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The Inzie Head gneisses of the NE Dalradian are syntectonic metapelitic migmatites containing numerous sill-like bodies of granite. Leucosomes preserve evidence for efficient deformation-controlled segregation and interconnection of melt, from intergranular pockets to sheets of leucogranite hundreds of metres thick. Although the physico-chemical system is complex, the geochemistry of in situ decimetre-scale leucosomes and discrete metre- to decametre-scale leucogranite sheets within the migmatites suggests derivation from a common metapelitic source. A comparison with spatially and temporally related Grampian Granite plutons and garnet-bearing aplites that occur at shallower crustal levels supports a genetic granite--migmatite link. The compositions of the granitic rocks are interpreted to be linked via fractional crystallization of a parental magma and escape of the fugitive melt from a cumulate residue. Leucogranite sheets within the migmatites have compositions that are similar to experimentally determined first-formed melts at the appropriate P--T conditions, and are interpreted to approximate parental liquids. Smaller-scale leucosomes contain the accumulated products of fractional crystallization and variable quantities of entrained solids, principally biotite. The Grampian Granites and aplites represent evolved liquids that segregated from source. The evolution of Grampian Granite melts involved varying degrees of K-feldspar-dominated fractional crystallization that is consistent with magma ascent; removal of a maximum of 15-20% cumulate material is implied. The composition of the aplites suggests a multistage evolution that involved plagioclase-dominated fractionation of a fugitive melt batch. Keywords: Dalradian, migmatite, leucogranite, fractional crystallization.

Stream-bank vegetation significantly influences the morphology of streams in the Piedmont region of the United States. We surveyed the morphology of 26 paired stream reaches in southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Maryland, and Delaware. One member of each pair has a forested riparian zone, whereas the other has a riparian zone composed primarily of grass. The paired reaches are nearly contiguous, so all significant channel-forming variables except riparian vegetation are held constant. The extent of urban development of the watersheds upstream of the paired reaches also varies considerably, allowing us to determine the combined influence of riparian vegetation and urbanization on channel morphology. Statistical analyses indicate that (1) channels with forested riparian zones are wider than channels with nonforested riparian zones, (2) channels in urbanized watersheds are wider than channels in nonurbanized watersheds, and (3) the effect of riparian vegetation is independent of the level of urbanization. Keywords: streams, geomorphology, forests, urbanization, watersheds, fluvial.

Background and Aims: Climate change is prompting earlier grape ripening and harvest compression causing quality and logistical problems for growers and winemakers. Application of 1‐naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) offers a management tool to delay ripening and expand the harvest window. This study extends previous findings about the effect of NAA on Shiraz fruit and wine composition and provides the first analysis of NAA‐induced ripening delay of Cabernet Sauvignon. Methods and Results: Pre‐veraison NAA treatment of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes delayed harvest maturity by 3–4 weeks. Modification of nutrient accumulation was minor, and wines made from NAA and Control fruit displayed no significant variation in basic chemical properties. The concentration of methoxypyrazine in NAA‐treated Cabernet Sauvignon grapes was unaffected, whereas NAA‐treated Shiraz fruit and wine contained an elevated concentration of rotundone. The overall difference in wine volatile profiles between NAA and Control was small for both cultivars, reflected by Rate‐All‐That‐Apply assessments that found no (Cabernet Sauvignon) or few (Shiraz) sensory attributes distinguishing the wines. Conclusions: Application of NAA delays winegrape ripening with small, cultivar‐dependent effects on grape and wine composition, that are unlikely to negatively affect wine sensory perception. Significance of the Study: This work further establishes NAA as a ripening‐delay agent that could be used commercially to delay grape maturation and decompress harvest while preserving berry integrity and wine typicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are few data on the optimal micronutrient composition of paediatric enteral feeds. The recent European Directive on Foods for Special Medical Purposes (1999/21/EC) did not distinguish between the [...]

Introduction Underground storage tanks (USTs) and associated piping can be sources of subsurface contamination. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates there are 1.75 million UST systems in the United States. [...]

Reflectance spectroscopy is a rapid and non-destructive analytical technique that may be used for assessing plant stress, and has potential applications for use in remediation. Changes in reflectance such as that due to metal stress may occur before damage is visible, and existing studies have shown that metal stress does cause changes in plant reflectance. To further investigate the potential use of reflectance spectroscopy as a method for assessing metal stress in plants, an exploratory study was conducted in whichArabidopsis thalianaplants were treated twice weekly in a laboratory setting with varying levels (0, 0.5, or 5 mM (millimolar)) of caesium chloride (CsCl) solution, and reflectance spectra were collected every week for three weeks using an Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer with both a contact probe (CP) and a field of view (FOV) probe at 36.8 and 66.7 cm, respectively, above the plant. Plants were harvested each week after spectra collection for determination of relative water content and chlorophyll content. A visual assessment of the plants was also conducted using point observations on a uniform grid of 81 points. A mixed-effects model analysis was conducted for each vegetation index (VI) considered to determine the effects of length of treatment, treatment level, view with which spectra were acquired, and the interactions of these terms. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on the aforementioned endpoints (e.g. chlorophyll content) to determine the significance of the effects of treatment level and length of treatment. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop a predictive model for each endpoint, considering VI acquired at each view (CP, high FOV, and low FOV). Of the 14 VI considered, 8 were included in the MLR models. Contact probe readings and FOV readings differed significantly, but FOV measurements were generally consistent at each height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]