116 results on '"John R. Gallagher"'
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2. Corrigendum: Impact of adjuvant: trivalent vaccine with quadrivalent-like protection against heterologous Yamagata-lineage influenza B virus
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Mallory L. Myers, John R. Gallagher, De’Marcus D. Woolfork, Regan K. Stradtmann-Carvalho, Samantha Maldonado-Puga, Kevin W. Bock, Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum, Hubza Syeda, Adrian Creanga, Derron A. Alves, Masaru Kanekiyo, and Audray K. Harris
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influenza B ,MF59 adjuvant ,commercial vaccine ,challenge ,Yamagata lineage ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Published
- 2023
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3. Impact of adjuvant: Trivalent vaccine with quadrivalent-like protection against heterologous Yamagata-lineage influenza B virus
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Mallory L. Myers, John R. Gallagher, De’Marcus D. Woolfork, Regan K. Stradtmann-Carvalho, Samantha Maldonado-Puga, Kevin W. Bock, Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum, Hubza Syeda, Adrian Creanga, Derron A. Alves, Masaru Kanekiyo, and Audray K. Harris
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influenza B ,MF59 adjuvant ,commercial vaccine ,challenge ,Yamagata lineage ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
As new vaccine technologies and platforms, such as nanoparticles and novel adjuvants, are developed to aid in the establishment of a universal influenza vaccine, studying traditional influenza split/subunit vaccines should not be overlooked. Commercially available vaccines are typically studied in terms of influenza A H1 and H3 viruses but influenza B viruses need to be examined as well. Thus, there is a need to both understand the limitations of split/subunit vaccines and develop strategies to overcome those limitations, particularly their ability to elicit cross-reactive antibodies to the co-circulating Victoria (B-V) and Yamagata (B-Y) lineages of human influenza B viruses. In this study, we compared three commercial influenza hemagglutinin (HA) split/subunit vaccines, one quadrivalent (H1, H3, B-V, B-Y HAs) and two trivalent (H1, H3, B-V HAs), to characterize potential differences in their antibody responses and protection against a B-Y challenge. We found that the trivalent adjuvanted vaccine Fluad, formulated without B-Y HA, was able to produce antibodies to B-Y (cross-lineage) on a similar level to those elicited from a quadrivalent vaccine (Flucelvax) containing both B-V and B-Y HAs. Interestingly, Fluad protected mice from a lethal cross-lineage B-Y viral challenge, while another trivalent vaccine, Fluzone HD, failed to elicit antibodies or full protection following challenge. Fluad immunization also diminished viral burden in the lungs compared to Fluzone and saline groups. The success of a trivalent vaccine to provide protection from a cross-lineage influenza B challenge, similar to a quadrivalent vaccine, suggests that further analysis of different split/subunit vaccine formulations could identify mechanisms for vaccines to target antigenically different viruses. Understanding how to increase the breadth of the immune response following immunization will be needed for universal influenza vaccine development.
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- 2022
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4. The Fusion Loops of the Initial Prefusion Conformation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Fusion Protein Point Toward the Membrane
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Juan Fontana, Doina Atanasiu, Wan Ting Saw, John R. Gallagher, Reagan G. Cox, J. Charles Whitbeck, Lauren M. Brown, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, and Gary H. Cohen
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cryo-electron microscopy ,cryo-electron tomography ,HSV ,subtomogram averaging ,gB ,herpesviruses ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
ABSTRACT All enveloped viruses, including herpesviruses, must fuse their envelope with the host membrane to deliver their genomes into target cells, making this essential step subject to interference by antibodies and drugs. Viral fusion is mediated by a viral surface protein that transits from an initial prefusion conformation to a final postfusion conformation. Strikingly, the prefusion conformation of the herpesvirus fusion protein, gB, is poorly understood. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a model system for herpesviruses, causes diseases ranging from mild skin lesions to serious encephalitis and neonatal infections. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we have characterized the structure of the prefusion conformation and fusion intermediates of HSV-1 gB. To this end, we have set up a system that generates microvesicles displaying full-length gB on their envelope. We confirmed proper folding of gB by nondenaturing electrophoresis-Western blotting with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) covering all gB domains. To elucidate the arrangement of gB domains, we labeled them by using (i) mutagenesis to insert fluorescent proteins at specific positions, (ii) coexpression of gB with Fabs for a neutralizing MAb with known binding sites, and (iii) incubation of gB with an antibody directed against the fusion loops. Our results show that gB starts in a compact prefusion conformation with the fusion loops pointing toward the viral membrane and suggest, for the first time, a model for gB’s conformational rearrangements during fusion. These experiments further illustrate how neutralizing antibodies can interfere with the essential gB structural transitions that mediate viral entry and therefore infectivity. IMPORTANCE The herpesvirus family includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other human viruses that cause lifelong infections and a variety of diseases, like skin lesions, encephalitis, and cancers. As enveloped viruses, herpesviruses must fuse their envelope with the host membrane to start an infection. This process is mediated by a viral surface protein that transitions from an initial conformation (prefusion) to a final, more stable, conformation (postfusion). However, the prefusion conformation of the herpesvirus fusion protein (gB) is poorly understood. To elucidate the structure of the prefusion conformation of HSV type 1 gB, we have employed cryo-electron microscopy to study gB molecules expressed on the surface of vesicles. Using different approaches to label gB’s domains allowed us to model the structures of the prefusion and intermediate conformations of gB. Overall, our findings enhance our understanding of HSV fusion and lay the groundwork for the development of new ways to prevent and block HSV infection.
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- 2017
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5. The Impact of an Indiana (United States) Drug Court on Criminal Recidivism
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John R. Gallagher, Eric Ivory, Jesse Carlton, and Hon. Jane Woodward Miller
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Drug court, logistic regression, criminal recidivism, substance use disorders, probation ,Human settlements. Communities ,HT51-65 ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
This study evaluated a drug court located in a metropolitan area of Indiana (United States), focusing specifically on identifying variables that predicted recidivism among drug court participants and comparing criminal recidivism patterns among drug court and probation participants. Drug court participants were most likely to recidivate if they were younger, had a violation within the first 30 days of the program, had a previous criminal record, and were terminated unsuccessfully from the program. Furthermore, drug court participants were less likely to recidivate than probationers who had similar offense and demographic characteristics. Implications for drug court practice, policy advocacy, and future research are discussed.
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- 2014
6. Who is Most Likely to Graduate From Teen Court?
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John R. Gallagher, Elizabeth Wahler, Brooke Marshall, Nicole Leiter, Mike Deranek, and Lori Harrington
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Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 - Abstract
This article contributes to the literature by identifying variables that predicted graduation from an Indiana teen court. Findings indicated that interventions that are commonly used in teen courts to promote positive behavioral change, such as community service and jail tours, paradoxically predicted noncompletion of teen court. Specifically, youths who completed community service or jail tours were less likely to graduate than those who were not ordered to complete these interventions. Minority youths, those in special education, and having more violations throughout the program also show less likelihood of graduation. Implications for teen court practice and future research are discussed.
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- 2016
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7. Herpes Virus Fusion and Entry: A Story with Many Characters
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Gary H. Cohen, Claude Krummenacher, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, John R. Gallagher, Tina M. Cairns, and Doina Atanasiu
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glycoproteins ,HSV ,CMV ,EBV ,VZV ,crystal structure ,functional region ,monoclonal antibody ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Herpesviridae comprise a large family of enveloped DNA viruses all of whom employ orthologs of the same three glycoproteins, gB, gH and gL. Additionally, herpesviruses often employ accessory proteins to bind receptors and/or bind the heterodimer gH/gL or even to determine cell tropism. Sorting out how these proteins function has been resolved to a large extent by structural biology coupled with supporting biochemical and biologic evidence. Together with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, gB is a charter member of the Class III fusion proteins. Unlike VSV G, gB only functions when partnered with gH/gL. However, gH/gL does not resemble any known viral fusion protein and there is evidence that its function is to upregulate the fusogenic activity of gB. In the case of herpes simplex virus, gH/gL itself is upregulated into an active state by the conformational change that occurs when gD, the receptor binding protein, binds one of its receptors. In this review we focus primarily on prototypes of the three subfamilies of herpesviruses. We will present our model for how herpes simplex virus (HSV) regulates fusion in series of highly regulated steps. Our model highlights what is known and also provides a framework to address mechanistic questions about fusion by HSV and herpesviruses in general.
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- 2012
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8. Characterization of Hemagglutinin Antigens on Influenza Virus and within Vaccines Using Electron Microscopy
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John R. Gallagher, Dustin M. McCraw, Udana Torian, Neetu M. Gulati, Mallory L. Myers, Michael T. Conlon, and Audray K. Harris
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influenza ,vaccines ,structure ,electron microscopy ,cryo-EM ,design ,Medicine - Abstract
Influenza viruses affect millions of people worldwide on an annual basis. Although vaccines are available, influenza still causes significant human mortality and morbidity. Vaccines target the major influenza surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). However, circulating HA subtypes undergo continual variation in their dominant epitopes, requiring vaccines to be updated annually. A goal of next-generation influenza vaccine research is to produce broader protective immunity against the different types, subtypes, and strains of influenza viruses. One emerging strategy is to focus the immune response away from variable epitopes, and instead target the conserved stem region of HA. To increase the display and immunogenicity of the HA stem, nanoparticles are being developed to display epitopes in a controlled spatial arrangement to improve immunogenicity and elicit protective immune responses. Engineering of these nanoparticles requires structure-guided design to optimize the fidelity and valency of antigen presentation. Here, we review electron microscopy applied to study the 3D structures of influenza viruses and different vaccine antigens. Structure-guided information from electron microscopy should be integrated into pipelines for the development of both more efficacious seasonal and universal influenza vaccine antigens. The lessons learned from influenza vaccine electron microscopic research could aid in the development of novel vaccines for other pathogens.
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- 2018
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9. Update Culture and the Afterlife of Digital Writing
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John R Gallagher and John R Gallagher
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- 2020
10. Color in the Court: Using the Racial and Ethnic Disparities (RED) Program Assessment Tool to Promote Equitable and Inclusive Treatment Court Practice
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John R. Gallagher, Preeti Menon, Zephi Francis, Matthew Collinson, and Peace Odili
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Psychiatry and Mental health ,Medicine (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2023
11. Explanation Points: Publishing in Rhetoric and Composition
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John R Gallagher, Dànielle Nicole DeVoss and John R Gallagher, Dànielle Nicole DeVoss
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- 2019
12. The interplay between women, opioid use disorder, medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and drug court: A qualitative study
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John R. Gallagher, Anthony Estreet, Anne Nordberg, Courtney Zongrone, Raychel M. Minasian, and Sydney Szymanowski
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Anthropology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2022
13. Required Templates: An Assemblage Theory Analysis of How Template Character Limits Influence the Writing of DIY Online Grant Proposals
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John R. Gallagher, Anna Wysocka, and Steven Holmes
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Communication ,Education - Published
- 2022
14. Project-Oriented Web Scraping in Technical Communication Research
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John R. Gallagher and Aaron Beveridge
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Communication ,Business and International Management ,General Business, Management and Accounting - Abstract
This article advocates for web scraping as an effective method to augment and enhance technical and professional communication (TPC) research practices. Web scraping is used to create consistently structured and well-sampled data sets about domains, communities, demographics, and topics of interest to TPC scholars. After providing an extended description of web scraping, the authors identify technical considerations of the method and provide practitioner narratives. They then describe an overview of project-oriented web scraping. Finally, they discuss implications for the concept as a sustainable approach to developing web scraping methods for TPC research.
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- 2021
15. Chapter 14. Considerations for Internet Participant Selection: Algorithms, Power Users, Overload, Conventionalization, and Participant Protection
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John R. Gallagher
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- 2022
16. Commercial influenza vaccines vary in both the structural arrangements of HA complexes and in induction of antibodies to cross-reactive HA epitopes
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Mallory L. Myers, John R. Gallagher, Alexander J. Kim, Walker H. Payne, Kevin W. Bock, Udana Torian, Ian N. Moore, and Audray K. Harris
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Influenza virus infects millions of people annually and can cause global pandemics. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary component of commercial influenza vaccines (CIV), and antibody to HA is a primary correlate of protection. Persistent antigenic variation of HA requires that CIV be reformulated for new strains yearly. Differences in structural organization of HA has not been correlated with induction of broadly reactive antibodies, and CIV formulations can vary in how HA is organized. Using electron microscopy to study four current CIV, we found that these different formulations contained a variety of structures including: individual HAs, starfish-like structures with up to 12 HA molecules, and novel “spiked nanodisc” structures that displayed over 50 HA molecules along the complex’s perimeter. These spiked nanodiscs uniquely exposed conserved stem epitopes and elicited the highest levels of heterosubtypic cross-reactive antibodies. Overall, we found that HA structural organization can be an important CIV parameter and can be associated with the induction of cross-reactive antibodies to conserved HA epitopes.
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- 2022
17. A Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis (QIMS) of women’s experiences in drug court: Promoting recovery in the criminal justice system
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John R. Gallagher, Anne Nordberg, Douglas B. Marlowe, Sydney Szymanowski, and Courtney Zongrone
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Substance abuse ,Meta synthesis ,Health (social science) ,Drug court ,Rehabilitation ,medicine ,Criminology ,medicine.disease ,Psychology ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Drug courts have been part of the criminal justice system for over 30 years. A plethora of quantitative quasi-experimental, experimental, and meta-analytic studies have demonstrated their effective...
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- 2021
18. A machine learning algorithm for sorting online comments via topic modeling
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Junzhe Zhu, John R. Gallagher, and Elizabeth Wickes
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Topic model ,Computer science ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Sorting ,050801 communication & media studies ,Professional communication ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,Moderation ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Popularity ,Reference Comment ,0508 media and communications ,020204 information systems ,Similarity (psychology) ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Time complexity ,Algorithm ,computer - Abstract
This article uses a machine learning algorithm to demonstrate a proof-of-concept case for moderating and managing online comments as a form of content moderation, which is an emerging area of interest for technical and professional communication (TPC) researchers. The algorithm sorts comments by topical similarity to a reference comment/article rather than display comments by linear time and popularity. This approach has the practical benefit of enabling TPC researchers to reconceptualize content display systems in dynamic ways.
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- 2021
19. A Focus Group Analysis with a Drug Court Team: Opioid Use Disorders and the Role of Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) in Programming
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Anne Nordberg, John R. Gallagher, Preeti Menon, Meredith Canada, Raychel M. Minasian, and Zephi Francis
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Drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,Drug court ,Opioid use ,media_common.quotation_subject ,fungi ,Rehabilitation ,food and beverages ,Opioid use disorder ,medicine.disease ,Focus group ,Substance abuse ,Opioid ,Medicine ,business ,Psychiatry ,medicine.drug ,Qualitative research ,media_common - Abstract
Drug courts are an alternative to incarceration for individuals who have substance use disorders and nonviolent arrests, and these programs can be an avenue to recovery for those who have opioid us...
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- 2021
20. Emojination Facilitates Inclusive Emoji Design Through Technical Writing: Fitting Tactical Technical Communication Inside Institutional Structures
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John R. Gallagher and Rebecca E. Avgoustopoulos
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Communication ,Education - Abstract
Creating new emojis is predicated on a system of technical writing that lobbies for new emojis to the Unicode Consortium. Emojination, an activist collective working for cultural inclusivity, helps everyday people write proposals for inclusive and culturally sensitive emojis. Through a case study of Emojination, this article describes ways that Tactical Technical Communication can work toward cultural inclusivity within regulatory frameworks.
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- 2023
21. Analyses of seven writing studies journals, 2000–2019, Part I: Statistical trends in references cited and lexical diversity
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John R. Gallagher, Hsiang Wang, Matthew Modaff, Junjing Liu, Yi Xu, and Aaron Beveridge
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Linguistics and Language ,General Computer Science ,Language and Linguistics ,Education - Published
- 2023
22. Analyses of seven writing studies journals, 2000–2019, Part II: Data-driven identification of keywords
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John R. Gallagher, Hsiang Wang, Matthew Modaff, Junjing Liu, and Yi Xu
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Linguistics and Language ,General Computer Science ,Language and Linguistics ,Education - Published
- 2023
23. Machine Time: Unifying Chronos and Kairos in an Era of Ubiquitous Technologies
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John R. Gallagher
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0508 media and communications ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,05 social sciences ,Kairos ,Rhetorical question ,050301 education ,050801 communication & media studies ,Temporality ,0503 education ,Language and Linguistics ,Epistemology - Abstract
Chronos and kairos are often understood as separate from one another in discussions of rhetorical temporality. For online and other highly mediated contexts, however, chronos and kairos can be unde...
- Published
- 2020
24. Predictors of graduation and criminal recidivism: Findings from a drug court that primarily serves African Americans
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Anne Nordberg, Elizabeth A. Wahler, and John R. Gallagher
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Drug ,African american ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Recidivism ,Drug court ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Psychological intervention ,050109 social psychology ,social sciences ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Education ,Substance abuse ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Substance use ,Psychology ,Psychiatry ,health care economics and organizations ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common ,Graduation - Abstract
Drug courts are an alternative to incarceration for individuals who have substance use disorders. The drug court model is guided by key interventions (e.g., required treatment, frequent status hear...
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- 2020
25. A Collaborative Longitudinal Design for Supporting Writing Pedagogies of STEM Faculty
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John Y. Yoritomo, Julie L. Zilles, Paul A Prior, Nicole Turnipseed, S. Lance Cooper, John S. Popovics, Celia Mathews Elliott, and John R. Gallagher
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Communication ,05 social sciences ,050801 communication & media studies ,Survey research ,02 engineering and technology ,Education ,0508 media and communications ,Writing instruction ,020204 information systems ,Engineering communication ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Mathematics education ,Needs analysis ,business - Abstract
Providing contextualized, effective writing instruction for engineering students is an important and challenging objective. This article presents a needs analysis conducted in a large engineering c...
- Published
- 2020
26. Co-immunization with hemagglutinin stem immunogens elicits cross-group neutralizing antibodies and broad protection against influenza A viruses
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Syed M. Moin, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum, Rebecca A. Gillespie, Gabriele Cerutti, Crystal Sao-Fong Cheung, Alberto Cagigi, John R. Gallagher, Joshua Brand, Madhu Prabhakaran, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Tyler Stephens, Brian E. Fisher, Adrian Creanga, Sila Ataca, Reda Rawi, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, Michelle C. Crank, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Jason Gorman, Adrian B. McDermott, Audray K. Harris, Tongqing Zhou, Peter D. Kwong, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, Barney S. Graham, and Masaru Kanekiyo
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Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,Immunology ,Ferrets ,Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ,Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ,Antibodies, Viral ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Mice ,Hemagglutinins ,Infectious Diseases ,Orthomyxoviridae Infections ,Influenza Vaccines ,Influenza, Human ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Immunization ,Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies - Abstract
Current influenza vaccines predominantly induce immunity to the hypervariable hemagglutinin (HA) head, requiring frequent vaccine reformulation. Conversely, the immunosubdominant yet conserved HA stem harbors a supersite that is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), representing a prime target for universal vaccines. Here, we showed that the co-immunization of two HA stem immunogens derived from group 1 and 2 influenza A viruses elicits cross-group protective immunity and neutralizing antibody responses in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Immunized mice were protected from multiple group 1 and 2 viruses, and all animal models showed broad serum-neutralizing activity. A bnAb isolated from an immunized NHP broadly neutralized and protected against diverse viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9. Genetic and structural analyses revealed strong homology between macaque and human bnAbs, illustrating common biophysical constraints for acquiring cross-group specificity. Vaccine elicitation of stem-directed cross-group-protective immunity represents a step toward the development of broadly protective influenza vaccines.
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- 2022
27. Phase-plate Cryo-electron Tomography Facilitates the Identification of Influenza Virus Condensed Core Structures
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John R. Gallagher, Neetu M. Gulati, and Audray K. Harris
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Core (optical fiber) ,Phase plate ,Materials science ,Chemical physics ,Cryo-electron tomography ,Instrumentation - Published
- 2020
28. Peering into the Internet Abyss: Using Big Data Audience Analysis to Understand Online Comments
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Alyssa Lingyi Kong, Kyle Wagner, John R. Gallagher, Jingyi Zeng, Xuan Wang, and Yinyin Chen
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business.industry ,Communication ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Big data ,050801 communication & media studies ,02 engineering and technology ,Audience analysis ,Experimental research ,Education ,World Wide Web ,0508 media and communications ,020204 information systems ,Reading (process) ,Peering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,The Internet ,Sociology ,business ,media_common - Abstract
This article offers a methodology for conducting large-scale audience analysis called “big data audience analysis” (BDAA). BDAA uses distant reading and thin description to examine a large corpus o...
- Published
- 2019
29. Mosaic nanoparticle display of diverse influenza virus hemagglutinins elicits broad B cell responses
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Rebecca A. Gillespie, Peter D. Kwong, Julie E. Ledgerwood, John R. Gallagher, Richard A. Koup, Madhu Prabhakaran, Brian E. Fisher, David R. Ambrozak, John R. Mascola, Ulrich Baxa, Masaru Kanekiyo, Barney S. Graham, Wing-Pui Kong, M. Gordon Joyce, Kathryn L Zephir, Adrian B. McDermott, Sarah F. Andrews, Hanne Andersen, Adrian Creanga, Adam K. Wheatley, Audray K. Harris, Kwanyee Leung, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Eun Sung Yang, Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, and Hadi M. Yassine
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Immunology ,Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ,Immunodominance ,Cross Reactions ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,influenza virus ,Article ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Antigen ,Orthomyxoviridae Infections ,Influenza, Human ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Antigenic variation ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Humans ,Avidity ,B-Lymphocytes ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,biology ,nanoparticle ,Vaccine efficacy ,Virology ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Influenza Vaccines ,biology.protein ,Nanoparticles ,Female ,Immunization ,Antibody - Abstract
The present vaccine against influenza virus has the inevitable risk of antigenic discordance between the vaccine and the circulating strains, which diminishes vaccine efficacy. This necessitates new approaches that provide broader protection against influenza. Here we designed a vaccine using the hypervariable receptor-binding domain (RBD) of viral hemagglutinin displayed on a nanoparticle (np) able to elicit antibody responses that neutralize H1N1 influenza viruses spanning over 90 years. Co-display of RBDs from multiple strains across time, so that the adjacent RBDs are heterotypic, provides an avidity advantage to cross-reactive B cells. Immunization with the mosaic RBD–np elicited broader antibody responses than those induced by an admixture of nanoparticles encompassing the same set of RBDs as separate homotypic arrays. Furthermore, we identified a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody in a mouse immunized with mosaic RBD–np. The mosaic antigen array signifies a unique approach that subverts monotypic immunodominance and allows otherwise subdominant cross-reactive B cell responses to emerge. Antigenic variation of influenza A viruses necessitates the annual reformulation of vaccines. Kanekiyo et al. develop a mosaic nanoparticle vaccine against influenza virus that is able to elicit neutralizing antibodies that span nearly 100 years of variation of influenza A virus.
- Published
- 2019
30. Empty Templates: The Ethical Habits of Empty State Pages
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John R. Gallagher and Steve Holmes
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0508 media and communications ,Aesthetics ,020204 information systems ,Communication ,05 social sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Habitus ,Lens (geology) ,050801 communication & media studies ,02 engineering and technology ,Sociology ,State (computer science) ,Education - Abstract
This article examines how empty state pages (ESPs) constrain user-generated communication through the ethical lens of Bourdieu’s habitus. The authors define ESPs as interactive instructiona...
- Published
- 2019
31. Case Study Research in the Digital Age
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John R. Gallagher and John R. Gallagher
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- Research--Methodology
- Abstract
Case Study Research in the Digital Age is an in-depth exploration of the case study method as applied to social media, algorithms, digital networks, artificial intelligence, and online life.By applying and adapting case study theory to digital phenomena, Case Study Research in the Digital Age argues for a fundamental change to the unit of analysis in case study research: the entity. It uses this change as a jumping off point for an overview of case study work as applied to a variety of digital phenomena, including online discussions, social media communities, and artificial intelligence. Written in an accessible way, this book presents a rigorous theoretical discussion of the very definitions of a case study while providing guidance on case study definitions, research design, data collection, analysis, ethics, and case reporting.Case Study Research in the Digital Age can be used by a wide array of scholars, from novice to seasoned case study researchers, as well as a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to anthropology, communication, education, history, information science, psychology, and sociology.
- Published
- 2024
32. Rhetorical Appeals and Tactics in New York Times Comments About Vaccines: Qualitative Analysis
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Heidi Y. Lawrence and John R. Gallagher
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Male ,Persuasion ,020205 medical informatics ,rhetoric ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Persuasive Communication ,Health Informatics ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,pro-vaccination ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Argumentation theory ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Rhetorical question ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Qualitative Research ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,Skepticism ,online comments ,Language ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Vaccination ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Journalism, Medical ,Public relations ,Viewpoints ,humanities ,Rhetoric ,anti-vaccination ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,Female ,business ,Psychology ,Qualitative research ,quantitative research - Abstract
Background Improving persuasion in response to vaccine skepticism is a long-standing problem. Elective nonvaccination emerging from skepticism about vaccine safety and efficacy jeopardizes herd immunity, exposing those who are most vulnerable to the risk of serious diseases. Objective This article analyzes vaccine sentiments in the New York Times as a way of improving understanding of why existing persuasive approaches may be ineffective and offers insight into how existing methods might be improved. We categorize pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine arguments, offering an in-depth analysis of pro-vaccine appeals and tactics in particular to enhance current understanding of arguments that support vaccines. Methods Qualitative thematic analyses were used to analyze themes in rhetorical appeals across 808 vaccine-specific comments. Pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine comments were categorized to provide a broad analysis of the overall context of vaccine comments across viewpoints, with in-depth rhetorical analysis of pro-vaccine comments to address current gaps in understanding of pro-vaccine arguments in particular. Results Appeals across 808 anti-vaccine and pro-vaccine comments were similar, though these appeals diverged in tactics and conclusions. Anti-vaccine arguments were more heterogeneous, deploying a wide range of arguments against vaccines. Additional analysis of pro-vaccine comments reveals that these comments use rhetorical strategies that could be counterproductive to producing persuasion. Pro-vaccine comments more frequently used tactics such as ad hominem arguments levied at those who refuse vaccines or used appeals to science to correct beliefs in vaccine skepticism, both of which can be ineffective when attempting to persuade a skeptical audience. Conclusions Further study of pro-vaccine argumentation appeals and tactics could illuminate how persuasiveness could be improved in online forums.
- Published
- 2020
33. Update Culture and the Afterlife of Digital Writing
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John R. Gallagher
- Published
- 2020
34. Cryo-EM cools down swine fever
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Audray K. Harris and John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,African swine fever ,Swine ,viruses ,Cryoelectron Microscopy ,Virion ,Outbreak ,Cell Biology ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,Virology ,African swine fever virus ,African Swine Fever Virus ,Classical Swine Fever ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Classical swine fever ,Animals ,Editors' Picks ,African Swine Fever ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) that causes a devastating swine disease currently present in many countries of Africa, Europe, and Asia. Despite intense research efforts, relevant gaps in the architecture of the infectious virus particle remain. Here, we used single-particle cryo-EM to analyze the three-dimensional structure of the mature ASFV particle. Our results show that the ASFV virion, with a radial diameter of ∼2,080 Å, encloses a genome-containing nucleoid surrounded by two distinct icosahedral protein capsids and two lipoprotein membranes. The outer capsid forms a hexagonal lattice (triangulation number T = 277) composed of 8,280 copies of the double jelly-roll major capsid protein (MCP) p72, arranged in trimers displaying a pseudo-hexameric morphology, and of 60 copies of a penton protein at the vertices. The inner protein layer, organized as a T = 19 capsid, confines the core shell, and it is composed of the mature products derived from the ASFV polyproteins pp220 and pp62. Also, an icosahedral membrane lies between the two protein layers, whereas a pleomorphic envelope wraps the outer capsid. This high-level organization confers to ASFV a unique architecture among the NCLDVs that likely reflects the complexity of its infection process and may help explain current challenges in controlling it.
- Published
- 2020
35. The economy of online comments
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Economics ,Classical economics - Published
- 2019
36. Structural analysis of influenza vaccine virus-like particles reveals a multicomponent organization
- Author
-
Neetu M. Gulati, Audray K. Harris, Mallory L. Myers, Udana Torian, Michael T. Conlon, John R. Gallagher, and Dustin M. McCraw
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Influenza vaccine ,Surface Properties ,viruses ,Hemagglutinin (influenza) ,lcsh:Medicine ,Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Epitope ,Virus ,Article ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,law ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle ,Particle Size ,lcsh:Science ,Peptide sequence ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,Cryoelectron Microscopy ,lcsh:R ,virus diseases ,Virology ,Recombinant Proteins ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Recombinant DNA ,lcsh:Q ,Glycoprotein - Abstract
Influenza virus continues to be a major health problem due to the continually changing immunodominant head regions of the major surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA). However, some emerging vaccine platforms designed by biotechnology efforts, such as recombinant influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to elicit protective antibodies to antigenically different influenza viruses. Here, using biochemical analyses and cryo-electron microscopy methods coupled to image analysis, we report the composition and 3D structural organization of influenza VLPs of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus. HA molecules were uniformly distributed on the VLP surfaces and the conformation of HA was in a prefusion state. Moreover, HA could be bound by antibody targeting conserved epitopes in the stem region of HA. Taken together, our analysis suggests structural parameters that may be important for VLP biotechnology such as a multi-component organization with (i) an outer component consisting of prefusion HA spikes on the surfaces, (ii) a VLP membrane with HA distribution permitting stem epitope display, and (iii) internal structural components.
- Published
- 2018
37. Considering the Comments: Theorizing Online Audiences as Emergent Processes
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Linguistics and Language ,General Computer Science ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Distribution (economics) ,050801 communication & media studies ,Language and Linguistics ,Education ,Epistemology ,Social group ,0508 media and communications ,Production (economics) ,Sociology ,business ,0503 education ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
Prompted by an in-depth case study of a web-writer, this article argues that audience may be understood as an emergent process for web-writers who consider their comments. Rather than a group of people or demographic that is prefigured to exist, this article posits that audience might be a concept used throughout the composing process, including production and distribution processes. Such an approach is useful for digital pedagogies that involve online comments because it allows audience to be considered before, during, and after writers’ production processes.
- Published
- 2018
38. Participants’ views on the strengths and limitations of drug court: Recommendations to enhance assessment and treatment of mental illnesses
- Author
-
John M. Gallagher, John R. Gallagher, and Anne Nordberg
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Drug court ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,social sciences ,Mental illness ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Substance abuse ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,Anxiety ,medicine.symptom ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,0505 law ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Since 1989, drug courts have provided an alternative to incarceration for arrestees who have a substance use disorder. Previous research has suggested that participants who graduate from the program are less likely to recidivate than those who are terminated from the program. The majority of research on drug courts is quantitative; therefore, the benefits of qualitative methods are not fully seen in the literature. This qualitative study developed an in-depth understanding of participants’ (n = 42) views on the strengths and limitations of a Midwestern drug court. Two themes emerged from the data. First, participants felt that the drug court promoted camaraderie, which enhanced their motivation for change and supported them in graduating from the program. Second, participants felt that the drug court did not adequately treat their mental illnesses, which for some resulted in relapse and was perceived as a barrier to graduating from the program. Recommendations for drug court practice are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
39. Sober curious
- Author
-
Abigail Edwards and John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Psychoanalysis ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Personal experience ,Sociology ,0305 other medical science ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
In this new book, Ruby Warrington utilizes research and personal experiences to propose a paradigm shift in how recovery from alcohol use disorders is conceptualized. She has unique experiences tha...
- Published
- 2019
40. Writing for Algorithmic Audiences
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Linguistics and Language ,General Computer Science ,Web 2.0 ,Computer science ,05 social sciences ,Media studies ,050301 education ,050801 communication & media studies ,Citizen journalism ,Discourse community ,Language and Linguistics ,Education ,Audience measurement ,Term (time) ,World Wide Web ,Metadata ,0508 media and communications ,Teaching writing ,0503 education ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Audience response - Abstract
This article examines the role that algorithms may play as audiences when teaching writing on the World Wide Web. It argues that introducing the provisional term “algorithmic audience” reflects three prior conceptions of audience, including concrete situations, discourse community, and participatory audiences. It then offers a three-part classroom approach: identifying the biases of those who design algorithms, managing metadata, and anticipating audience response. I argue that the term “algorithmic audience” may help students to write for audiences beyond the instructor from within the confines of the classroom.
- Published
- 2017
41. A Perspective from the Field: The Disconnect between Abstinence-Based Programs and the Use of Motivational Interviewing in Treating Substance Use Disorders
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher and Traci Bremer
- Subjects
Harm reduction ,Psychotherapist ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Perspective (graphical) ,Motivational interviewing ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Abstinence ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,humanities ,Substance abuse ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,mental disorders ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Substance use ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common - Abstract
Motivational Interviewing was first introduced nearly three-and-a-half decades ago and has been used to treat a range of problems, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Treating SUDs is complex...
- Published
- 2017
42. Rethinking Court-Sanctioned Reintegration Processes: Redemption Rituals as an Alternative to the Drug Court Graduation
- Author
-
Katherine Irwin, John R. Gallagher, Izaak L. Williams, and David Mee-Lee
- Subjects
Restorative justice ,Recidivism ,Drug court ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,030508 substance abuse ,Criminology ,Public relations ,03 medical and health sciences ,050501 criminology ,Position paper ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,business ,Law ,Inclusion (education) ,0505 law ,Graduation ,Reintegrative shaming - Abstract
This research-based position paper offers critical examination and critique of the drug court (DC) graduation model and outlines an alternative approach. To enhance reconfiguration of the current DC graduation system, we propose a redemption-oriented framework that we believe is better aligned with the rehabilitation literature and reintegrative shaming theory. These conceptual underpinnings cohere with restorative justice and together represent a useful interpretive perspective for examining current DC practices in the United States. They also align with the goals we believe redemption rituals should elevate. This is based on four main elements of redemption rituals: achievement; co-ordination of care; status elevation; and moral inclusion. We operationalise these elements by identifying two constituent factors of each. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for DC practice and recommendations for future research in this area.
- Published
- 2017
43. Structural studies of influenza virus RNPs by electron microscopy indicate molecular contortions within NP supra-structures
- Author
-
Audray K. Harris, Dustin M. McCraw, John R. Gallagher, and Udana Torian
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Viral matrix protein ,030106 microbiology ,Virus Uncoating ,RNA ,Biology ,Orthomyxoviridae ,Virology ,Article ,Nucleoprotein ,03 medical and health sciences ,Microscopy, Electron ,Viral Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,Viral replication ,Ribonucleoproteins ,Transcription (biology) ,Viral entry ,Structural Biology ,Biophysics ,RNA, Viral ,Ribonucleoprotein - Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of influenza viruses are composed of multiple copies of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) that can form filamentous supra-structures. RNPs package distinct viral genomic RNA segments of different lengths into pleomorphic influenza virions. RNPs also function in viral RNA transcription and replication. Different RNP segments have varying lengths, but all must be incorporated into virions during assembly and then released during viral entry for productive infection cycles. RNP structures serve varied functions in the viral replication cycle, therefore understanding their molecular organization and flexibility is essential to understanding these functions. Here, we show using electron tomography and image analyses that isolated RNP filaments are not rigid helical structures, but instead display variations in lengths, curvatures, and even tolerated kinks and local unwinding. Additionally, we observed NP rings within RNP preparations, which were commonly composed of 5, 6, or 7 NP molecules and were of similar widths to filaments, suggesting plasticity in NP-NP interactions mediate RNP structural polymorphism. To demonstrate that NP alone could generate rings of variable oligomeric state, we performed 2D single particle image analysis on recombinant NP and found that rings of 4 and 5 protomers dominated, but rings of all compositions up to 7 were directly observed with variable frequency. This structural flexibility may be needed as RNPs carry out the interactions and conformational changes required for RNP assembly and genome packaging as well as virus uncoating.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Phenomenological and Grounded Theory Study of Women’s Experiences in Drug Court: Informing Practice Through a Gendered Lens
- Author
-
Anne Nordberg and John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,Drug court ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Single parent ,030508 substance abuse ,social sciences ,Criminology ,Single mothers ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Grounded theory ,Gender Studies ,Phenomenology (philosophy) ,Substance abuse ,03 medical and health sciences ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Law ,health care economics and organizations ,0505 law ,Qualitative research ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Drug courts have been a growing part of the criminal justice system since 1989. This qualitative study adds to the existing literature by developing an in-depth understanding of drug court from a woman’s (N = 25) perspective. Phenomenology and grounded theory guided the data collection and analysis, resulting in three themes. First, the women found the drug court team to be compassionate and empathetic, which they reported supported them in being successful in the program. Second, the majority of women reported histories of trauma and felt that the drug court could be improved by offering them more resources to treat their trauma. Third, the majority of women reported being single mothers and they shared examples of how being a single parent was a challenge to being successful in the drug court. Implications for drug court practice are discussed.
- Published
- 2017
45. Improving graduation rates in drug court: A qualitative study of participants’ lived experiences
- Author
-
Anne Nordberg, Elyse Lefebvre, and John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Drug court ,Lived experience ,05 social sciences ,030508 substance abuse ,Criminology ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Substance abuse ,Phenomenology (philosophy) ,03 medical and health sciences ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,0305 other medical science ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,Law ,0505 law ,Graduation ,Qualitative research ,Criminal justice - Abstract
For nearly three decades, drug courts have provided a rehabilitative approach within the criminal justice system for individuals who have a substance use disorder. The goal of drug courts is to reduce criminal recidivism, and research has consistently suggested that participants that graduate drug court are less likely to recidivate than those who are terminated from the program. This qualitative study adds to the literature by asking drug court participants ( N = 42) their views on the most helpful aspects of the program that support them in graduating and how the program could be more helpful to support them in graduating. Two themes emerged from the data: (1) participants felt that interventions that are common to drug courts, such as drug testing and having frequent contact with the judge, were most helpful in supporting them in graduating the program; (2) participants felt that the agencies that offered treatment for their substance use disorders used punitive tactics and judgmental approaches that compromised the quality of treatment they received, and they felt that this was a barrier to them graduating the program. The findings are discussed in reference to drug court practice.
- Published
- 2016
46. Conceptualizing addiction through the lens of a learning disorder
- Author
-
Gabrielle Riland, Ashlyn Fawley, and John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Psychotherapist ,Personal narrative ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Through-the-lens metering ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Learning disability ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,medicine.symptom ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction provides the reader with a critical analysis of addiction conveyed through the avenue of personal narrative, theoretical logic, an...
- Published
- 2018
47. Negative‐Stain Transmission Electron Microscopy of Molecular Complexes for Image Analysis by 2D Class Averaging
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher, Alexander J. Kim, Audray K. Harris, and Neetu M. Gulati
- Subjects
Macromolecular Substances ,Uranyl acetate ,Image processing ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Article ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,law ,Virology ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Molecule ,Topology (chemistry) ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Staining and Labeling ,030306 microbiology ,Resolution (electron density) ,General Medicine ,Negative stain ,chemistry ,Transmission electron microscopy ,Parasitology ,Electron microscope ,Biological system - Abstract
Negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (EM) is a technique that has provided nanometer resolution images of macromolecules for about 60 years. Developments in cryo-EM image processing have maximized the information gained from averaging large numbers of particles. These developments can now be applied back to negative-stain image analysis to ascertain domain level molecular structure (10 to 20 Å) more quickly and efficiently than possible by atomic resolution cryo-EM. Using uranyl acetate stained molecular complexes of influenza hemagglutinin bound to Fab 441D6, we describe a simple and efficient means to collect several hundred micrographs with SerialEM. Using RELION, we illustrate how tens of thousands of complexes can be auto-picked and classified to accurately describe the domain level topology of this unconventional hemagglutinin head-domain epitope. By comparing to the cryo-EM density map of the same complex, we show that questions about epitope mapping and conformational heterogeneity can readily be answered by this negative-stain method. © 2019 The Authors.
- Published
- 2019
48. A Pedagogy of Ethical Interface Production Based on Virtue Ethics
- Author
-
John R. Gallagher
- Subjects
Virtue ethics ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,Interface (Java) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Perspective (graphical) ,Rhetoric ,Pedagogy ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Production (economics) ,Social media ,Sociology ,Character traits ,Interface design ,media_common - Abstract
While digital writing and rhetoric scholars have critiqued interfaces from a design perspective and engaged speculative design, this chapter extends this work to the production of ethical interfaces through the framework of virtue ethics. The chapter offers a pedagogy of ethical interface production for instructors who teach interface design and social media rhetoric. Ethical interface production asks students to identify virtues, or character traits, they deem to be ethical and then produce multiple interfaces that seek to inculcate such habits.
- Published
- 2019
49. Immunoelectron Microscopy of Viral Antigens
- Author
-
Neetu M. Gulati, Udana Torian, John R. Gallagher, and Audray K. Harris
- Subjects
Virus Cultivation ,viruses ,Immunoelectron microscopy ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Article ,Virus ,Cell Line ,03 medical and health sciences ,Antigen ,Virology ,Animals ,Microscopy, Immunoelectron ,Antigens, Viral ,030304 developmental biology ,Viral antigens ,0303 health sciences ,Staining and Labeling ,030306 microbiology ,General Medicine ,Immunogold labelling ,Creative commons ,Negative stain ,Viruses ,Molecular virology ,Parasitology - Abstract
Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful technique for identifying viral antigens and determining their structural localization and organization within vaccines and viruses. While traditional negative staining transmission electron microscopy provides structural information, identity of components within a sample may be confounding. Immunoelectron microscopy allows for identification and visualization of antigens and their relative positions within a particulate sample. This allows for simple qualitative analysis of samples including whole virus, viral components, and viral-like particles. This article describes methods for immunogold labeling of viral antigens in a liquid suspension, with examples of immunogold-labeled influenza virus glycoproteins, and also discusses the important considerations for sample preparation and determination of morphologies. Together, these methods allow for understanding the antigenic makeup of viral particulate samples, which have important implications for molecular virology and vaccine development. © 2019 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- Published
- 2019
50. Update Culture and the Afterlife of Digital Writing
- Author
-
John R Gallagher and John R Gallagher
- Subjects
- Electronic publishing, Authors and publishers
- Abstract
Update Culture and the Afterlife of Digital Writing explores “neglected circulatory writing processes” to better understand why and how digital writers compose, revise, and deliver arguments that undergo sometimes constant revision. John R. Gallagher also looks at how digital writers respond to comments, develop a brand, and evolve their arguments—all post-publication. With the advent of easy-to-use websites, ordinary people have become internet writers, disseminating their texts to large audiences. Social media sites enable writers'audiences to communicate back to the them, instantly and often. Even professional writers work within interfaces that place comments adjacent to their text, privileging the audience's voice. Thus, writers face the prospect of attending to their writing after they deliver their initial arguments. Update Culture and the Afterlife of Digital Writing describes the conditions that encourage “published” texts to be revisited. It demonstrates—through forty case studies of Amazon reviewers, redditors, and established journalists—how writers consider the timing, attention, and management of their writing under these ever-evolving conditions. Online culture, from social media to blog posts, requires a responsiveness to readers that is rarely duplicated in print and requires writers to consistently reread, edit, and update texts, a process often invisible to readers. This book takes questions of circulation online and shows, via interviews with both writers and participatory audience members, that writing studies must contend with writing's afterlife. It will be of interest to researchers, scholars, and students of writing studies and the fields of rhetoric, communication, education, technical communication, digital writing, and social media, as well as all content creators interested in learning how to create more effective posts, comments, replies, and reviews.
- Published
- 2019
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