosing between options, we must associate their values with the action needed to select them. We hypothesize that the brain solves this binding problem through neural population subspaces. To test this hypothesis, we examined neuronal responses in five reward-sensitive regions in macaques performing a risky choice task with sequential offers. Surprisingly, in all areas, the neural population encoded the values of offers presented on the left and right in distinct subspaces. We show that the encoding we observe is sufficient to bind the values of the offers to their respective positions in space while preserving abstract value information, which may be important for rapid learning and generalization to novel contexts. Moreover, after both offers have been presented, all areas encode the value of the first and second offers in orthogonal subspaces. In this case as well, the orthogonalization provides binding. Our binding-by-subspace hypothesis makes two novel predictions borne out by the data. First, behavioral errors should correlate with putative spatial (but not temporal) misbinding in the neural representation. Second, the specific representational geometry that we observe across animals also indicates that behavioral errors should increase when offers have low or high values, compared to when they have medium values, even when controlling for value difference. Together, these results support the idea that the brain makes use of semi-orthogonal subspaces to bind features together., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2205.06769

Published
2023

3. Subspace orthogonalization as a mechanism for binding values to space

Author

Johnston, W. Jeffrey, Fine, Justin M., Yoo, Seng Bum Michael, Ebitz, R. Becket, and Hayden, Benjamin Y.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

When choosing between options, we must solve an important binding problem. The values of the options must be associated with information about the action needed to select them. We hypothesize that the brain solves this binding problem through use of distinct population subspaces. To test this hypothesis, we examined the responses of single neurons in five reward-sensitive regions in rhesus macaques performing a risky choice task. In all areas, neurons encoded the value of the offers presented on both the left and the right side of the display in semi-orthogonal subspaces, which served to bind the values of the two offers to their positions in space. Supporting the idea that this orthogonalization is functionally meaningful, we observed a session-to-session covariation between choice behavior and the orthogonalization of the two value subspaces: trials with less orthogonalized subspaces were associated with greater likelihood of choosing the less valued option. Further inspection revealed that these semi-orthogonal subspaces arose from a combination of linear and nonlinear mixed selectivity in the neural population. We show this combination of selectivity balances reliable binding with an ability to generalize value across different spatial locations. These results support the hypothesis that semi-orthogonal subspaces support reliable binding, which is essential to flexible behavior in the face of multiple options., Comment: 45 pages, 4 figures

Published
2022

7. The neural basis of swap errors in working memory.

Author

Alleman, Matteo, Panichello, Matthew, Buschman, Timothy J., and Johnston, W. Jeffrey

Subjects
SHORT-term memory, DECISION making, MONKEYS, MEMORY, ENCODING
Abstract

When making decisions in a cluttered world, humans and other animals often have to hold multiple items in memory at once--such as the different items on a shopping list. Psychophysical experiments in humans and other animals have shown remembered stimuli can sometimes become confused, with participants reporting chimeric stimuli composed of features from different stimuli. In particular, subjects will often make "swap errors" where they misattribute a feature from one object as belonging to another object. While swap errors have been described behaviorally and theoretical explanations have been proposed, their neural mechanisms are unknown. Here, we elucidate these neural mechanisms by analyzing neural population recordings from monkeys performing two multistimulus working memory tasks. In these tasks, monkeys were cued to report the color of an item that either was previously shown at a corresponding location or will be shown at the corresponding location. Animals made swap errors in both tasks. In the neural data, we find evidence that the neural correlates of swap errors emerged when correctly remembered information is selected from working memory. This led to a representation of the distractor color as if it were the target color, underlying the eventual swap error. We did not find consistent evidence that swap errors arose from misinterpretation of the cue or errors during encoding or storage in working memory. These results provide evidence that swap errors emerge during selection of correctly remembered information from working memory, and highlight this selection as a crucial--yet surprisingly brittle--neural process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Human leukocyte antigen-DQA1*04:01 and rs2040406 variants are associated with elevated risk of childhood Burkitt lymphoma

Author

Liu, Zhiwei, primary, Luo, Yang, additional, Kirimunda, Samuel, additional, Verboom, Murielle, additional, Onabajo, Olusegun O., additional, Gouveia, Mateus H., additional, Ogwang, Martin D., additional, Kerchan, Patrick, additional, Reynolds, Steven J., additional, Tenge, Constance N., additional, Were, Pamela A., additional, Kuremu, Robert T., additional, Wekesa, Walter N., additional, Masalu, Nestory, additional, Kawira, Esther, additional, Kinyera, Tobias, additional, Otim, Isaac, additional, Legason, Ismail D., additional, Nabalende, Hadijah, additional, Dhudha, Herry, additional, Ayers, Leona W., additional, Bhatia, Kishor, additional, Goedert, James J., additional, Cole, Nathan, additional, Luo, Wen, additional, Liu, Jia, additional, Manning, Michelle, additional, Hicks, Belynda, additional, Prokunina-Olsson, Ludmila, additional, Chagaluka, George, additional, Johnston, W. Thomas, additional, Mutalima, Nora, additional, Borgstein, Eric, additional, Liomba, George N., additional, Kamiza, Steve, additional, Mkandawire, Nyengo, additional, Mitambo, Collins, additional, Molyneux, Elizabeth M., additional, Newton, Robert, additional, Hsing, Ann W., additional, Mensah, James E., additional, Adjei, Anthony A., additional, Hutchinson, Amy, additional, Carrington, Mary, additional, Yeager, Meredith, additional, Blasczyk, Rainer, additional, Chanock, Stephen J., additional, Raychaudhuri, Soumya, additional, and Mbulaiteye, Sam M., additional

Published
2024
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11. Impact of lymph node status in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated by major hepatectomy: a review of the National Cancer Database

Author

Jutric, Zeljka, Johnston, W Cory, Hoen, Helena M, Newell, Pippa H, Cassera, Maria A, Hammill, Chet W, Wolf, Ronald F, and Hansen, Paul D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Digestive Diseases, Rare Diseases, Digestive Diseases - (Gallbladder), Adult, Aged, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Cholangiocarcinoma, Databases, Factual, Female, Hepatectomy, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, United States, Surgery, Clinical sciences
Abstract

IntroductionRoutine lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is not routinely performed. We aim to define predictive indicators of survival in patients with positive lymph nodes.MethodsThe National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was queried for patients who underwent major hepatectomy for ICC between 1998 and 2011. Clinical and pathologic data were assessed using uni- and multi-variate analyses. A sub-analysis was performed on the 160 patients with positive lymph nodes.ResultsOf 849 patients with lymph node data, 57% had at least one lymph node examined. Median survival for lymph node negative patients was 37 months versus 15 months for lymph node positive patients. In lymph node positive patients, poorer survival was associated with not receiving chemotherapy (HR 1.83, p = 0.003), tumor size > 5 cm (p = 0.029), and older age (p < 0.0001). Lymph node positive patients age less than 45 had a median survival of 27 months.ConclusionsOverall survival in patients with lymph node metastases from ICC is poor. Adjuvant therapy was associated with a longer survival in lymph node positive patients, although prospective data are needed. Routine lymphadenectomy should be strongly considered to provide prognostic information and guidance for adjuvant therapy.

Published
2016

12. Sickle cell allele HBB‐rs334(T) is associated with decreased risk of childhood Burkitt lymphoma in East Africa

Author

Hong, Hyokyoung G., primary, Gouveia, Mateus H., additional, Ogwang, Martin D., additional, Kerchan, Patrick, additional, Reynolds, Steven J., additional, Tenge, Constance N., additional, Were, Pamela A., additional, Kuremu, Robert T., additional, Wekesa, Walter N., additional, Masalu, Nestory, additional, Kawira, Esther, additional, Kinyera, Tobias, additional, Wang, Xunde, additional, Zhou, Jiefu, additional, Leal, Thiago Peixoto, additional, Otim, Isaac, additional, Legason, Ismail D., additional, Nabalende, Hadijah, additional, Dhudha, Herry, additional, Mumia, Mediatrix, additional, Baker, Francine S., additional, Okusolubo, Temiloluwa, additional, Ayers, Leona W., additional, Bhatia, Kishor, additional, Goedert, James J., additional, Woo, Joshua, additional, Manning, Michelle, additional, Cole, Nathan, additional, Luo, Wen, additional, Hicks, Belynda, additional, Chagaluka, George, additional, Johnston, W. Thomas, additional, Mutalima, Nora, additional, Borgstein, Eric, additional, Liomba, George N., additional, Kamiza, Steve, additional, Mkandawire, Nyengo, additional, Mitambo, Collins, additional, Molyneux, Elizabeth M., additional, Newton, Robert, additional, Hutchinson, Amy, additional, Yeager, Meredith, additional, Adeyemo, Adebowale A., additional, Thein, Swee Lay, additional, Rotimi, Charles N., additional, Chanock, Stephen J., additional, Prokunina‐Olsson, Ludmila, additional, and Mbulaiteye, Sam M., additional

Published
2023
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14. A novel swine model of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Author

Cullen, J. Michael, Lu, Guanyi, Shannon, Alexander H., Su, Gang, Sharma, Ashish, Salmon, Morgan, Fashandi, Anna Z., Spinosa, Michael D., Montgomery, William G., Johnston, W. Forrest, Ailawadi, Gorav, and Upchurch, Gilbert R., Jr.

Published
2019
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15. The 2010 Interim Report of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment Collaboration Physics Working Groups

Author

The LBNE Collaboration, Akiri, T., Allspach, D., Andrews, M., Arisaka, K., Arrieta-Diaz, E., Artuso, M., Bai, X., Balantekin, B., Baller, B., Barletta, W., Barr, G., Bass, M., Beck, A., Becker, B., Bellini, V., Benhar, O., Berger, B., Bergevin, M., Berman, E., Berns, H., Bernstein, A., Beroz, F., Bhatnagar, V., Bhuyan, B., Bionta, R., Bishai, M., Blake, A., Blaufuss, E., Bleakley, B., Blucher, E., Blusk, S., Boehnlein, D., Bolton, T., Brack, J., Bradford, R., Breedon, R., Bromberg, C., Brown, R., Buchanan, N., Camilleri, L., Campbell, M., Carr, R., Carminati, G., Chen, A., Chen, H., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Childress, S., Choudhary, B., Church, E., Cline, D., Coleman, S., Corey, R., D'Agostino, M., Davies, G., Dazeley, S., De Jong, J., DeMaat, B., Demuth, D., Dighe, A., Djurcic, Z., Dolph, J., Drake, G., Drozhdin, A., Duan, H., Duyang, H., Dye, S., Dykhuis, T., Edmunds, D., Elliott, S., Enomoto, S., Escobar, C., Felde, J., Feyzi, F., Fleming, B., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Friedland, A., Fujikawa, B., Gallagher, H., Garilli, G., Garvey, G., Gehman, V., Geronimo, G., Gill, R., Goodman, M., Goon, J., Gorbunov, D., Gran, R., Guarino, V., Guarnaccia, E., Guenette, R., Gupta, P., Habig, A., Hackenberg, R., Hahn, A., Hahn, R., Haines, T., Hans, S., Harton, J., Hays, S., Hazen, E., He, Q., Heavey, A., Heeger, K., Hellauer, R., Himmel, A., Horton-Smith, G., Howell, J., Huber, P., Hurh, P., Huston, J., Hylen, J., Insler, J., Jaffe, D., James, C., Johnson, C., Johnson, M., Johnson, R., Johnson, W., Johnston, W., Johnstone, J., Jones, B., Jostlein, H., Junk, T., Junnarkar, S., Kadel, R., Kafka, T., Kaminski, D., Karagiorgi, G., Karle, A., Kaspar, J., Katori, T., Kayser, B., Kearns, E., Kettell, S., Khanam, F., Klein, J., Kneller, J., Koizumi, G., Kopp, J., Kopp, S., Kropp, W., Kudryavtsev, V., Kumar, A., Kumar, J., Kutter, T., Lackowski, T., Lande, K., Lane, C., Lang, K., Lanni, F., Lanza, R., Latorre, T., Learned, J., Lee, D., Lee, K., Li, Y., Linden, S., Ling, J., Link, J., Littenberg, L., Loiacono, L., Liu, T., Losecco, J., Louis, W., Lucas, P., Lunardini, C., Lundberg, B., Lundin, T., Makowiecki, D., Malys, S., Mandal, S., Mann, A., Mantsch, P., Marciano, W., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marino, A., Marshak, M., Maruyama, R., Mathews, J., Matsuno, S., Mauger, C., McCluskey, E., McDonald, K., McFarland, K., McKeown, R., McTaggart, R., Mehdiyev, R., Melnitchouk, W., Meng, Y., Mercurio, B., Messier, M., Metcalf, W., Milincic, R., Miller, W., Mills, G., Mishra, S., MoedSher, S., Mohapatra, D., Mokhov, N., Moore, C., Morfin, J., Morse, W., Moss, A., Mufson, S., Musser, J., Naples, D., Napolitano, J., Newcomer, M., Norris, B., Ouedraogo, S., Page, B., Pakvasa, S., Paley, J., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Parsa, Z., Partyka, K., Pavlovic, Z., Pearson, C., Perasso, S., Petti, R., Plunkett, R., Polly, C., Pordes, S., Potenza, R., Prakash, A., Prokofiev, O., Qian, X., Raaf, J., Radeka, V., Raghavan, R., Rameika, R., Rebel, B., Rescia, S., Reitzner, D., Richardson, M., Riesselman, K., Robinson, M., Rosen, M., Rosenfeld, C., Rucinski, R., Russo, T., Sahijpal, S., Salon, S., Samios, N., Sanchez, M., Schmitt, R., Schmitz, D., Schneps, J., Scholberg, K., Seibert, S., Sergiampietri, F., Shaevitz, M., Shanahan, P., Shaposhnikov, M., Sharma, R., Simos, N., Singh, V., Sinnis, G., Sippach, W., Skwarnicki, T., Smy, M., Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Sondericker, J., Sondheim, W., Spitz, J., Spooner, N., Stancari, M., Stancu, I., Stewart, J., Stoler, P., Stone, J., Stone, S., Strait, J., Straszheim, T., Striganov, S., Sullivan, G., Svoboda, R., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A., Talaga, R., Tanaka, H., Tayloe, R., Taylor, D., Thomas, J., Thompson, L., Thomson, M., Thorn, C., Tian, X., Toki, W., Tolich, N., Tripathi, M., Trovato, M., Tseung, H., Tzanov, M., Urheim, J., Usman, S., Vagins, M., Van Berg, R., Van de Water, R., Varner, G., Vaziri, K., Velev, G., Viren, B., Wachala, T., Walter, C., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Warner, D., Webber, D., Weber, A., Wendell, R., Wendt, C., Wetstein, M., White, H., White, S., Whitehead, L., Willis, W., Wilson, R. J., Winslow, L., Ye, J., Yeh, M., Yu, B., Zeller, G., Zhang, C., Zimmerman, E., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In early 2010, the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) science collaboration initiated a study to investigate the physics potential of the experiment with a broad set of different beam, near- and far-detector configurations. Nine initial topics were identified as scientific areas that motivate construction of a long-baseline neutrino experiment with a very large far detector. We summarize the scientific justification for each topic and the estimated performance for a set of far detector reference configurations. We report also on a study of optimized beam parameters and the physics capability of proposed Near Detector configurations. This document was presented to the collaboration in fall 2010 and updated with minor modifications in early 2011., Comment: Corresponding author R.J.Wilson (Bob.Wilson@colostate.edu); 113 pages, 90 figures

Published
2011

16. Characterization and Simulation of the Response of Multi Pixel Photon Counters to Low Light Levels

Author

Vacheret, A., Barker, G. J., Dziewiecki, M., Guzowski, P., Haigh, M. D., Hartfiel, B., Izmaylov, A., Johnston, W., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kudenko, Yu., Kurjata, R., Kutter, T., Lindner, T., Masliah, P., Marzec, J., Mineev, O., Musienko, Yu., Oser, S., Retiere, F., Salih, R. O., Shaikhiev, A., Thompson, L. F., Ward, M. A., Wilson, R. J., Yershov, N., Zaremba, K., and Ziembicki, M.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The calorimeter, range detector and active target elements of the T2K near detectors rely on the Hamamatsu Photonics Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) to detect scintillation light produced by charged particles. Detailed measurements of the MPPC gain, afterpulsing, crosstalk, dark noise, and photon detection efficiency for low light levels are reported. In order to account for the impact of the MPPC behavior on T2K physics observables, a simulation program has been developed based on these measurements. The simulation is used to predict the energy resolution of the detector., Comment: 15 pages, 25 figures. Work done within the T2K collaboration. Submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A

Published
2011
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18. P76 The Canadian neuromuscular disease registry: a national spinal muscular atrophy registry for real world evidence

Author

Sobey, M., primary, Hodgkinson, V., additional, Westbury, G., additional, Brais, B., additional, Campbell, C., additional, Castro-Codesal, M., additional, Crone, M., additional, Dojeiji, S., additional, Genge, A., additional, Gonorazky, H., additional, Johnston, W., additional, Kolski, H., additional, Lochmüller, H., additional, Mah, J., additional, McAdam, L., additional, O'Connell, C., additional, O'Ferrall, E.K., additional, Oskoui, M., additional, Pfeffer, G., additional, and Phan, C., additional

Published
2023
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25. GENOME‐WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CHILDHOOD BURKITT LYMPHOMA IN EAST AFRICA IDENTIFIES A NOVEL GERMLINE SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME 21

Author

Dutta, D., primary, Gorman, B., additional, Gouveia, M., additional, Ogwang, M. D., additional, Kerchan, P., additional, Reynolds, S. J., additional, Tenge, C. N., additional, Were, P. A., additional, Kuremu, R. T., additional, Wekesa, W. N., additional, Masalu, N., additional, Kawira, E., additional, Kinyera, T., additional, Otim, I., additional, Legason, I. D., additional, Nabalende, H., additional, Dhudha, H., additional, Mumia, M., additional, Ayers, L. W., additional, Bhatia, K., additional, Goedert, J. J., additional, Manning, M., additional, Cole, N., additional, Luo, W., additional, Hutchinson, A., additional, Hicks, B., additional, Chagaluka, G., additional, Johnston, W. T., additional, Mutalima, N., additional, Borgstein, E., additional, Liomba, G. N., additional, Kamiza, S., additional, Mkandawire, N., additional, Mitambo, C., additional, Molyneux, E., additional, Newton, R., additional, Glaser, S., additional, Kretzmer, H., additional, Adeyemo, A. A., additional, Rotimi, C. N., additional, Chanock, S. J., additional, Dean, M., additional, Siebert, R., additional, Yeager, M., additional, Prokunina‐Olsson, L., additional, and Mbulaiteye, S. M., additional

Published
2023
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30. Overview of the Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) Mission

Author

Johnston, W. R., primary, Ginet, G. P., additional, Starks, M. J., additional, McCollough, J. P., additional, Sanchez, J. C., additional, Song, P., additional, Galkin, I. A., additional, Inan, U. S., additional, Lauben, D. S., additional, Tu, J., additional, Reinisch, B. W., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Roche, K., additional, Stelmash, S., additional, Allgeier, S., additional, Lambour, R., additional, Schoenberg, J., additional, Gillespie, W., additional, Farrell, W. M., additional, Xapsos, M. A., additional, Roddy, P. A., additional, Lindstrom, C. D., additional, Pedinotti, G. F., additional, Huston, S. L., additional, Albert, J. M., additional, Sinclair, A. J., additional, Davis, L. D., additional, Carilli, J. A., additional, Cooke, D. L., additional, and Parker, C. W., additional

Published
2023
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33. Semi-orthogonal subspaces for value mediate a binding and generalization trade-off

Author

Johnston, W. Jeffrey, Fine, Justin M., Yoo, Seng Bum Michael, Ebitz, R. Becket, and Hayden, Benjamin Y.

Abstract

When choosing between options, we must associate their values with the actions needed to select them. We hypothesize that the brain solves this binding problem through neural population subspaces. Here, in macaques performing a choice task, we show that neural populations in five reward-sensitive regions encode the values of offers presented on the left and right in distinct subspaces. This encoding is sufficient to bind offer values to their locations while preserving abstract value information. After offer presentation, all areas encode the value of the first and second offers in orthogonal subspaces; this orthogonalization also affords binding. Our binding-by-subspace hypothesis makes two new predictions confirmed by the data. First, behavioral errors should correlate with spatial, but not temporal, neural misbinding. Second, behavioral errors should increase when offers have low or high values, compared to medium values, even when controlling for value difference. Together, these results support the idea that the brain uses semi-orthogonal subspaces to bind features.

Published
2024
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34. Automation for on-line remote-control in-situ electron microscopy

Author

O'Keefe, M.A., Parvin, B., Owen, D., Taylor, J., Westmacott, K.H., Johnston, W., and Dahmen, U.

Subjects
Instrumentation -- other, Materials science, Telemicroscopy on-line remote control teleoperation collaboratory in situ HVEM Internet
Abstract

We have developed and tested a multimedia system for remote operation of transmission electron microscopes and used it to control the Kratos 1500keV microscope in Berkeley during in-situ experiments.

Published
1996

35. Idempotent vector spaces and their linear transformations

Author

Johnston William and Wahl Rebecca G.

Subjects
bicomplex, linear algebra, compact operators, 15a20, 15a66, 47a15, 47b07, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

This article extends topics about linear algebra and operator theoretic linear transformations on complex vector spaces to those on bicomplex spaces. For example, Definition 3 for the first time defines algebraically idempotent vector spaces, which generalizes the standard definition of a vector space and which includes bicomplex vector spaces as a special case, along with its dimension and its basis in terms of a corresponding vectorial idempotent representation. The article also shows how an n×nn\times n bicomplex matrix’s idempotent representation leads to a bicomplex Jordan form and a description of its bicomplex invariant subspace lattice diagram. Similarly, in a new way, the article rigorously defines “bicomplex Banach and Hilbert” spaces, and then it expands, for the first time, the theory of compact operators on complex Banach spaces to those on bicomplex Banach spaces. In these ways, the article indicates that the idempotent representation extends complex linear algebra and operator theory in a surprisingly generalized and straightforward way to vector space results with bicomplex and multicomplex scalars.

Published
2024
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38. HBB rs334, ABO R s8176703 and Plasmodium Falciparum Positivity at Enrollment Are Independently Associated with Lower Risk for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi

Author

Hong, Hyokyoung G, primary, Gouveia, Mateus H, additional, Ogwang, Martin, additional, Kerchan, Patrick, additional, Reynolds, Steven, additional, Tenge, Constance N, additional, Were, Pamela A, additional, Kuremu, Robert T, additional, Wekesa, Walter N, additional, Masalu, Nestory, additional, Kawira, Esther, additional, Kinyera, Tobias, additional, Wang, Xunde, additional, Zhou, Jiefu, additional, Otim, Isaac, additional, Legason, Ismail D, additional, Nabalende, Hadijah, additional, Dhudha, Herry, additional, Mumia, Mediatrix, additional, Baker, Francine G, additional, Okusolubo, Temi, additional, Ayers, Leona W, additional, Bhatia, Kishor, additional, Goedert, James J, additional, Woo, Joshua G, additional, Cole, Nathan, additional, Luo, Wen, additional, Hicks, Belynda, additional, Adeyemo, Adebowale A, additional, Prokunina-Olsson, Ludmila, additional, Shriner, Daniel N., additional, Rotimi, Charles N, additional, Chagaluka, George, additional, Johnston, W Thomas, additional, Mutalima, Nora, additional, Borgstein, Eric, additional, Liomba, George N, additional, Kamiza, Steve, additional, Mkandawire, Nyengo, additional, Mitambo, Collins, additional, Molyneux, Elizabeth, additional, Newton, Robert, additional, Manning, Michelle, additional, Fraumeni, Joseph F, additional, Pfeiffer, Ruth M, additional, Hutchinson, Amy, additional, Yeager, Meredith, additional, Thein, Swee Lay, additional, Chanock, Stephen J., additional, and Mbulaiteye, Sam M., additional

Published
2022
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39. Primate superior colliculus is engaged in abstract higher-order cognition

Author

Peysakhovich, Barbara, Tetrick, Stephanie M., Silva, Alessandra A., Li, Sihai, Zhu, Ou, Ibos, Guilhem, Johnston, W. Jeffrey, and Freedman, David J.

Subjects
Article
Abstract

Categorization is a fundamental cognitive process by which the brain assigns stimuli to behaviorally meaningful groups. Investigations of visual categorization in primates have identified a hierarchy of cortical areas that are involved in the transformation of sensory information into abstract category representations. However, categorization behaviors are ubiquitous across diverse animal species, even those without a neocortex, motivating the possibility that subcortical regions may contribute to abstract cognition in primates. One candidate structure is the superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain region that, although traditionally thought to mediate only reflexive spatial orienting, is involved in cognitive tasks that require spatial orienting. Here, we reveal a novel role of the primate SC in abstract, higher-order visual cognition. We compared neural activity in the SC and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region previously shown to causally contribute to category decisions, while monkeys performed a visual categorization task in which they report their decisions with a hand movement. The SC exhibits stronger and shorter-latency category encoding than the PPC, and inactivation of the SC markedly impairs monkeys’ category decisions. These results extend SC’s established role in spatial orienting to abstract, non-spatial cognition.

Published
2023

40. Discovery and Insights from DSX Mission’s High‑power VLF Wave Transmission Experiments in the Radiation Belts

Author

Song, P., Tu, J., Galkin, I., McCollough, J., Ginet, G., Johnston, W., Su, Y., Starks, M., and Reinisch, B.

Abstract

Space weather phenomena can threaten space technologies. A hazard among these is the population of relativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. To reduce the threat, artificial processes can be introduced by transmitting very-low-frequency (VLF) waves into the belts. The resulting wave particle interactions may deplete these harmful electrons. However, when transmitting VLF waves in space plasma, the antenna, plasma, and waves interact in a manner that is not well-understood. We conducted a series of VLF transmission experiments in the radiation belts and measured the power and radiation impedance under various frequencies and conditions. The results demonstrate the critical role played by the plasma-antenna-wave interaction around high-voltage space antennae and open the possibility to transmit high power in space. The physical insight obtained in this study can provide guidance to future high-power space-borne VLF transmitter developments, laboratory whistler-mode wave injection experiments, and the interpretation of various astrophysical and optical phenomena., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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47. HBB rs334, ABO Rs8176703 and Plasmodium Falciparum Positivity at Enrollment Are Independently Associated with Lower Risk for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi

Author

Hong, Hyokyoung G, Gouveia, Mateus H, Ogwang, Martin, Kerchan, Patrick, Reynolds, Steven, Tenge, Constance N, Were, Pamela A, Kuremu, Robert T, Wekesa, Walter N, Masalu, Nestory, Kawira, Esther, Kinyera, Tobias, Wang, Xunde, Zhou, Jiefu, Otim, Isaac, Legason, Ismail D, Nabalende, Hadijah, Dhudha, Herry, Mumia, Mediatrix, Baker, Francine G, Okusolubo, Temi, Ayers, Leona W, Bhatia, Kishor, Goedert, James J, Woo, Joshua G, Cole, Nathan, Luo, Wen, Hicks, Belynda, Adeyemo, Adebowale A, Prokunina-Olsson, Ludmila, Shriner, Daniel N., Rotimi, Charles N, Chagaluka, George, Johnston, W Thomas, Mutalima, Nora, Borgstein, Eric, Liomba, George N, Kamiza, Steve, Mkandawire, Nyengo, Mitambo, Collins, Molyneux, Elizabeth, Newton, Robert, Manning, Michelle, Fraumeni, Joseph F, Jr., Pfeiffer, Ruth M, Hutchinson, Amy, Yeager, Meredith, Thein, Swee Lay, Chanock, Stephen J., and Mbulaiteye, Sam M.

Published
2022
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