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To determine the safety of using argon as a deuteron beam stopping material, the  40Ar(d,p)41Ar cross section was measured at average deuteron energies of 3.6 MeV, 5.5 MeV, and 7.0 MeV using an activation method. A 16-MeV deuteron beam produced by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's 88-Inch Cyclotron was degraded to each energy by nickel foils and the front wall of an aluminum gas chamber. The reduced-energy deuterons were used to activate a sample of natAr gas. After each irradiation, the gas chamber's  41Ar activation was measured with a high-purity germanium detector. The cross sections measured were larger than a previous measurement by ∼40%.

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous image-guided mediastinal mass core-needle biopsy. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of an institutionally maintained biopsy registry identified 337 computed tomography– or ultrasound-guided percutaneous mediastinal mass core needle biopsies between October 2002 and August 2017 in a single quaternary referral center. Mean patient age was 51 (range, 18 to 93) years. Procedural techniques, anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy, and tumor anatomical characteristics were reviewed. Classification and gradation of complications was based on the Clavien-Dindo system. Diagnostic yield was defined as the ratio of diagnostic biopsy to all biopsies performed. Results: Mean tumor size was 59.2 (range, 10 to 180) mm with 89.9% (n=303) of lesions located in the prevascular (anterior) mediastinum. There was a single major complication (0.3%) of a symptomatic pneumothorax requiring intervention. There were seven (2.1%) minor complications, including three bleeding complications. A transpleural approach was the only variable associated with an increased complication rate (P

Objectives:. To compare hypertension remission and relapse after bariatric surgery compared with usual care. Background:. The effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on hypertension remission and relapse has not been studied in large, multicenter studies over long periods and using clinical blood pressure (BP) measurements. Methods:. This retrospective cohort study was set in Kaiser Permanente Washington, Northern California, and Southern California. Participants included 9432 patients with hypertension 21–65 years old who underwent bariatric surgery during 2005–2015 and 66,651 nonsurgical controls matched on an index date on study site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, comorbidity burden, diabetes status, diastolic and systolic BP, and number of antihypertensive medications. Results:. At 5 years, the unadjusted cumulative incidence of hypertension remission was 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58–61%) among surgery patients and 14% (95% CI, 13–14%) among controls. At 1 year, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association of bariatric surgery with hypertension remission was 10.24 (95% CI, 9.61–10.90). At 5 years, the adjusted hazard ratio was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.57–2.80). Among those who remitted, the unadjusted cumulative incidence of relapse at 5 years after remission was 54% (95% CI, 51–56%) among surgery patients and 78% (95% CI 76–79%) among controls, although the adjusted hazard ratio was not significant (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.46–1.08). Conclusions:. Bariatric surgery was associated with greater hypertension remission than usual care suggesting that bariatric surgery should be discussed with patients with severe obesity and hypertension. Surgical patients who experience remission should be monitored carefully for hypertension relapse.

Summary: Background: COH04S1, a synthetic attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, was tested for safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults. Methods: This combined open-label and randomised, phase 1 trial was done at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center (Duarte, CA, USA). We included participants aged 18–54 years with a negative SARS-CoV-2 antibody and PCR test, normal haematology and chemistry panels, a normal electrocardiogram and troponin concentration, negative pregnancy test if female, body-mass index of 30 kg/m2 or less, and no modified vaccinia virus Ankara or poxvirus vaccine in the past 12 months. In the open-label cohort, 1·0 × 107 plaque-forming units (PFU; low dose), 1·0 × 108 PFU (medium dose), and 2·5 × 108 PFU (high dose) of COH04S1 were administered by intramuscular injection on day 0 and 28 to sentinel participants using a queue-based statistical design to limit risk. In a randomised dose expansion cohort, additional participants were randomly assigned (3:3:1), using block size of seven, to receive two placebo vaccines (placebo group), one low-dose COH04S1 and one placebo vaccine (low-dose COH04S1 plus placebo group), or two low-dose COH04S1 vaccines (low-dose COH04S1 group). The primary outcome was safety and tolerability, with secondary objectives assessing vaccine-specific immunogenicity. The primary immunological outcome was a four times increase (seroconversion) from baseline in spike-specific or nucleocapsid-specific IgG titres within 28 days of the last injection, and seroconversion rates were compared with participants who received placebo using Fisher's exact test. Additional secondary outcomes included assessment of viral neutralisation and cellular responses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT046339466. Findings: Between Dec 13, 2020, and May 24, 2021, 56 participants initiated vaccination. On day 0 and 28, 17 participants received low-dose COH04S1, eight received medium-dose COH04S1, nine received high-dose COH04S1, five received placebo, 13 received low-dose COH04S1 followed by placebo, and four discontinued early. Grade 3 fever was observed in one participant who received low-dose COH04S1 and placebo, and grade 2 anxiety or fatigue was seen in one participant who received medium-dose COH04S1. No severe adverse events were reported. Seroconversion was observed in all 34 participants for spike protein and 32 (94%) for nucleocapsid protein (p

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether pre-diagnosis exercise reduces the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events (CVEs) in women with primary breast cancer. Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading nonmalignant cause of death in patients with cancer, and it is the leading cause of death in women with primary breast cancer who are older than 65 years of age. Methods: Using a prospective design, 4,015 patients with confirmed diagnosis of primary breast cancer enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing leisure-time physical activity (i.e., exercise) in metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours per week. Age- and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between pre-diagnosis exercise and new-onset CVEs (i.e., heart failure [HF], myocardial infarction [MI], angina, coronary revascularization, peripheral arterial disease [PAD], carotid artery disease, transient ischemic attack [TIA], stroke, and cardiovascular death). Results: Median follow-up was 12.7 years and 8.2 years for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and CVEs, respectively, with 324 CVEs, including 89 MIs, 49 new diagnoses of HF, and 215 CVD deaths. In multivariable analysis, the incidence of composite CVEs decreased across increasing total MET h/week categories (p = 0.016). Compared with

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The Internet has drastically changed how patients access health-related information. There are several ways the public can access online health-related information such as search engines, blogs, support groups and webinars. A recent study found that 45% of orthopedic patients searched for information online regarding their injury. Also, 78% believed they had better understanding of their condition after visiting these websites; furthermore, 41% felt the Internet supplied them with questions and concerns to discuss with their physicians. While most patients experience favorable outcomes after proper management of an isolated ankle sprain, inadequate treatment can lead to chronic ankle instability. The aim of our study is to evaluate the accuracy, quality and readability of online available information using the search terms “ankle sprain” and “ankle instability”. Methods: Three websites [Google, Bing, and Yahoo] were searched for the terms “ankle sprain” and “ankle instability”. The first 25 websites from each search were collected. After removal of duplicates, 65 websites were left for evaluation. Nine websites were excluded: contained video links only (n=3), lacked information (n=3), presented unrelated information (n=2), or was not written in English (n=1). A total of 56 websites met the inclusion criteria. Each website was assessed for quality, accuracy, and readability by three orthopedic residents blinded to the search term utilized. The quality was evaluated using a previously developed grading rubric containing 25 points pertaining to relevant anatomy, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of ankle sprains. The accuracy of the websites was assessed using a scale from 1-4. The Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) scale was used to evaluate readability of the websites. Lastly, websites were evaluated for any commercial bias and whether written by physicians or not. Results: Table 1 displays the quality results of all websites. The mean quality of websites written >7th grade level was statistically significantly higher than those written at =7th grade (p=0.01). A summary of the accuracy results is depicted in Table 2. The mean accuracy of websites written >7th grade level was statistically higher than websites written at =7th grade level (p=0.01). Only six websites (10.7%) included in this study were written at a 7th grade level or below. Multivariable regression analysis revealed the accuracy of websites was significantly associated with the F-K score and absence of commercial bias. Furthermore, the quality of websites was positively correlated with the F-K score, use of the search term “ankle instability”, websites written by physicians, and absence of commercial bias. Conclusion: The current study highlights the poor quality and accuracy of online information related to ankle sprains, especially those with commercial bias. Furthermore, while websites written by or under supervision of physicians were found of superior quality, a majority of sites were found to have an unacceptably high reading level. As the importance of health literacy becomes more apparent, it is critical to remember the physician’s role in guiding patients to high quality and accurate resources written at an appropriate level.

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) have implemented initiatives to improve post-discharge care and reduce unnecessary readmissions. Readmissions within 30-days are frequent and represent an economic burden on patients and the healthcare system alike. A recent study reported a 3.17% readmission rate after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures. While readmission implies inpatient-discharge to inpatient-readmission, patients may present to urgent care facilities and receive medical treatment without being admitted. This too has socioeconomic implications. The incidence and reasons for urgent care visits following ankle fracture surgery has not been studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency and causes for urgent care visits within 30-days of discharge after ankle ORIF and determine factors correlated with such visits. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. All patients who underwent ankle ORIF at our institution between 7/1/2016 and 6/30/2017 were included. Patients were identified using CPT codes for ankle ORIF ((27814, 27822, 27823, 27792, 27766, and 27829). Patients less than 18 years of age, with open fractures or with other appendicular or axial skeleton injuries were excluded. Patients’ demographics including age, sex, race, BMI, occupation, insurance payer and comorbidities were documented. The primary outcome of our study was to determine the frequency of urgent care visits within 30-days of discharge after ankle ORIF. Our secondary goals were to evaluate the association between urgent care visits and demographics, and identify the reason for post-operative urgent care utilization. Results: A total of 333 patients met the inclusion criteria. Fifty four percent of our cohort were males. Thirty five patients (10.51%) had urgent care visits with 30-days of discharge. Patients presented at a mean of 11.83 days from the day of surgery. Sixteen patients (45.71%) had cast/splint related issues, seven (20%) presented with pain and seven (20%) with increased surgical site drainage (Fig 1). Univariable analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between post-operative urgent care utilization and patients with diabetes (p=0.03) and underlying psychiatric disorders (p=0.03). Conclusion: In this population study of patients undergoing ankle fracture surgery who underwent ankle ORIF, we found that the rate of urgent care visits within 30-days of discharge exceeds the rate of inpatient readmission. Additionally, patients with diabetes and psychiatric disorders are significantly more likely to present to an urgent care facility post-operatively. This is an important finding, as there are large costs to the healthcare system associated with this. Future studies must identify additional risk factors and means of reducing such added costs to our already stressed healthcare system.

The Health Resources and Services Administration requires that jurisdictions receiving Ryan White (RW) funding justify need, set priorities, and provide allocations using evidence-based methods. Methods and results from the 2011 Los Angeles Coordinated HIV/AIDS Needs Assessment–Care (LACHNA-Care) study are presented. Individual-level weights were applied to expand the sample from 400 to 18 912 persons, consistent with the 19 915 clients in the system. Awareness, need, and utilization for medical outpatient care were high (>90%). Other services (eg, child care) had limited awareness (21%). Majority of participants reported at least 1 service gap (81%). Lack of insurance (risk ratio [RR] = 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-6.2), substance use (RR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3-6.4), and past lapses in medical care (RR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3-5.9) were associated with gaps. Within clusters, past incarceration was associated with gaps for housing (RR = 13.5, 95% CI: 3.5-52.1), transportation (RR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2-8.4), and case management (RR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.3-12.2). Applied methods resulted in representative data instrumental to RW program planning efforts.

Thiamine deficiency and beriberi are prevalent in Cambodia, although most infants with nonspecific clinical symptoms of beriberi, including tachypnea, lack echocardiographic evidence diagnostic of the disease. Camphor activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3), a nonselective ion channel expressed in the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and thought to be important for thermo-sensitivity. Because camphorated ointments are used commonly among Cambodian infants, we hypothesized that topical camphor modulates thermoregulatory behaviors, causing beriberi-simulating tachypnea, separate from any influence of thiamine deficiency. We assessed 9 tachypneic and 10 healthy infants for Tiger Balm use and for presence of camphor in whole blood. However, no camphor was found in blood from any infants, indicating that camphor is unrelated to tachypneic illness in Cambodian infants.

The Texas–Mexico border incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) is 10 times the rate of TB in the United States. Additionally, this area is plagued by antibiotic-resistant TB at a rate that is 70% higher among those living along the border than among nonborder residents. Both the high rate of TB and the emergence of drug-resistant TB increases the importance of controlling TB along the U.S.–Mexico border. Men have higher rates of TB than women, which can be attributed to biological differences and increased environmental exposure. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of TB for Mexican American men living on the Texas–Mexico border. This a qualitative descriptive study, using participants from a larger study. A purposeful sample was recruited through two south Texas TB clinics. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Data analysis consisted of line-by-line coding, labeling, organizing, and discovering common codes to describe participants’ experience of TB and TB treatment. The participants include 13 Mexican American men. Ages ranged from 22 to 76 years. Only one participant was employed during treatment. Years of education ranged from no school to an associate’s degree. Five themes were discovered: misinformation, delayed diagnosis, stigma, depression, and loss of community. Participants without social support were further isolated and felt a greater burden of treatment. Two participants contemplated suicide and two others told their families to leave them because they were a burden and infectious. The burden of treatment on the patient is great, especially for Hispanic men.

Objective: To create personalized estimates of future health and ability status for older adults. Method: Data came from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a large longitudinal study. Outcomes included years of life, years of healthy life (based on self-rated health), years of able life (based on activities of daily living), and years of healthy and able life. We developed regression estimates using the demographic and health characteristics that best predicted the four outcomes. Internal and external validity were assessed. Results: A prediction equation based on 11 variables accounted for about 40% of the variability for each outcome. Internal validity was excellent, and external validity was satisfactory. The resulting CHS Healthy Life Calculator (CHSHLC) is available at http://healthylifecalculator.org . Conclusion: CHSHLC provides a well-documented estimate of future years of healthy and able life for older adults, who may use it in planning for the future.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prevention counseling discussions between HIV care providers and their patients who are newly linked to care and to assess factors that facilitate such discussions. Methods: In 2009, a probability sample of HIV care providers in 582 outpatient settings in the United States and Puerto Rico was surveyed regarding provider’s HIV prevention discussions with HIV-infected patients newly linked to HIV medical care. Results: A majority of providers reported consistently discussing HIV transmission risk reduction (76%), sexually transmitted disease risk (66%), and adherence to antiretroviral regimens (87%). Only 35% of providers reported consistently discussing partner counseling services. Conclusion: The proportion of providers engaged in HIV prevention counseling with patients newly linked to HIV care is generally high, but more work is needed to encourage providers to fully participate as partners in prevention, which is central to preventing onward transmission of HIV.

Abstract Introduction Tanzania has one of the highest burdens of perinatal mortality, with a higher risk among urban versus rural women. To understand the characteristics of perinatal mortality in urban health facilities, study objectives were: I. To assess the incidence of perinatal deaths in public health facilities in Dar es Salaam and classify these into a) pre-facility stillbirths (absence of fetal heart tones on admission to the study health facilities) and b) intra-facility perinatal deaths before discharge; and II. To identify determinants of perinatal deaths by comparing each of the two groups of perinatal deaths with healthy newborns. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study among women who gave birth in five urban, public health facilities in Dar es Salaam. I. Incidence of perinatal death in the year 2020 was calculated based on routinely collected health facility records and the Perinatal Problem Identification Database. II. An embedded case–control study was conducted within a sub-population of singletons with birthweight ≥ 2000 g (excluding newborns with congenital malformations); pre-facility stillbirths and intra-facility perinatal deaths were compared with ‘healthy newborns’ (Apgar score ≥ 8 at one and ≥ 9 at five minutes and discharged home alive). Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the determinants of deaths. Results A total of 37,787 births were recorded in 2020. The pre-discharge perinatal death rate was 38.3 per 1,000 total births: a stillbirth rate of 27.7 per 1,000 total births and an intra-facility neonatal death rate of 10.9 per 1,000 live births. Pre-facility stillbirths accounted for 88.4% of the stillbirths. The case-control study included 2,224 women (452 pre-facility stillbirths; 287 intra-facility perinatal deaths and 1,485 controls), 99% of whom attended antenatal clinic (75% with more than three visits). Pre-facility stillbirths were associated with low birth weight (cOR 4.40; (95% CI: 3.13-6.18) and with maternal hypertension (cOR 4.72; 95% CI: 3.30-6.76). Intra-facility perinatal deaths were associated with breech presentation (aOR 40.3; 95% CI: 8.75-185.61), complications in the second stage (aOR 20.04; 95% CI: 12.02-33.41), low birth weight (aOR 5.57; 95% CI: 2.62-11.84), cervical dilation crossing the partograph’s action line (aOR 4.16; 95% CI:2.29-7.56), and hypertension during intrapartum care (aOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.03-8.14), among other factors. Conclusion The perinatal death rate in the five urban hospitals was linked to gaps in the quality of antenatal and intrapartum care, in the study health facilities and in lower-level referral clinics. Urgent action is required to implement context-specific interventions and conduct implementation research to strengthen the urban referral system across the entire continuum of care from pregnancy onset to postpartum. The role of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy as a crucial determinant of perinatal deaths emphasizes the complexities of maternal-perinatal health within urban settings.

Education is a critical component of the National Blueprint to eliminate racial disparities in diabetes. Research indicates that traditional methods of diabetes education has had limited effectiveness with minority populations and suggests that different educational approaches be explored. The purpose of the research was to explore the effectiveness of an emergent technology (podcast) for use in educating inner-city, African American men about diabetes prevention. Thirty African American men participated in self-administered, pretest–posttest surveys in August 2009. Surveys collected information on demographic characteristics, perceptions of diabetes, and diabetes knowledge. Paired samples t test was computed to evaluate pretest–posttest changes in overall knowledge. McNemar or binomial tests were computed to evaluate pretest–posttest knowledge changes on each of the 15 individual knowledge items. Diabetes knowledge scores for the sample increased from 8.27 at pretest to 10.47 at posttest ( p = .001). Posttest knowledge scores increased for 77% of men, stayed the same for 13%, and decreased for 10%. Men who listened to the podcast correctly answered 40% more knowledge questions on their posttest assessments. Results from this exploratory study suggest that podcasts are useful for helping inner-city, African American men recall diabetes prevention information. Additional research is recommended with larger randomly selected samples using more rigorous research designs.

Hypertension and diabetes are chronic conditions that cause major morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whether health insurance financing is associated with improved retention in chronic care in Tanzania, is unknown. Our study establishes the effect of health insurance on retention and the determinants for retention in care among patients attending diabetes and hypertension clinics. We used a Cohort design to study participants enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial of integrated management of HIV, diabetes, and hypertension compared with standard vertical care in the INTE-AFRICA trial. Fifteen health facilities in Dar es Salam and Pwani regions were enrolled, with 1716 participants. Our sample size had 95% power to detect a 50% to 60% retention difference between the insured and uninsured groups (95% CI). We compared proportions using χ2 tests and obtained prevalence and rate ratios by Generalised Linear Models. We studied 1716 participants for 1612.3 Person-years (PY). At the study's end, 1351 persons were alive and retained in care. Among the insured participants (26.0%), females accounted for 65.9%. Middle-aged adults contributed 58.8% of insured participants. We observed high retention rates (retention incidence rate IR: 83.80/100 PY; 95% CI (79.40-88.40)). There was no difference in retention among insured and uninsured patients (adjusted rate ratio aRR: 1.00; 95% CI, 0.94-1.06). Being middle-aged or senior-aged adults compared to young adults, having diabetes alone or hypertension alone compared to both conditions, having the comorbidity of diabetes or hypertension with HIV compared to a single condition, and attending health centres and hospitals compared to dispensaries were significantly associated with retention in care. This study showed no effect of health insurance on retention in diabetic and hypertension care clinics. However, age, medical diagnosis, morbidity, and type of health facility attended were associated with retention in care.

Abstract Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We qualitatively evaluated the implementation of an Evidence-Based Multiple Focus Integrated Intensified TB Screening package (EXIT-TB) in the East African region, aimed at increasing TB case detection and number of patients receiving care. Objective We present the accounts of participants from Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia regarding the implementation of EXIT-TB, and suggestions for scaling up. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was used to gather insights from purposefully selected healthcare workers, community health workers, and other stakeholders. A total of 27, 13, 14, and 19 in-depth interviews were conducted in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia respectively. Data were transcribed and translated simultaneously and then thematically analysed. Results The EXIT-TB project was described to contribute to increased TB case detection, improved detection of Multidrug-resistant TB patients, reduced delays and waiting time for diagnosis, raised the index of TB suspicion, and improved decision-making among HCWs. The attributes of TB case detection were: (i) free X-ray screening services; (ii) integrating TB case-finding activities in other clinics such as Reproductive and Child Health clinics (RCH), and diabetic clinics; (iii), engagement of CHWs, policymakers, and ministry level program managers; (iv) enhanced community awareness and linkage of clients; (v) cooperation between HCWs and CHWs, (vi) improved screening infrastructure, (vii) the adoption of the new simplified screening criteria and (viii) training of implementers. The supply-side challenges encountered ranged from disorganized care, limited space, the COVID-19 pandemic, inadequate human resources, inadequate knowledge and expertise, stock out of supplies, delayed maintenance of equipment, to absence of X-ray and GeneXpert machines in some facilities. The demand side challenges ranged from delayed care seeking, inadequate awareness, negative beliefs, fears towards screening, to financial challenges. Suggestions for scaling up ranged from improving service delivery, access to diagnostic equipment and supplies, and infrastructure, to addressing client fears and stigma. Conclusion The EXIT-TB package appears to have contributed towards increasing TB case detection and reducing delays in TB treatment in the study settings. Addressing the challenges identified is needed to maximize the impact of the EXIT-TB intervention.

The current performance requirements for the global rail industry demand that trains are more reliable, efficient and can accommodate an increased capacity for more passengers. Lightweight construction of rail vehicles is thus required to meet these requirements. This paper has identified the key components for lightweighting of rail vehicles using fibre reinforced polymer composite materials. A methodology used to select and rank those metallic components suitable for redesign in composite, developed as part of the ACIS (Advanced Composite Integrated Structures) UK project is described. From the audit, five demonstrator components – a cantilevered seat bracket, luggage rack module, intermediate end structure, body side structure and roof structure – were identified by the consortium using the methodology. These are components that the consortium believes to be the most suitable to demonstrate the benefit of a composite replacement in terms of integration potential, lightweighting benefits and commercial viability. Furthermore, rail car body structural components, forming the primary structure of a rail vehicle, were determined to be the most optimal components to replace in composites for maximum lightweighting of the sprung mass. It was estimated that a composite redesign of these components would result in a mass savings of 57% for intermediate end structures, 47% for body side structures and 51% for roof structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for lightweighting of railway axles was investigated to primarily reduce the unsprung mass of rail vehicles. The reduction of unsprung mass equates to an overall lighter train, which will help to reduce track damage, energy consumption and total operating costs. Two approaches were considered for the lightweighting of railway axles, which include a hollow axle design and material substitution using advanced composite materials, to offer a more track-friendly design. The first approach showed that if the outer diameter of a hollow axle is increased by 30% over that of the solid axle diameter, a mass reduction of 56% is achievable for a hollow steel axle design. The second approach explored further mass savings that could be achieved through material substitution of a hollow axle. A systematic approach to material selection for the design requirements and constraints of a railway axle was considered to identify the candidate materials for the application. The optimum material identified was a 'bismaleimide matrix + carbon fibre composite.' A hollow axle manufactured from this composite material offered 64% savings in mass when compared to a hollow steel axle, and 84% savings in mass when compared to a solid steel axle. Estimates for the cost savings of lightweighting of an axle were quantified by utilising Network Rail's variable usage charge calculator, to assess the track access charge savings that can be achieved. For the scenario described in this paper, a potential £5.58 million per year could be saved for an intercity 220/M Voyager train, in terms of variable usage charges, over the entire fleet of 34 trains (four carriages per train) by implementing hollow composite axles. This is an example of a costing approach to support the decision making of lightweighting of rail vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]