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Background It is recommended to perform multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the follow-up following focal therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI to detect residual PCa following focal therapy with irreversible electroporation. Design, setting, and participants Seventy-six patients with biopsy-proven localized PCa consented for primary irreversible electroporation between February 2013 and March 2016. Final analysis was performed on 50 patients that received follow-up mpMRI at 6 mo, serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and transperineal template-mapping biopsies at 12 mo. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Outfield regions of interest (ROI) were reported using PI-RADS version 2. A binary outcome (suspicious vs nonsuspicious) was given for the infield ablation zone. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were calculated for different definitions of significant PCa: (1) Gleason ≥4+3 or Gleason ≥3+3 with a maximum cancer core length ≥6mm, (2) Gleason ≥3+4 or Gleason ≥3+3 with a maximum cancer core length ≥4mm, for outfield and infield ROI. Multivariate linear regression analyses evaluated the additional value of nadir PSA. Results and limitations Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of infield ROI was 43%, 86%, 33%, and 90% for definition 1 and 38%, 86%, 33%, and 88% for definition 2, respectively. For outfield ROI this was 33%, 82%, 20%, and 90% for definition 1 and 38%, 86%, 50%, and 80% for definition 2. PSA had no additional value in predicting residual significant PCa. Limitations include retrospective design, single reader, and low incidence of residual PCa. Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that mpMRI can rule out high-volume residual PCa. However, follow-up biopsies should still be performed to determine oncological control. Patient summary Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is able to detect high-volume significant prostate cancer following focal therapy. Prostate biopsies are still required in the follow-up of focal therapy as (low-volume) significant prostate cancer is being missed by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) to detect intermediate-grade intra-prostatic prostate cancer (PCa), and to determine if PSMA-PET improves the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Patients and Methods: A total of 56 consecutive patients with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2–3 PCa after radical prostatectomy, who underwent both mpMRI and PSMA-PET CT (hereafter PSMA-PET) preoperatively, were enrolled in this study. The accuracy of PSMA-PET, mpMRI alone, and the two procedures in combination was analysed for identifying ISUP grades 1–3 within a 12-segment model. The accuracy of a combined predictive model (PSMA-PET and mpMRI) was determined. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for PSMA-PET in discriminating between ISUP grades 1 and ≥2 was performed. Results: On a per-patient basis, the sensitivities for PSMA-PET and mpMRI in identifying ISUP grades 2–3 PCa were 100% and 97%, respectively. Assessing ISUP grade ≥2 PCa using a 12-segment analysis, PSMA-PET demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve), sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV), with values of 0.91, 88%, 93%, 95% and 85%, respectively, than did mpMRI (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] 3–5), at 0.79, 68%, 91%, 87%, and 75%, respectively. When used in combination (PSMA-PET and mpMRI PIRADS 4–5), sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were 92%, 90%, 96% and 81%, respectively. The sensitivity for both techniques reduced markedly when assessing ISUP grade 1 PCa (18% for PSMA-PET, 10% for mpMRI). An SUVmax value of 3.95 resulted in 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusion: PSMA-PET is accurate in detecting segments containing intermediate-grade intra-prostatic PCa (ISUP grade ≥ 2), compared with and complementary to mpMRI. By contrast the detection rate for ISUP grade 1 disease for both PSMA-PET and mpMRI was low.

Ilan Gielchinsky,1,2 Matthijs J Scheltema,1 Thomas Cusick,1 John Chang,1,2 Ron Shnier,3,4 Daniel Moses,4,5 Warick Delprado,4,6 Quoc Nguyen,1 Carlo Yuen,4,7 Anne-Maree Haynes,1 Phillip D Stricker1,2,4,7 1Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; 2St Vincent’s Prostate Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; 3Southern Radiology, Randwick, NSW, Australia; 4School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; 5Spectrum Radiology, Randwick, NSW, Australia; 6Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia; 7St Vincent’s Clinic, Sydney, NSW, Australia Introduction: Three percent of all new diagnosed prostate cancer (PC) patients are under the age of 50. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is considered as increasingly powerful tool for decision-making in diagnosis of PC and in some active surveillance protocols. Since prostate architecture changes with age, we evaluated the sensitivity of mpMRI to detect clinically significant PC in patients under the age of 50 compared to pair-matched older patients. Methods: Data from a prospective collected and ethics approved database were retrospectively analyzed. We reviewed 1,395 records of PC patients from the years 2012–2017, identifying those under the age of 50 who had radical prostatectomy as primary treatment, a pre-operative mpMRI, a full clinical data set and who had clinically significant cancer (N=51). Tumor size and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score pair-matching was performed for patients older than 55 years. Clinically significant cancer was defined as ISUP >2 or ISUP 2 with >5% Gleason 4. The sensitivity to detect clinically significant cancer with mpMRI was calculated using pre-operative Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score and whole-gland final pathology. Results: The median patient age in the young and older groups was 47 and 62, respectively. Both cohorts matched significantly regarding tumor volume (P=0.91) and ISUP score (P=1.0). The median PI-RADS score for the young group was 3, and 4 for the older group. The sensitivity for mpMRI, for PI-RADS 3,4 and 5 was 80.3% (95% CI 66.8%–90.1%) in the young group and 84.3% in the older group (95% CI 71.4%–92.9%), demonstrating no statistically significant difference (P=0.603). Sensitivity of mpMRI for PI-RADS 4,5 was 49.0% (95% CI 34.7%–63.4%) for the young group and 72.5% (95% CI 58.2%–84.1%) for the older group, which differ significantly (P=0.014). Conclusions: mpMRI may have a reduced sensitivity for detecting clinically significant PC in patients under the age of 50 for PI-RADS score 4,5 lesions. Many significant PC lesions were reported as PI-RADS 3 under the age of 50. We recommend that increased significance is placed on PI-RADS 3 lesions found in patients under the age of 50. Keywords: mpMRI, prostate cancer, young, sensitivity

To evaluate the ability of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) to detect intermediate-grade intra-prostatic prostate cancer (PCa), and to determine if PSMA-PET improves the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI).A total of 56 consecutive patients with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2-3 PCa after radical prostatectomy, who underwent both mpMRI and PSMA-PET CT (hereafter PSMA-PET) preoperatively, were enrolled in this study. The accuracy of PSMA-PET, mpMRI alone, and the two procedures in combination was analysed for identifying ISUP grades 1-3 within a 12-segment model. The accuracy of a combined predictive model (PSMA-PET and mpMRI) was determined. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal standardized uptake value (SUVOn a per-patient basis, the sensitivities for PSMA-PET and mpMRI in identifying ISUP grades 2-3 PCa were 100% and 97%, respectively. Assessing ISUP grade ≥2 PCa using a 12-segment analysis, PSMA-PET demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve), sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV), with values of 0.91, 88%, 93%, 95% and 85%, respectively, than did mpMRI (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] 3-5), at 0.79, 68%, 91%, 87%, and 75%, respectively. When used in combination (PSMA-PET and mpMRI PIRADS 4-5), sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were 92%, 90%, 96% and 81%, respectively. The sensitivity for both techniques reduced markedly when assessing ISUP grade 1 PCa (18% for PSMA-PET, 10% for mpMRI). An SUVPSMA-PET is accurate in detecting segments containing intermediate-grade intra-prostatic PCa (ISUP grade ≥ 2), compared with and complementary to mpMRI. By contrast the detection rate for ISUP grade 1 disease for both PSMA-PET and mpMRI was low.

Context Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) is often prescribed to reduce the severity of postprostatectomy incontinence. Objective Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence regarding the effect of preoperative PFME on postoperative urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. Evidence acquisition A systematic search was performed of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, and all potential articles from references in relevant articles on 4 October 2014. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Identified reports were critically appraised for quality and relevance. Only studies of preoperative PFME compared with no preoperative PFME were included. Evidence synthesis Eleven studies were included based on the selection criteria. The total number of patients included in the final analysis was 739. In seven studies, sufficient quantitative data on postoperative incontinence were available for meta-analysis. At 1 mo, there was no difference in continence rates between the groups (odds ratio [OR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45–1.03). At 3 mo, there was 36% improvement in the preoperative PFME group (OR: 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.88). At 6 mo, there was no difference between groups (OR: 0.60; 95% CI, 0.32–1.15). When examining quality of life measures, four of seven studies demonstrated significant improvement in the preoperative PFME group at 3 mo, and two of these studies demonstrated significant differences at 6 mo. Conclusions Preoperative PFME improves postoperative urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy at 3 mo but not at 6 mo, suggesting it improves early continence but not long-term continence rates. Patient summary We reviewed all evidence for preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) in treating urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. We found evidence to suggest that preoperative PFME improves early continence rates but not long-term continence rates.

Annual Meeting of the Western-Section of the American-Urological-Association (AUA) -- AUG 06-10, 2017 -- Vancouver, CANADA WOS: 000444189400004 PubMed ID: 30211680 PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the genitourinary function and quality of life (QoL) following the ablation of different prostate segments with irreversible electroporation (IRE) for localized prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Sixty patients who received primary focal IRE for organ-confined PCa were recruited for this study. Patients were evaluated for genitourinary function and QoL per prostate segment treated (anterior vs. posterior, apex vs. base vs. apex-to-base, unilateral vs. bilateral). IRE system settings and patient characteristics were compared between patients with preserved vs. those with impaired erectile function and urinary continence. Data were prospectively collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months using the expanded prostate cancer index composite, American Urological Association symptom score, SF-12 physical and mental component summary surveys. Difference over time within segments per questionnaire was evaluated using the Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Outcome differences between segments were assessed using covariance models. Baseline measurements included questionnaire scores, age, and prostate volume. RESULTS There were no statistically significant changes over time for overall urinary (P = 0.07-0.89), bowel (P = 0.06-0.79), physical (P = 0.18-0.71) and mental (P = 0.45-0.94) QoL scores within each segment. Deterioration of sexual function scores was observed at 6 months within each segment (P = 0.001-0.16). There were no statistically significant differences in QoL scores between prostate segments (P = 0.08-0.97). Older patients or those with poor baseline sexual function at time of treatment were associated with a greater risk of developing erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION IRE is a feasible modality for all prostate segments without any significantly different effect on the QoL outcomes. Older patients and those with poor sexual function need to be counseled regarding the risk of erectile dysfunction. American Urological Association, Western Sect Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-NSW; St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Centre The Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-NSW and the St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Centre funded this research project.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of prostate cancer (PCa) in 432 consecutive patients aged < 50 years in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on all patients with PCa (14 570) from the years 1994 to 2017. A total of 432 consecutive patients aged < 50 years were identified. The patients were stratified by D'Amico risk groups, and their clinical presentation and treatment outcomes were analysed. The rates of biochemical recurrence after surgery were compared with the D'Amico prediction model as well as with older propensity-score-matched patients. The surgical pathology results in patients undergoing active surveillance (AS) were compared with those of low-risk patients who underwent immediate surgery. Results: A total of 44%, 42% and 13% of patients harboured low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk PCa, respectively. Their median age was 47 years and a positive family history of PCa was reported in 39.1%. Clinical stage was T1 in 65.5% and T2 in 30.0% of patients, and 2.0% of patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Radical prostatectomy (RP) was performed in 78.4% of patients (n = 339) and the biochemical recurrence rates were 7.8% (low-risk), 15.3% (intermediate-risk) and 23.3% (high-risk) at 5 years post-surgery. These rates were lower than expected according to the D'Amico prediction model or when compared with older matched patients. A total of 74 patients with low-risk PCa underwent AS and only 17.6% (n = 13) required radical treatment after a median follow-up of 46 months. The surgical pathology results in patients undergoing ASdid not differ significantly from patients with low-risk PCa who underwent immediate surgery (positive surgical margins [P = 0.145], tumour volume [P = 0.257] or seminal vesicle involvement [P = 0.100]). Of the present cohort, only 0.4% died from PCa during a median follow-up of 65 months. Conclusions: The clinical presentation and prognosis of young patients has changed dramatically during the PSA era. Patients nowadays present with lower-risk disease that can be treated adequately, with reassuring biochemical recurrence rates at 5 years post-surgery. AS appears to be safe in patients with low-risk. PCa.

Purpose The design, conduct and completion of randomized trials for curative prostate cancer (PCa) treatments are challenging. To evaluate the effect of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) versus focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) on patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and early oncological control using propensity-scored matching. Methods Patients with T1c–cT2b significant PCa (high-volume ISUP 1 or any 2/3) who received unifocal IRE were pair-matched to patients who received nerve-sparing RARP. Patient-reported outcomes were prospectively assessed using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), AUA symptom score and Short Form of Health Survey (SF-12) physical and mental components. Oncological failure was defined as biochemical recurrence (RARP) or positive follow-up biopsies (IRE). Generalized mixed-effect models were used to compare IRE and RARP. Results 50 IRE patients were matched to 50 RARP patients by propensity score. IRE was significantly superior to RARP in preserving pad-free continence (UC) and erections sufficient for intercourse (ESI). The absolute differences were 44, 21, 13, 14% for UC and 32, 46, 27, 22% for ESI at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The EPIC summary scores showed no statistically significant differences. Urinary symptoms were reduced for IRE and RARP patients at 12 months, although IRE patient initially had more complaints. IRE patients experienced more early oncological failure than RARP patients. Conclusions These data demonstrated the superior preservation of UC and ESI with IRE compared to RARP up to 12 months after treatment. Long-term oncological data are warranted to provide ultimate proof for or against focal therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00345-018-2281-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.