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3. The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

Author

Reiner, R.C., Welgan, C.A., Troeger, C.E., Baumann, M.M., Weiss, D.J., Deshpande, A., Blacker, B.F., Miller-Petrie, M.K., Earl, L., Bhatt, S., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A.E., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Aghaali, M., Aji, B., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, S., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A.T., Amini, S., Amugsi, D.A., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Ansari, F., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Atout, M.M.W., Ausloos, M., Ausloos, F., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Azene, Z.N., Badawi, A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Bedi, N., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z.A., Bijani, A., Birhanu, T.T.M., Bitew, Z.W., Boloor, A., Brady, O.J., Butt, Z.A., Car, J., Carvalho, F., Casey, D.C., Chattu, V.K., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Chu, D.-., Coelho, C.H., Cook, A.J., Damiani, G., Daoud, F., Gela, J.D., Darwish, A.H., Daryani, A., Das, J.K., Davis Weaver, N., Deribe, K., Desalew, A., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dorostkar, F., Dubljanin, E., Duko, B., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Effiong, A., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Enany, S., Fattahi, N., Feigin, V.L., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Frostad, J.J., Fukumoto, T., Gaidhane, A.M., Gebrekrstos, H.G.G.K., Gebremeskel, L., Gebreslassie, A.A., Gething, P.W., Gezae, K.E., Ghadiri, K., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Gubari, M.I.M., Hadgu, F.B., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D.W., Hashi, A., Hassan, S., Hayat, K., Herteliu, C., H. C., H., Holla, R., Hosseinzadeh, M., Househ, M., Hussain, R., Hwang, B.-., Ibitoye, S.E., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Irvani, S.S.N., Jaafari, J., Javaheri, T., Jha, R.P., Johnson, K.B., Jonas, J.B., Jozwiak, J.J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Karch, A., Kayode, G.A., Keiyoro, P.N., Khader, Y.S., Khalil, I.A., Khan, M.N., Khan, M., Khan, G., Khatab, K., Khater, M.M., Khatib, M.N., Kianipour, N., Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kissoon, N., Kochhar, S., Koolivand, A., Kopec, J.A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, P., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., Lal, D.K., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Lansingh, V.C., Lasrado, S., La Vecchia, C., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Lee, P.H., Legrand, K.E., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Lim, S.S., Lindstedt, P.A., Liu, X., Longbottom, J., Lopez, A.D., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahasha, P.W., Maleki, A., Mamun, A.A., Mansournia, M.A., Marczak, L.B., Martins-Melo, F.R., Mayala, B.K., Meharie, B.G., Melese, A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, T.J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moazen, B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J.F., Murray, C.J.L., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, Q.A.P., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nnaji, C.A., Noubiap, J.J., Nunez-Samudio, V., Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omer, M.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., P A, M., Padubidri, J.R., Pana, A., Peprah, E.K., Pham, H.Q., Pigott, D.M., Pirestani, M., Postma, M.J., Pottoo, F.H., Pourjafar, H., Quazi Syed, Z., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rao, S.J., Rao, P.C., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Regassa, L.D., Renzaho, A.M.N., Rezaei, N., Rezai, M.S., Ribeiro, A.I., Rickard, J., Rios-Gonzalez, C.M., Rumisha, S.F., Sabour, S., Sajadi, S.M., Salomon, J.A., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sartorius, B., Saxena, D., Schaeffer, L.E., Senthilkumaran, S., Sha, F., Shaheen, A.A., Shaikh, M.A., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Il Shin, J., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Smith, D.L., Soheili, A., Sokhan, A., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Sufiyan, M.B., Swartz, S.J., Tadesse, D.B., Tamiru, A.T., Tefera, Y.G., Temsah, M.-., Tessema, Z.T., Titova, M.V., Tran, B.X., Truong, P.N., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vasankari, T.J., Vasseghian, Y., Violante, F.S., G. T., V., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R.G., Wassie, E.G., Welay, F.T., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Wiens, K.E., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C.S., Wondmeneh, T.G., Yamada, T., Yaya, S., Yeshitila, Y.G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yusefzadeh, H., Zaidi, Z., Zamanian, M., Zangeneh, A., Zhang, Z.-., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Reiner, RC Jr, Welgan, CA, Troeger, CE, Baumann, MM, Duko, Bereket, Hay, Simon I, LBD Triple Collaborators, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Reiner, R, Welgan, C, Troeger, C, Baumann, M, Weiss, D, Deshpande, A, Blacker, B, Miller-Petrie, M, Earl, L, Bhatt, S, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Aghaali, M, Aji, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Bedi, N, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Birhanu, T, Bitew, Z, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Butt, Z, Car, J, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Coelho, C, Cook, A, Damiani, G, Daoud, F, Gela, J, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Davis Weaver, N, Deribe, K, Desalew, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Effiong, A, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Enany, S, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Frostad, J, Fukumoto, T, Gaidhane, A, Gebrekrstos, H, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Gubari, M, Hadgu, F, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Jaafari, J, Javaheri, T, Jha, R, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, M, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, P, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lal, D, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, La Vecchia, C, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lee, P, Legrand, K, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Lim, S, Lindstedt, P, Liu, X, Longbottom, J, Lopez, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahasha, P, Maleki, A, Mamun, A, Mansournia, M, Marczak, L, Martins-Melo, F, Mayala, B, Meharie, B, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosser, J, Murray, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Peprah, E, Pham, H, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Quazi Syed, Z, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rao, S, Rao, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Regassa, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sajadi, S, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Saxena, D, Schaeffer, L, Senthilkumaran, S, Sha, F, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Il Shin, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Smith, D, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Sufiyan, M, Swartz, S, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Titova, M, Tran, B, Truong, P, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, F, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wassie, E, Welay, F, Wickramasinghe, N, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wondmeneh, T, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, Z, Zamanian, M, Zangeneh, A, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, and Department of Oncology

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata, 3122 Cancers, malaria, General Physics and Astronomy, COVID-19, General Chemistry, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, infectious diseases, Sub-Saharian Africa, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, Children mortality, epidemiology, biogeography
Abstract

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s). Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival.

Published
2022

4. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.

Author

Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., 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S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian 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T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.

Abstract

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Copyright © 2021, The Author(s).

Published
2022

5. Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18: a modelling study

Author

Sartorius, B., VanderHeide, J.D., Yang, M., Goosmann, E.A., Hon, J., Haeuser, E., Cork, M.A., Perkins, S., Jahagirdar, D., Schaeffer, L.E., Serfes, A.L., LeGrand, K.E., Abbastabar, H., Abebo, Z.H., Abosetugn, A.E., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Accrombessi, M.M.K., Adebayo, O.M., Adegbosin, A.E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Adeyinka, D.A., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, M.B., Akalu, Y., Akinyemi, O.O., Akinyemi, R.O., Aklilu, A., Akunna, C.J., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, N., Alamneh, A.A., Alanzi, T.M., Alemu, B.W., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, T., Alipour, V., Amini, S., Ancuceanu, R., Ansari, F., Anteneh, Z.A., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Asemahagn, M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Asmare, W.N., Atnafu, D.D., Atout, M.M.W., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Awedew, A.F., Ayala Quintanilla, B.P., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Ayza, M.A., Azari, S., Azene, Z.N., Babar, Z.-U.-D., Baig, A.A., Balakrishnan, S., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Bayati, M., Bedi, N., Bekuma, T.T., Bezabhe, W.M.M., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z.A., Bibi, S., Bikbov, B., Birhan, T.A., Bitew, Z.W., Bockarie, M.J., Boloor, A., Brady, O.J., Bragazzi, N.L., Briko, A.N., Briko, N.I., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z.A., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Chu, D.-T., Cook, A.J., Cormier, N.M., Cowden, R.G., Culquichicon, C., Dagnew, B., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Damiani, G., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Daoud, F., Daryani, A., das Neves, J., Davis Weaver, N., Derbew Molla, M., Deribe, K., Desta, A.A., Deuba, K., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dhungana, G.P., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Doku, P.N., Dubljanin, E., Duko, B., Eagan, A.W., Earl, L., Eaton, J.W., Effiong, A., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Elayedath, R., El-Jaafary, S.I., Elsharkawy, A., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Ezzikouri, S., Fasanmi, A.O., Fasil, A., Fauk, N.K., Feigin, V.L., Ferede, T.Y., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, 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Khatab, K., Khazaei, S., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kochhar, S., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Kugbey, N., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., Kuupiel, D., Kyu, H.H., La Vecchia, C., Lal, D.K., Lam, J.O., Landires, I., Lasrado, S., Lazarus, J.V., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Lee, P.H., Leshargie, C.T., Li, B., Liu, X., Lopukhov, P.D., Amin, H.I.M., Madi, D., Mahasha, P.W., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Mamun, A.A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M.A., Martins-Melo, F.R., Masoumi, S.Z., Mayala, B.K., Meharie, B.G., Meheretu, H.A.A., Meles, H.G., Melku, M., Mendoza, W., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J., Mersha, A.M., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mohamad, O., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, J.A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Mokonnon, T., Molokhia, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Y., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J.F., Munro, S.B., Mustafa, G., Muthupandian, 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Zewdie, D.T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z.-J., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., LBD HIV Incidence Mortality Collaborators, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Khatab, Khaled, Sartorius B., VanderHeide J.D., Yang M., Goosmann E.A., Hon J., Haeuser E., Cork M.A., Perkins S., Jahagirdar D., Schaeffer L.E., Serfes A.L., LeGrand K.E., Abbastabar H., Abebo Z.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abu-Gharbieh E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Akalu Y., Akinyemi O.O., Akinyemi R.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alamneh A.A., Alanzi T.M., Alemu B.W., Alhassan R.K., Ali T., Alipour V., Amini S., Ancuceanu R., Ansari F., Anteneh Z.A., Anvari D., Anwer R., Appiah S.C.Y., Arabloo J., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Asmare W.N., Atnafu D.D., Atout M.M.W., Atreya A., Ausloos M., Awedew A.F., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azari S., Azene Z.N., Babar Z.-U.-D., Baig A.A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Barnighausen T.W., Basu S., Bayati M., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T., Bezabhe W.M.M., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bikbov B., Birhan T.A., Bitew Z.W., Bockarie M.J., Boloor A., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chowdhury M.A.K., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cowden R.G., Culquichicon C., Dagnew B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Daryani A., das Neves J., Davis Weaver N., Derbew Molla M., Deribe K., Desta A.A., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Doku P.N., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Eagan A.W., Earl L., Eaton J.W., Effiong A., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elayedath R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Ezzikouri S., Fasanmi A.O., Fasil A., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Ferede T.Y., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B., Gebremichael B., Gesesew H.A., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Glagn M., Golechha M., Gona P.N., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guled R.A., Hall B.J., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Holla R., Hosgood H.D., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hwang B.-F., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Irvani S.S.N., Iwu C.C.D., Iwu C.J., Iyamu I.O., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jha R.P., Johnson K.B., Joshua V., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamyari N., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Khalid N., Khan G., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khazaei S., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kochhar S., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koulmane Laxminarayana S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar M., Kumar N., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Kuupiel D., Kyu H.H., La Vecchia C., Lal D.K., Lam J.O., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lazarus J.V., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lee P.H., Leshargie C.T., Li B., Liu X., Lopukhov P.D., Amin H.I.M., Madi D., Mahasha P.W., Majeed A., Maleki A., Maleki S., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masoumi S.Z., Mayala B.K., Meharie B.G., Meheretu H.A.A., Meles H.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Mirica A., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mohamad O., Mohammad Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mokonnon T., Molokhia M., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Munro S.B., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naveed M., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Nepal S., Netsere H.B., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nigatu Y.T., Nigussie S.N., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Odukoya O.O., Ogbo F.A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Orisakwe O.E., Otstavnov N., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pana A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Patel U.K., Pathak M., Patton G.C., Pawar S., Peprah E.K., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourjafar H., Pribadi D.R.A., Quazi Syed Z., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahmani A.M., Ram P., Rana J., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S., Rao S.J., Rathi P., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Ross J.M., Rumisha S.F., Sagar R., Sahu M., Sajadi S.M., Salem M.R., Samy A.M., Sathian B., Schutte A.E., Seidu A.-A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahbaz M., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Sidemo N.B., Singh J.A., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Soheili A., Soltani S., Somefun O.D., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tanser F.C., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thakur B., Tolani M.A., Topor-Madry R., Torrado M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tsai A.C., Tsegaye G.W., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Vardavas C., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wamai R.G., Wang Y., Ward P., Werdecker A., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Wondmeneh T.G., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yosef T., Yusefzadeh H., Zaidi S.S., Zaki L., Zamanian M., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, Duko, Bereket, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Clinicum

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, sub-Saharan Africa, Male, HIV Antibodie, Epidemiology, HIV incidences, HIV Infections, mortality rate, HIV Antibodies, Modelling study, Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, 0302 clinical medicine, Africa, Northern, RA0421, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Medicine, Northern, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, 10. No inequality, uncertainty, Mozambique, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, HIV mortality, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Hiv incidence, article, Mauritania, Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient, Articles, tracking, Middle Aged, health care planning, 3. Good health, Lesotho, AIDS, Infectious Diseases, QR180, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, prenatal care, anti human immunodeficiency virus agent, seroepidemiology, Human, Adult, Adolescent, Anti-HIV Agents, Immunology, antiretroviral therapy, Unit (housing), 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, blood, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Virology, Seroprevalence, Humans, human, Developing Countries, Estimation, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Subnational mappings, business.industry, Seroepidemiologic Studie, HIV, Anti-HIV Agent, PREVENTION, 030112 virology, mortality, monitoring, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human immunodeficiency virus antibody, Africa, business, HIV incidence, Subnational mapping, Sub-Saharan Africa, Local burden of disease, Public health, Demography
Abstract

Background. High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings. The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100 000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81·1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation. Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas. This work was primarily supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant OPP1132415). Additionally, O Adetokunboh acknowledges the support of the Department of Science and Innovation, and National Research Foundation of South Africa. M Ausloos, A Pana, and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (Romania; project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084). T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. M J Bockarie is supported by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Portuguese national funds (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior; UIDB/info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB/50006/2020/PT, UIDB/04378/2020, and UIDP/04378/2020. K Deribe is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. B-F Hwang was partially supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. M Jakovljevic acknowledges support of the Serbia Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development (grant OI 175 014). M N Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia, (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). K Krishnan is supported by University Grants Commission Centre of Advanced Study, (CAS II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar would like to acknowledge National Institutes of Health and Fogarty International Cente (K43TW010716). I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panama. W Mendoza is a program analyst in population and development at the UN Population Fund Country Office in Peru, which does not necessarily endorse this study. M Phetole received institutional support from the Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council. O Odukoya acknowledges support from the Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health (K43TW010704). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US National Institutes of Health. O Oladimeji is grateful for the support from Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, South Africa, the University of Botswana, Botswana, and the University of Technology of Durban, Durban, South Africa. J R Padubidri acknowledges support from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India. G C Patton is supported by an Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council research fellowship. P Rathi acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal India. A I Ribeiro was supported by National Funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, under the programme of Stimulus of Scientific Employment–Individual Support (info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND 2018/CEECIND/02386/2018/CP1538/CT0001/PT). A M Samy acknowledges the support of the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Social Science Fund (SZ2020C015) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KQTD20190929172835662). A Sheikh is supported by Health Data Research UK. N Taveira acknowledges partial funding by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal, and Aga Khan Development Network—Portugal Collaborative Research Network in Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa (332821690), and by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1615). C S Wiysonge is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y Zhang was supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (Q20201104) and Open Fund Project of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control (OHIC2020Y01).

Published
2021

8. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.

Author

Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.

Abstract

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Copyright © 2021, The Author(s).

Published
2021

9. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

Author

Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Pigott D.M., Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., and Pigott D.M.

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 x 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0.71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50.2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5x5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ult

Published
2021

10. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries.

Author

Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., Bolla S.R., Borzouei S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Nagaraja S.B., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castro F., Chattu V.K., Chehrazi M., Chin K.L., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cunningham B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Danovaro M.C., Dansereau E., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Das J.K., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Desta D.M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Dunachie S.J., Duraes A.R., Kalan M.E., Leylabadlo H.E., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etisso A.E., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Fazlzadeh M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremariam K.T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Gedefaw G.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghaffari R., Ghaffarifar F., Ghajarzadeh M., Gheshlagh R.G., Ghashghaee A., Ghiasvand H., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Girmay A., Gomes N.G.M., Gopalani S.V., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Haririan H., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hollerich G.I., Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Ibitoye S.E., Ikilezi G., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Islam M.M., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Javidnia J., Jenabi E., Jha V., Ji J.S., John O., Johnson K.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kabir A., Kalani H., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khammarnia M., Khan M.S., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Lasrado S., Lee S.W.H., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Lenjebo T.L., Li S., Liang X., Liu P.Y., Lopukhov P.D., Machado D.B., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Maled V., Maleki S., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Mayala B.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mirabi P., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed H., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moosavi M.A., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., Bolla S.R., Borzouei S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Nagaraja S.B., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castro F., Chattu V.K., Chehrazi M., Chin K.L., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cunningham B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Danovaro M.C., Dansereau E., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Das J.K., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Desta D.M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Dunachie S.J., Duraes A.R., Kalan M.E., Leylabadlo H.E., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etisso A.E., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Fazlzadeh M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremariam K.T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Gedefaw G.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghaffari R., Ghaffarifar F., Ghajarzadeh M., Gheshlagh R.G., Ghashghaee A., Ghiasvand H., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Girmay A., Gomes N.G.M., Gopalani S.V., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Haririan H., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hollerich G.I., Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Ibitoye S.E., Ikilezi G., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Islam M.M., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Javidnia J., Jenabi E., Jha V., Ji J.S., John O., Johnson K.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kabir A., Kalani H., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khammarnia M., Khan M.S., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Lasrado S., Lee S.W.H., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Lenjebo T.L., Li S., Liang X., Liu P.Y., Lopukhov P.D., Machado D.B., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Maled V., Maleki S., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Mayala B.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mirabi P., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed H., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moosavi M.A., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., and Vollmer S.

Abstract

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1-4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5-8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 x 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.Copyright © 2020, The Author(s).

Published
2021

12. Green fluorescent protein is lighting up fungal biology

Author

Lorang, J.M., Tuori, R.P., Martinez, J.P., Sawyer, T.L., Redman, R.S., Rollins, J.A., Wolpert, T.J., Johnson, K.B., Rodriguez, R.J., Dickman, M.B., and Ciuffetti, L.M.

Subjects
Fungi -- Research, Fluorescence -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

The use of green fluorescent protein as a marker of gene expression in fungi is reviewed. Topics include engineered GFP genes, GFP as a reporter gene, cell dynamics with GFP, visualizing host-fungi relationships, and GFP tagging of filamentous fungi.

Published
2001

13. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author

Deshpande, A., Miller-Petrie, M.K., Lindstedt, P.A., Baumann, M.M., Johnson, K.B., Blacker, B.F., Hay, S.I. (Simon), Reiner, R.C., Jr., Deshpande, A., Miller-Petrie, M.K., Lindstedt, P.A., Baumann, M.M., Johnson, K.B., Blacker, B.F., Hay, S.I. (Simon), and Reiner, R.C., Jr.

Abstract

Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce highresolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest wate

Published
2020

14. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000-18: a geospatial analysis.

Author

Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., Ilesanmi O.S., Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., and Ilesanmi O.S.

Abstract

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Method(s): A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000-18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000-18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Finding(s): We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174-234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3.1 million (1.6-5.7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91-134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43-63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation(s): Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low

Published
2020

15. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17.

Author

Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., Temsah M., Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip 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Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh 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Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Method(s): We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Finding(s): While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62.6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT co

Published
2020

29. The impact of wind-driven waves on the recruitment, persistence and morphology of rocky intertidal organisms

Author

Mulligan, C.C. and Johnson, K.B.

Subjects
Intertidal zonation -- Observations, Seashore ecology -- Observations, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

We are measuring the effects of wave action on rocky intertidal communities in a shallow subtropical estuary. Along the east coast of Florida there are seasonal shifts from northerly-dominating to southerly-dominating winds. Causeways running east to west across the estuary host rocky intertidal organisms on their north and south sides. These causeways afford an opportunity to examine the effects of wind-driven waves on intertidal organisms. Past research has shown recruitment, community composition, and morphology can vary with degree of wave action. In a shallow enclosed estuary, where the main source of wave action is wind alone, population and community responses to wave action should correlate with wind. Daily observations of wave characteristics on both sides of the causeways are being recorded and regressed against wind speed and direction. At the same time, replicated short-term and long-term settlement sites on both sides of five causeways are yielding data on recruitment, persistence of initial settlers (and the resulting community composition), and morphology of individuals under seasonally shifting wind regimes.

Published
2005

42. Adaptation of Fire Blight Forecasting to Optimize the Use of Biological Controls.

Author

Johnson, K.B., Stockwell, V.O., and Sawyer, T.L.

Subjects
*BIOLOGICAL pest control, *PLANT disease treatment, *PSEUDOMONAS fluorescens, *ERWINIA amylovora, *PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms, *ORCHARDS
Abstract

We investigated adaptation of fire blight forecasting concepts to incorporate and optimize the use of biological agents for disease suppression. The effect of temperature on growth of the bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Pantoea agglomerans C9-1S, and of the pathogen Erwinia amylovora 153N, on pear and apple blossoms was evaluated in growth chamber and screenhouse experiments. New blossoms were inoculated with the strains and subsequent growth was measured over 96 h. Bacterial growth rates on blossoms were described as functions of temperature. A degree hour-based "bacterial growth index" (96-h moving total of degree hours >10°C) was created to assess conduciveness of orchard environments for antagonist colonization. A comparison of this index to a disease risk index indicated that biocontrol treatments could be timed such that the antagonists could be expected to grow to an effective population size before the disease index shifted from "low" to "moderate" risk. For six pear- and apple-production areas of Oregon and Washington, regression of actual values of the bacterial growth and disease risk indices on index values derived from 4-day temperature forecasts resulted in coefficients of determination that averaged 0.75. The "bacterial growth index" and its estimation via temperature forecasts were incorporated into a decision matrix designed to guide optimal treatment timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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47. Susceptibility of European hazelnut clones to eastern filbert blight.

Author

Pinkerton, John N. and Johnson, K.B.

Subjects
HAZELNUTS, DISEASE resistance of plants
Abstract

Examines the susceptibility of European hazelnut trees to eastern filbert blight. Eastern filbert blight as a disease caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala; Cultivar-inoculum density experiment; Germplasm evaluation.

Published
1995

50. 10 steps to successful meeting management.

Author

Johnson, K.B.

Subjects
*OFFICE management
Abstract

Outlines 10 simple tips for running short--but productive--meetings. Prepare a written agenda; Cover big issues early; Invite the right people; Eliminate meetings.

Published
1992

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