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Two efficient chiral syntheses of 3-hydroxylysine, a naturally occurring amino acid and a putative intermediate in the synthesis of balanol, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor, are described. The synthesis of (2R,3S)-3-hydroxylysine utilizes Hayashi's chiral ferroceno gold catalyst. The synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxylysine demonstrates a β-hydroxy amino acid synthesis with the chirality derived from the Sharpless chiral cis-hydroxylation

β-Lactams, derived via the cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to alkenes, undergo thermal rearrangement at room temperature to afford γ-lactams.

The discovery of 1-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid analogs as potent human melanocortin-4 selective agonists is described.

The sections in this article are 1 Knowledge Representation 2 Simulation Methodology 3 Automatic Simulation Model Generation 4 Conclusion 5 Appendix 1. Dynamic Models

Using sociometric peer ratings, staff ratings, and hospital records, study was made of an entire hospital residential ward ( N = 33) of adolescent girls. The sociometric structure of the collectivity involved essentially three types of individuals; girls high on positive sociometric status measures (association, popularity), girls high on negative sociometric status measures (avoidance, reputed power), and girls low on both positive and negative sociometric status measures. Thus, positive and negative sociometric status appeared to be rather independent qualities for the present Ss rather than having a strong negative association as might be expected. High positive sociometric status was strongly and significantly correlated in a positive direction with higher psychiatric health, heterosexual interest, and (consistently the strongest among present factors) social initiative. Being younger and/or more asocially aggressive was significantly associated with high reputed power, which in turn was significantly correlated with high avoidance status. The girls low in both positive and negative sociometric status tended to be low on all of the other variables noted.

With sociometric and staff rating data from a sample of 33 female adolescent in-patients on a psychiatric ward, two general hypotheses regarding leadership were tested based on prior results for “normal” populations. The first hypothesis stated that leader roles in the present collectivity would be clearly differentiated in terms of an instrumental versus expressive dimension and also a reputed versus actual dimension. The results did not confirm this, showing instead significant and strong intercorrelations among the several sociometric measures of leadership roles. The second hypothesis stated that leaders in the present sort of collectivity would tend to be higher in age and other traits socially desirable in the society at large. This hypothesis was confirmed, indicating a substantial similarity between the nature of leadership in a psychiatrically deviant collectivity and the nature of leadership in numerous other “normal” collectivities. A major departure from prior results in “normal” collectivities was the fact that ratings of asocial aggression were independent of leadership nominations, interpreted as indicating a high tolerance for “interpersonal deviance” in this psychiatrically deviant collectivity.