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Background: A considerable proportion of people experience lingering symptoms after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, pattern and functional implications of cognitive impairments in patients at a long-COVID clinic who were referred after hospitalisation with COVID-19 or by their general practitioner. Methods: Patients underwent cognitive screening and completed questionnaires regarding subjective cognition, work function and quality of life. Patients' cognitive performance was compared with that of 150 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC) and with their individually expected performance calculated based on their age, sex and education. Results: In total, 194 patients were assessed, on average 7 months (standard deviation: 4) after acute COVID-19.44–53 % of the patients displayed clinically relevant cognitive impairments compared to HC and to their expected performance, respectively. Moderate to large impairments were seen in global cognition and in working memory and executive function, while mild to moderate impairments occurred in verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory. Hospitalised (n = 91) and non-hospitalised (n = 103) patients showed similar degree of cognitive impairments in analyses adjusted for age and time since illness. Patients in the cognitively impaired group were older, more often hospitalised, had a higher BMI and more frequent asthma, and were more often female. More objective cognitive impairment was associated with more subjective cognitive difficulties, poorer work function and lower quality of life. Limitations: The study was cross-sectional, which precludes causality inferences. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need to assess and treat cognitive impairments in patients at long-COVID clinics.

Objective To determine prognostic factors for work ability and employment/educational status among young patients referred to outpatient neurorehabilitation clinics after an acquired brain injury. Methods A nationwide cohort study of 471 15–30-year-old patients who attended an interdisciplinary clinical assessment and provided questionnaire data at baseline and after one year. The outcomes were the Work Ability Score (WAS, 0–10 (best)) and employment/educational status after one year. Prognostic performance was analyzed using univariable regression and multivariable Ridge regression in a five-fold cross-validated procedure. Results Preinjury, 86% of the patients were employed, while the percentage had decreased to 55% at baseline and 52% at follow-up. The model, which included clinical measures of function, showed moderate prognostic performance with respect to WAS (R2=0.29) and employment/educational status (area under the curve (AUC)=0.77). Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (R2=0.15, AUC=0.68) and the cognitive subscale of the Functional Independence Measure (R2=0.09, AUC=0.64), along with fatigue measured with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (R2=0.15, AUC=0.60) were the single predictors with the highest predictive performance. Conclusion Despite generally high scores in motor and cognitive tests, only about half of the patients were employed at baseline and this proportion remained stable. Global disability, cognitive sequelae and fatigue had the highest prognostic performance, ObjectiveTo determine prognostic factors for work ability and employment/educational status among young patients referred to outpatient neurorehabilitation clinics after an acquired brain injury.MethodsA nationwide cohort study of 471 15-30-year-old patients who attended an interdisciplinary clinical assessment and provided questionnaire data at baseline and after one year. The outcomes were the Work Ability Score (WAS, 0-10 (best)) and employment/educational status after one year. Prognostic performance was analyzed using univariable regression and multivariable Ridge regression in a five-fold cross-validated procedure.ResultsPreinjury, 86% of the patients were employed, while the percentage had decreased to 55% at baseline and 52% at follow-up. The model, which included clinical measures of function, showed moderate prognostic performance with respect to WAS (R-2=0.29) and employment/educational status (area under the curve (AUC)=0.77). Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (R-2=0.15, AUC=0.68) and the cognitive subscale of the Functional Independence Measure (R-2=0.09, AUC=0.64), along with fatigue measured with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (R-2=0.15, AUC=0.60) were the single predictors with the highest predictive performance.ConclusionDespite generally high scores in motor and cognitive tests, only about half of the patients were employed at baseline and this proportion remained stable. Global disability, cognitive sequelae and fatigue had the highest prognostic performance.

Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and o

Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological, and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, have further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008 PNAS. 105:19052), we synthesize the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics, and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explore how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identify how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we consider the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges

The ongoing Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has so far affected more than 500 million people. Lingering fatigue and cognitive difficulties are key concerns because they impede productivity and quality of life. However, the prevalence and duration of neurocognitive sequelae and association with functional outcomes after COVID-19 are unclear. This longitudinal study explored the frequency, severity and pattern of cognitive impairment and functional implications 1 year after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and its trajectory from 3 months after hospitalisation. Patients who had been hospitalised with COVID-19 from our previously published 3-months study at the Copenhagen University Hospital were re-invited for a 1-year follow-up assessment of cognitive function, functioning and depression symptoms. Twenty-five of the 29 previously assessed patients (86%) were re-assessed after 1 year (11±2 months). Clinically significant cognitive impairments were identified in 48-56 % of patients depending on the cut-off, with verbal learning and executive function being most severely affected. This was comparable to the frequency of impairments observed after 3 months. Objectively measured cognitive impairments scaled with subjective cognitive difficulties, reduced work capacity and poorer quality of life. Further, cognitive impairments after 3 months were associated with the severity of subsequent depressive symptoms after 1 year. In conclusion, the stable cognitive impairments in approximately half of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and negative implications for work functioning, quality of life and mood symptoms underline the importance of screening for and addressing cognitive sequelae after severe COVID-19.