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5. New ethical duties for lawyers under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Author

Becker, David M. and Johns, Melissa

Subjects
Securities law -- Interpretation and construction, Legal ethics -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Abstract

Similar to accountants, lawyers have come under fire for their failure to prevent the latest rounds of corporate scandals. Section 307 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act aims to ensure that lawyers [...]

Published
2002

7. Citizen Engagement in Rulemaking : Evidence on Regulatory Practices in 185 Countries

Author

Johns, Melissa and Saltane, Valentina

Subjects
citizen engagement, impact assessments, consultation, notice and comment, inclusive law making, regulatory governance, regulatory transparency
Abstract

This paper presents a new database of indicators measuring the extent to which rulemaking processes are transparent and participatory across 185 countries. The data look at how citizen engagement happens in practice, including when and how governments open the policy-making process to public input. The data also capture the use of ex ante assessments to determine the possible cost of compliance with a proposed new regulation, the likely administrative burden of enforcing the regulation, and its potential environmental and social impacts. The data show that citizens have more opportunities to participate directly in the rulemaking process in developed economies than in developing ones. Differences are also apparent among regions: rulemaking processes are significantly less transparent and inclusive in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia on average than in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development high-income countries, Europe and Central Asia, and East Asia and the Pacific. In addition, ex ante impact assessments are much more common among higher-income economies than among lower-income ones. And greater citizen engagement in rulemaking is associated with higher-quality regulation, stronger democratic regimes, and less corrupt institutions.

Published
2016

8. Tenacious Threads: Crazy Quilts as an Expressive Medium for Making Art

Author

Johns, Melissa

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

In this arts-based study, I will discuss using craft techniques such as crazy quilting in the creative process of making art. The paper describes the history of crazy quilts, a brief summary of artists who use quilts as a medium, and a description of how teaching craft-making skills in the classroom can encourage students to use them for art-making.

Published
2011
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11. An application of the Health Belief Model to understanding use of child restraint practices

Author

Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia J., Haworth, Narelle L., Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia J., and Haworth, Narelle L.

Abstract

Aims Multi-method study including two parts: Study One: three sets of observations in two regional areas of Queensland Study Two: two sets of parent intercept interviews conducted in Toowoomba, Queensland. The aim of Study Two is to determine parents’ views, opinions and knowledge of child restraint practices and the Queensland legislative amendment.

Published
2011

12. Announcement and legislation enactment improve children's seating position in regional areas

Author

Motha, J, Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia, Haworth, Narelle, Motha, J, Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia, and Haworth, Narelle

Abstract

New legislation requires all children 7 years and younger to use child-specific Australian Standards approved restraints suitable to their age and restricts seating young children in the front of cars. Observations of child seating position and restraint use were undertaken in Toowoomba and Rockhampton before the Queensland legislation was announced (T1), after the announcement but before it was enacted (T2) and after it came into force (T3). From T1 to T2, the percentage of children seated in the rear increased (69% to 75%), with a further increase from T2 to T3 (75% to 77%). This pattern was clear when there were one or two children in the car, but not when there were 3 or more. The effect on restraint use was more complex. After the announcement (T2) the percentage of children using adult seatbelts significantly increased regardless of the number of child passengers. However, once the legislation was enacted (T3) there was a significant increase in the percentage of children using child seats/boosters where there was one or two child passengers. Where there were three or more children in the vehicle there was little change in restraint choice between pre (T1) and post (T3) legislation.

Published
2010

13. Announcement and enactment of legislation improve children’s car seating positions

Author

Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia J., Haworth, Narelle L., Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia J., and Haworth, Narelle L.

Abstract

Purpose: Evaluate effectiveness of new legislation Are children more likely to sit in the rear seat now than previously? ----- Are they more likely to wear an age-appropriate restraint? How easy is it for parents to comply (what are the barriers)?----- What more can be done? ----- ----- Design: 2 studies Study 1-observational 3 time phases (pre-legislation; post announcement; post enactment)----- Study 2-intercept interviews 2 time phases (post announcement; post enactment, same parents)----- Three data collection phases: T1 (before announcement, 2007) T2 (after announcement but before enactment, 2009-10) T3 (after the enactment, 2010)----- Two regional cities: Toowoomba, Rockhampton----- Site types Schools, shopping areas

Published
2010

18. Child Car Restraints: Mandating Type and Seating Row According to Age with Positive Effect in Regional City in Queensland, Australia

Author

Johns, Melissa, Lennon, Alexia, and Haworth, Narelle

Abstract

Road trauma is a leading cause of child injury worldwide. In highly motorized countries, injury as a passenger represents a major proportion of all child road deaths and hospitalizations. Australia is no exception, particularly because there are high levels of travel by private motor vehicle to school in most Australian states. Recently, the legislation in Australia governing the type of car restraints required for children younger than 7 years of age has changed and has aligned requirements better with accepted best practice. However, it is unclear what effect these changes have had on children's seating positions or the types of restraints used. A mixed-methods evaluation of the impact of the new legislation on compliance was conducted at three times: baseline (Time 1), after announcement that changes were going to be implemented but before enforcement began (Time 2), and after enforcement commenced (Time 3). Measures of compliance were obtained by two methods: roadside observations of vehicles with child passengers and parental self-report (intercept interviews conducted at Times 2 and 3 only). Results from the observations suggested an overall positive effect. Proportions of children occupying front seats decreased overall, and use of dedicated child seats increased to almost 40% of the observed children by Time 3. However, almost a quarter of the children observed still occupied front seats. These results differed from those of the interview study, in which almost no children were reported as usually traveling in the front seat, and reported use of dedicated restraints with children was almost 90%, more than twice that of the rate in observations.

Published
2012
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20. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of novel beta-d-2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs.

Author

Rondla R, Coats SJ, McBrayer TR, Grier J, Johns M, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Zhou L, and Schinazi RF

Subjects
Amides, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Cell Line, Cell Survival drug effects, Cytidine analogs & derivatives, Humans, Phosphoric Acids, Prodrugs therapeutic use, Pyrimidine Nucleosides therapeutic use, Uridine analogs & derivatives, Virus Replication drug effects, Antiviral Agents chemical synthesis, Hepacivirus drug effects, Prodrugs pharmacology, Pyrimidine Nucleosides pharmacology
Abstract

Background: 2'-C-methyl and 4'-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2'-C-methyl-moiety with the 4'-azido-moiety into one molecule., Methods: 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2'-C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4'-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5'-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido cytidine. In addition, 5'-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step., Results: The prepared nucleosides and their 5'-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations., Conclusions: This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5'-monophosphate prodrugs.

Published
2009
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