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Reintroductions are important components of conservation and recovery programs for rare plant species, but their long-term success rates are poorly understood. Previous reviews of plant reintroductions focused on short-term (e.g., ≤3 years) survival and flowering of founder individuals rather than on benchmarks of intergenerational persistence, such as seedling recruitment. However, short-term metrics may obscure outcomes because the unique demographic properties of reintroductions, including small size and unstable stage structure, could create lags in population growth. We used time-to-event analysis on a database of unusually well-monitored and long-term (4-28 years) reintroductions of 27 rare plant species to test whether life-history traits and population characteristics of reintroductions create time-lagged responses in seedling recruitment (i.e., recruitment time lags [RTLs]), an important benchmark of success and indicator of persistence in reintroduced populations. Recruitment time lags were highly variable among reintroductions, ranging from1 to 17 years after installation. Recruitment patterns matched predictions from life-history theory with short-lived species (fast species) exhibiting consistently shorter and less variable RTLs than long-lived species (slow species). Long RTLs occurred in long-lived herbs, especially in grasslands, whereas short RTLs occurred in short-lived subtropical woody plants and annual herbs. Across plant life histories, as reproductive adult abundance increased, RTLs decreased. Highly variable RTLs were observed in species with multiple reintroduction events, suggesting local processes are just as important as life-history strategy in determining reintroduction outcomes. Time lags in restoration outcomes highlight the need to scale success benchmarks in reintroduction monitoring programs with plant life-history strategies and the unique demographic properties of restored populations. Drawing conclusions on the long-term success of plant reintroduction programs is premature given that demographic processes in species with slow life-histories take decades to unfold.Efectos de la Historia de Vida y la Reproducción sobre las Demoras en el Tiempo de Reclutamiento en la Reintroducción de Plantas Raras Resumen Las reintroducciones son componentes importantes de los programas de conservación y recuperación de especies raras de plantas, pero las tasas de éxito a largo plazo cuentan con muy poco entendimiento. Las revisiones previas de las reintroducciones de plantas se han enfocado en la supervivencia a corto plazo (p. ej.: ≤ 3 años) y en el florecimiento de individuos fundadores en lugar de enfocarse en puntos de referencia para la persistencia inter-generacional, como el reclutamiento de plántulas. Sin embargo, las medidas a corto plazo pueden ocultar los resultados ya que las propiedades demográficas únicas de las reintroducciones, incluyendo el menor tamaño y la estructura inestable de estadio, podrían crear demoras en el crecimiento poblacional. Usamos un análisis de tiempo-para-evento en una base de datos de reintroducciones inusualmente bien monitoreadas y de largo plazo (4-28 años) de 27 especies raras de plantas para probar si los atributos de la historia de vida y las características poblacionales de la reintroducción crean respuestas con demoras temporales en el reclutamiento de plántulas (es decir, demoras temporales en el reclutamiento), un punto de referencia importante para el éxito y un indicador de la persistencia en poblaciones reintroducidas. Las demoras temporales de reclutamiento (RTLs, en inglés) fueron muy variables entre las reintroducciones, abarcando desde1 hasta 17 años después de la instalación. Los patrones de reclutamiento se acoplaron a las predicciones de la teoría de historias de vida, donde las especies de vida corta (especies rápidas) exhibieron RTLs consistentemente más cortas y menos variables que las especies de vida larga (especies lentas). Las RTLs largas ocurrieron en hierbas de vida larga, especialmente en los pastizales, mientras que las RTLs cortas ocurrieron en plantas leñosas subtropicales de vida corta y en hierbas anuales. En todas las historias de vida de las plantas, conforme incrementó la abundancia de adultos reproductivos, las RTLs disminuyeron. Se observaron RTLs altamente variables en las especies con eventos de reintroducción múltiples, lo que sugiere que los procesos locales son igual de importantes que la estrategia de historia de vida para determinar los resultados de las reintroducciones. Las demoras temporales en los resultados de restauración resaltan la necesidad de poner a escala los puntos de referencia de éxito en los programas de monitoreo de reintroducciones que tengan estrategias de historia de vida de las plantas y las propiedades demográficas únicas de las poblaciones restauradas. La obtención de conclusiones sobre el éxito a largo plazo de los programas de reintroducción de plantas es algo prematuro ya que los procesos demográficos de especies con historias de vida lentas tardan décadas en desarrollarse.重引入是稀有植物保护和恢复计划的一个重要组成部分, 但其长期的成功率仍不得而知。对植物重引入已有的综述主要关注引入个体短期 (如三年内) 的存活和开花情况, 而不是以其跨代续存 (如幼苗更新) 为基准。然而, 短期指标可能会掩盖真实结果, 因为重引入物种有独特的种群统计特征, 包括小种群和不稳定的阶段结构, 可能导致种群增长存在滞后。我们用时间-事件分析法, 对开展了非常好的监测的 27 种长期 (4 - 28年) 重引入植物的监测数据进行分析, 检验了重引入物种的生活史特性和种群特征是否会导致幼苗更新存在时间滞后响应 (即更新时滞) , 这是重引入成功与否的重要基准, 也是重引入种群续存的一项指标。不同的重引入物种更新时滞 (recruitment time lags, RTL) 差异很大, 变化范围从栽种后不到一年到长达十七年。更新模式与生活史理论预测结果相吻合, 即相比于寿命长 (生长慢) 的物种, 寿命短 (生长快) 的物种RTL都更短、变异也更小。寿命长的草本植物RTL长, 特别是草原上的物种, 而寿命短的亚热带木本植物及一年生草本植物RTL则较短。在植物整个生活史中, RTL随着可繁殖成体的数量增加而下降。有多次重引入事件的物种RTL变异较大, 这表明局部过程与生活史策略在决定重引入结果上同等重要。恢复结果时滞效应的存在强调了利用恢复种群的植物生活史策略及特殊的种群统计特征来衡量重引入监测项目成功与否的必要性。鉴于生活史慢的物种可能需要几十年的时间来完成种群统计过程, 对植物重引入项目的长期成功下定论尚为时过早。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

The US Department of Defense is taking proactive steps to conserve rare species that occur primarily on lands under its stewardship, including Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) F.J. Herm. (Sandhills milkvetch; Fabaceae). We completed a series of evaluations to determine effective means of germinating and propagating A. michauxii . We collected A. michauxii seed from Fort Bragg, an Army Installation located in the Sandhills ecoregion of North Carolina. While previous work described a germination protocol and suggested the presence of chemical dormancy, we determined that A. michauxii possesses only physical dormancy, which can be successfully broken by mechanical scarification yielding a 94% germination rate. We also developed an effective method for large-scale propagation of A. michauxii by directly sowing seed into media, rather than transplanting seedlings from Petri plates. This method resulted in an emergence rate comparable to the observed germination rate and a 69% survivorship of seedlings ex situ . Our simplified germination and propagation protocols can effectively be used to provide individual plants for use in reintroduction and restoration.

The ability to propagate and successfully reintroduce rare plant species is an important component in the conservation biologist's toolbox. Unfortunately for many species, propagation methods and details about the species' life histories, which can potentially inform reintroduction efforts, are often unknown. We describe for the first time the pseudoannual life cycle of rough-leaved loosestrife (Lysimachia asperulifolia Poiret [Primulaceae]) and techniques that we have used to vegetatively propagate and reintroduce this federally endangered species endemic to the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. Using simulated dormancy and controlled soil temperatures, we increased the number of collected viable rhizomes by approximately 76% over one growing season. At two translocation sites, stem numbers increased an average of 318 ± 145 SD % in five of seven test plots between 2004 and 2010. Using dormant-season–harvested rhizomes and/or reducing competition prior to transplanting via mowing or u...

Knowledge of plant mating system attributes is essential to the conservation of endangered species. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional consequences and conservation implications of protandry, andromonoecy, and mating patterns in the critically endangered and clonal plant, Ptilimnium nodosum. We conducted intra- and interfloral phenological observations to quantify opportunities for geitonogamy and calculated floral sex ratios of sequentially blooming umbel orders. We also provide information on P. nodosum's mating system. Flowers are self-compatible, but strong intrafloral protandry precludes autonomous selfing (< 1% seed set). Weak interfloral protandry combined with vegetative reproduction, however, provided multiple opportunities for geitonogamy which characteristically decreased with umbel order. Although low, mean seed set was comparable among open pollinated (25%), manually outcrossed (26%), and geitonogamously selfed (21%) pollination treatments, suggesting a mixed-mat...

In medicine, all is in change around us. For those physicians in primary care, there has been a shift in focus from inpatient to outpatient, from disease to wellness and in the inclusion of prevention and cure and to look at all dimensions of human condition when seeking remedies. The new sciences lead the physician to practice from a base of multiple perspectives. This article underscores paradigm shifts, their causes and consequences, and how these changes have led to a new paradigm in thinking in primary care.

The family physician has the opportunity to aid families in attaining maximal health for their children. The developmental dynamics of children allows the physician to utilize his full armamentarium in providing prevention. acute and chronic illness care, as well as the social and behavioral needs of the child and family. Health practices developed by young families have the potential to be carried through generations. In addition the commitment to their children’s health is frequently an avenue to improve the health of parents and even the extended family.

During a 1979 outbreak of poliomyelitis in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, we investigated the neccessity for and the response to booster vaccination of hospital personnel. The immune response of hospital employees who received booster injections of Salk vaccine (n=38) was compared with that of residents in the surrounding community who received Sabin trivalent OPV boosters (n=43). Serum neutralizing antibody titers to the three polio serotypes were measured before and after booster immunization. Results indicated that 38% of the subjects in both groups had low initial antibody titers. Salk vaccine was in all circumstances as effective or better than Sabin vaccine in increasing neutralizing IgG antibody titers [Infect Control 1981; 2(5):377-379.]

A neonate developed disseminated candidiasis with osteomyelitis and ventriculomeningitis. She lived following treatment with amphotericin B. The infection was probably introduced by an indwelling umbilical vein catheter.

The morphological diversity of the North American component of Trisetum spicatum was analyzed in an attempt to resolve taxonomic problems associated with inconsistent infraspecific treatments. Three-hundred and fifty specimens representing the North American distribution were measured for 33 morphological characters and the data were analyzed phenetically. The morpho- logical data reveal extreme variation within the species and do not support the recognition of infraspecific taxa or the elevation of the hexaploids to specific rank. Trisetum spicatum (L.) K. Richter s.l. (subfam

THE PURPOSE of this communication is to call attention to the occurrence of hypoglycemia in infants with moderate or severe erythroblastosis fetalis. This observation has been reported previously 1-3 but we believe that it has not received sufficient attention. Infants severely affected with erythroblastosis fetalis often have symptoms of apnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis, limpness, poor feeding, and tremors. These symptoms, while nonspecific, are also commonly found in neonatal hypoglycemia. 4 Since we adopted a liberal policy of doing blood glucose determinations in the nursery for any of the above symptoms, we have encountered three cases of hypoglycemia in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis due to Rhesus factor (Rh) incompatibility. The clinical details of these cases are summarized below and the Figure summarizes the course of the blood glucose concentrations observed. Report of Cases Case1.—A 3,030 gm (6 lb 10½ oz) girl was born to a 24-year-old, gravida 3, para 2

Eight of 16 newborn infants dying after varying periods of artificial ventilation had starch granules in their lungs. In seven of the eight, a cellular reaction was present with starch granules within macrophages or giant cells in four of these cases. Duration on the respirator did not correlate with the presence of starch. The granules were probably introduced into the lungs from sterile powdered gloves during tracheal toilet. No fibrosis or granulomas were observed in this series, although they have been reported in other anatomic sites. Although the clinical significance of these findings is uncertain, surgical glove powder is a foreign substance, and care should be taken to exclude it from the lungs of newborn infants.