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The two parts of Anne Askew's Examinations (1546–47) offer a first-hand retrospective narrative of the interrogation, condemnation, and execution of a woman who ran afoul of English clerical and se...

This study of the intimate engagement of Martin Luther (and his followers) with the printing and publication of books as tools for disseminating reformed religious ideas, Bible translation, and ins...

Mid-sixteenth-century England witnessed unprecedented religio-political turmoil. Following the death of Henry VIII in 1547, the government of Edward VI fostered a controversial programme of Protestant reform by instituting public worship in the vernacular based upon Bible readings, officially authorized sermons, and rejection of transubstantiation and replacement of the Mass with celebration of Holy Communion in the form of a communal meal in accordance with the second Book of Common Prayer (1552). The government relaxed restraints on Protestant propaganda at the same time that it blocked publication of Roman Catholic books. Following King Edward’s death in 1553, Mary I reversed changes in the state religion introduced under her late father and brother. Book publication underwent contraction as the government encouraged renewed publication of Roman Catholic books. Following the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, her government restored Protestant doctrine and worship in line with the 1552 prayer book.

Attack by the white pine weevil has notably reduced Sitka spruce productivity in British Columbia (BC) (Canada) and western US. By the 1970s, the BC Ministry of Forests established provenance trials of Sitka spruce with the objective of detecting usable genetic resistance to weevil. These early trials reported significant weevil resistance and allowed the production of the first (F1) controlled-cross progeny generation with demonstrable weevil resistance (R) or susceptibility (S). This study reports results of the screening for weevil resistance and the levels of constitutive defenses of this F1 Sitka spruce progeny. Progeny from resistant parents (R × R progeny) sustained significantly fewer weevil attacks than progeny from susceptible parents (S × S progeny) or progeny with one resistant and one susceptible parent (R × S progeny). Individual and family heritability estimates of the weevil resistance were 0.5 and 0.9, respectively. Constitutive defenses, measured by resin canal and sclereid cell density in the cortex, were significantly higher in R × R progeny than in R × S or S × S progeny. We observed a negative correlation between the percentage of trees attacked in each cross and the average density of the resin canals or sclereid cells for each cross. © 2012 Institute of Chartered Foresters. All rights reserved.

Summary It has long been known that strong expressions of resistance to the white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi Peck) exist in certain Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) populations, particularly among trees originating from the Fraser Valley and the Qualicum area of British Columbia (BC). In this paper , we characterize how resistance is manifested in these known resistant populations. Specifi cally, using cloned individuals, we investigated resistant traits associated with repellency , constitutive resin canals (CRC) and sclereid or stone cells. Results indicate signifi cant population differences in the level of these traits between these two populations and susceptible populations. Fraser Valley populations had four times the sclereid density of susceptible populations. Although the Big Qualicum (East Vancouver Island) population had the same high resistance as the Haney (Fraser Valley) population, it was expressed primarily through increased CRC. Sclereid cell density had the strongest correlation to weevil attack followed by CRC. We discuss pathways by which two distinct resistant populations may have developed in this high weevil hazard region of south - west BC.

Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) and Engelmann spruce (P. engelmanni (Parry)) plantations in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, have come under serious attack from the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). This pest attacks and destroys the terminal leader of the tree, causing serious growth losses and stem deformities. Since 1993, we have conducted a series of screening trials to search for spruce with resistance to the white pine weevil. Spruce tree selections from across the range of the species have been planted in several replicated trials. At 12 of these trial sites, in order to accelerate the screening process, local insect populations were augmented by adding reared weevils to the site. Results from our two oldest trials, at Jordan River and Cowichan Lake (planted in 1994), both on Vancouver Island, B.C., indicate that screening for weevil resistance can be effectively accomplished by using the weevil population augmentation method. Consistent selections could be obtained in trials with as few as 10 replicates per family. If weevil attack rates of 50% cumulative attack are obtained, then consistent selections may be obtained in as little as 4 years, which is a fairly quick turn-around time for studying resistance in trees.

Summary Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is highly susceptible to leader damage by the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi). Population differences for resistance have been previously noted from older IUFRO provenance trials both from hybrid sources (the natural hybrids of Sitka and white spruce), but also in populations of pure Sitka from dryer ecological zones. It was postulated that this resistance might be common within this high hazard ‘dry’ zone because of potentially higher selection pressures from increased weevil density. Results from a population transect of this zone, established as an openpollinated progeny/provenance trial, show that resistance is not broadly based but is centred about one of the original IUFRO resistant sources. Although hazard-zone differences were significant, sources within zone, had the strongest effect in our model; particularly evident was a strongly defined population effect around the original IUFRO source. Heritability estimates for resistance were also affected by this strong source population effect.

Seedlings from 18 provenances along a coast-interior transect in the Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss introgression zone in northwestern British Columbia were mechanically wounded at the beginning of their third growing season to simulate natural attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). Constitutive resin canals (CRC) in the cortex and traumatic resin canals (TRC) in the xylem of terminal shoots were characterized microscopically 4 months after wounding. Wounding resulted in a large increase in CRC size and in TRC number and density. Provenances differed significantly in TRC number and in CRC number, size, total area, and the proportion of total bark area occupied by CRC. CRC number and size, TRC number, and provenance weevil resistance (obtained from previously published data) increased with increasing latitude, elevation, and distance from the Pacific Ocean (i.e., towards the P. glauca end of the introgression zone) and decreased with increasing longitude (i.e., towards P. sitchensis). These traits also increased with aridity and continentality and decreased with most temperature, precipitation, and growing season length variables. Statistically significant multiple regression models related variation in some resin canal traits to geographic (r2 = 0.71) and climatic (r2 = 0.62) variables. Provenance mean values for weevil resistance were positively associated with predicted values for TRC number and CRC size. These results indicate that it is possible to predict locations in the introgression zone containing trees that possess desirable resin canal traits using geographic or climatic variables.

In the first independently published biography of John Milton, John Toland, a deist and controversialist active toward the end of the seventeenth century, reports that his subject was a person 'of wonderful parts, of a very sharp, biting, and satirical wit'. Having no illusions about the good taste of Milton's derisory insults, Toland jokingly admires 'flowers' of satirical wit in An Apology Against a Pamphlet Called A Modest Confutation of the Animadversions upon the Remonstrant against Smectymnuus (April r642). Condoning Milton's direction of ironic wordplay against the prelatical abuses, Toland facetiously cites the 'mark of his good will to the prelates' in the following 'unpardonable simile': '''A bishop's foot", says he, "that has all its toes (maugre the gout) and a linen sock over it, is the aptest emblem of the prelate himself; who being a pluralist, may under one surplice hide four benefices besides the great metropolitan toe, which sends a foul stench to heaven. "'I

The preaching of sermons at Paul's Cross epitomized dramatic changes in religion that took place following the accession of Edward VI as a nine-year-old boy. This is the case because the government of Edward VI continued the long-standing practice of employing this out-of-doors pulpit at St. Paul's Cathedral as a venue for sermons that disseminated and defended official doctrine. The heterogeneity of the congregations that gathered there made Paul's Cross a powerful vehicle for the manipulation of public opinion. The Protestant lords who governed England during the royal minority, first Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and Protector of the Realm, and second his successor John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland, fostered a sweeping and controversial program of Protestant reform in theological doctrine and ecclesiastical practice. It veered away from the Anglo-Catholic theology countenanced by the largely political Reformation effected by Henry VIII. Keywords: Anglo-Catholic theology; Edward Seymour; Edward VI; England; Henry VIII; John Dudley; Paul's Cross; Protestant reform

John Foxe, the martyrologist, and John Day, the Elizabethan master printer, played central roles in the emergence of literate print culture following the death of William Tyndale, translator of the New Testament and parts of the Bible into English. In so doing, Foxe and his publisher contributed to the accepted modern belief that Protestantism and early printing reinforced each other. Foxe's revision of his biography of Tyndale in the second edition of Acts and Monuments of These Latter and Perilous Days (1570) and his collaboration on Day's 1573 publication of Tyndale's collected non-translation prose place intense stress upon the trio's active involvement in the English book trade. The engagement of Foxe and Day with Tyndale's publishing career exemplifies ways in which these bookmen exploited the power of the printing press to effect religious and cultural

Phenology of budburst development of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr., measured at two sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, was under strong genetic control, with family heritability ( h 2 f ) ranging from 0.45 to 1.0, depending on phenology stage. On average, families with resistance to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), initiated and maintained a faster rate of bud development than families from susceptible parents, requiring lower heat accumulation to reach particular stages of bud development. However, a large overlap occurred, with one resistant family having a budburst phenology not significantly different from the susceptible families and some susceptible families having phenology as early as that of resistant families. It is postulated that resistance is a multicomponent trait based on different resistance mechanisms, some of which may be correlated with phenology but not others. Close observation of weevil behaviour through the season indicated that resistant families experienced reduced weevil presence, copulation and oviposition rate with respect to susceptible families.

Fall and spring frost hardiness was determined from electrolytic leakage of artificially frozen needle segments in 22 full-sib families of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) from British Columbia and Washington State representing different levels of genetic gain, and of four provenance materials (stand progenies from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and Oregon Cascades, and seed-orchard progenies from the northern Oregon Coast Range). Samples for freeze testing were collected in a 5-year-old trial at Jordan River on southwestern Vancouver Island. Height and date of bud flush were recorded in the field. Genetic gain among the full-sib families was not correlated with fall frost hardiness, but high-yielding families displayed a lower spring frost hardiness and an earlier bud flush than low-yielding families. Both fall and spring frost hardiness increased and height growth decreased with the latitude of provenances. The highest growth, earliest bud flush and lowest fall and spring frost hardiness was demonstrated by the Oregon provenances, while the lowest growth, latest bud flush and highest hardiness was found for the Queen Charlotte Islands provenance.