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Prior to Arrow Park`s participating in any of Wisconsin Power and Light`s (WP and L) Bright Ideas for Business conservation programs, Arrow Park`s steam operation consisted of two boilers, each rated for 500 BHP. The boiler staged for primary operation had dual-fuel capabilities but was primarily fueled by natural gas. The boiler staged for secondary operation was oil-fired and very inefficient. In 1988, Arrow Park used 180,050 therms of natural gas and 40,000 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil. At that time, Arrow Park was on an interruptible gas transportation rate and had been on an interruptible gas rate since 1961 and been transporting since October of 1987. Therefore, the majority of their fuel oil usage occurred as the result of operating on fuel oil during natural gas interruptions. The bulk of their gas usage was used to power the boiler operation which was fairly efficient in the winter when space heating loads were high; but very inefficient in the summer due to the small amount of process load. Exacerbating the problem was the fact that the process loads were located a long distance from the existing 500 BHP boiler being used to supply them. Concurrently in 1988, WP andmore » L introduced its Bright Ideas for Business Shared Savings financing program. The basic concept of this program is to encourage customers to implement energy saving projects by providing low interest funding for them. By financing these projects, WP and L avoids or delays the even greater expense associated with constructing either new power plants or extending natural gas pipelines. This paper describes the energy conservation measures that were installed in the plant, the energy savings, and the environmental gains.« less

A Miniature Mass Spectrometer (MMS) with an array detector has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The spectrometer has a focal plane geometry, and an array detector that can measure the intensities of different masses simultaneously after their separation along the focal plane. In the past, the large mass, size and the lack of an array detector with high gain (such as an electron multiplier) did not allow the application of focal plane mass spectrometer to the measurement that required high sensitivity and portability. In the JPL developed-MMS, miniaturization has been accomplished by using rare earth magnet material and novelties in the design of the magnetic and electric sectors. A new ion detector was developed for the measurement of the intensities of different mass ions. The array detector is based on the conversion sequence of ions into electrons into photons and their final measurement by a photon array detector. MMS possesses high sensitivity, specificity, and fast response time and can be used as a universal chemical analyzer. It will find application in a variety of Home Defense tasks. MMS is presently being applied for the detection of propellants (hydrazine and its derivatives). The instrument will have a mass of 1-2 kg and consume a power of 2-4 W for operation

It was to her [Flora Mayor, the sister of Houseman’s Clifton housemaster], rather than to my Mayfair friends, that I brought the manuscript of The Plains and, on the following Sunday, under the trees of Richmond Park, received her approval.1 She added (and she hoped I would not mind) that she had sent it on to her own publishers, Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press. I was appalled.

This paper describes the overall operation of a 15 cm dia. fluidized-bed reactor for silicon production via silane pyrolysis. The fluidized bed reactor has been characterized by its performance data and parametric effects. A withdrawal system is used to selectively remove big particles. Seed generation is provided by a fluid jet milling device, which avoids metallic grinding contamination. The silicon particle size growth calculated from a scavenging/deposition model agrees with actual size measurements.

NO DIRECT calorimetric measurements of the enthalpy changes upon vaporization of mixtures of n-butane and n-decane appear to be available. However, the enthalpy change upon vaporization of n-butane has been measured at temperatures between 70" and 250°F. (13) and of n-decane at temperatures between 160" and 340°F. ( 2 ) . The volumetric behavior of the liquid phase of the n-butane-decane system has been investigated a t pressures up to 10,000 p.s.i.a. in the temperature interval between 100" and 460" F. ( 1 1 ) . Recently, the phase behavior of this system was studied a t temperatures between 160" and 460" F. ( 1 0 ) . Furthermore, measurements of the volumetric and phase behavior of n-butane (6) and of n-decane (9) have been made throughout the temperature interval between 100" and 460°F. These volumetric and phase behavior measurements serve to delineate the characteristics of the system in sufficient detail to permit resolution of the calorimetric data in terms of the changes in enthalpy between the phases. As a result of the absence of direct calorimetric measurements of the change in enthalpies upon vaporization in the n-butane-n-decane system, such measurements were made throughout the greater part of the composition interval at temperatures between 100" and 340" F.

The propellant spray resulting from the impingement of liquid jets of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide has been studied at atmospheric pressure by means of streak photography. The streak photographs show periodic small explosions that originate near the impingement point and propagate through the propellant spray at velocities of 3000 to 5000 fps, consuming all propellant droplets over a distance of up to 6 in. Typical streak photographs are presented. The frequency of the explosions or pops ranged up to several hundred cps, and could be controlled by varying the contact time in the liquid phase. Below a minimum threshold contact time, popping did not take place. At high values of contact time, the popping rate was controlled by the transit time of the free jet before impingement. Flashing of the oxidizer prior to impingement prevented popping under certain conditions. It is postulated that popping is initiated by liquid phase reactions. A mechanism for the occurrence of popping and its relation to reactive stream separation is suggested.

JOHN HOUSEMAN has been writer, director, and producer in theater, TV, radio, and motion pictures. The films he has produced include The Blue Dahlia, They Live by Night, A Letter from an Unknown Woman, The Bad and the Beautiful, and Julius Caesar. The plays he has directed on Broadway include Four Saints in Three Acts, Valley Forge, The Devil and Daniel Webster, Hamlet, Lute Song, and, most recently, King Lear. He was cofounder with Orson Welles of the Mercury Theater, and has taught drama at Vassar and Barnard colleges. Mr. Houseman is currently producing Executive Suite.

JOHN HOUSEMAN, who shared with Orson Welles in the creation of the Mercury Theater, has directed plays on Broadway, and produced and directed television and radio programs. On leave of absence from his post as a producer at MGM, he is to be associated this summer in the management of the Shakespearean Theater at Stratford, Conn. Mr. Houseman prepared this paper for the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colo., last summer.

Experimental study of several sampling tube and probe material compositions and designs aimed at preventing nitric oxide reduction when sampling nitric oxide from combustion gases. A 250,000 Btu/h furnace fired with technical grade methane was used for testing the sampling probes over a wide range of air-fuel mixtures. The results obtained include the finding that the use of stainless steel in probes creates inaccuracies in near-stoichiometric and fuel-rich sampling in hydrocarbon flames. For very fuel-rich flames, water cooling is needed even in quartz probes to prevent significant reduction of nitric oxide.

Then we witness the fascinating and shocking spectacle of a nation's most pressing fears and secret desires publicly exhibited in whatever art form happens, at the moment, to be the most immediately accessible to the largest mass of its people. Today this art form is the Hollywood-made motion picture. I have argued elsewhere against the notion that Hollywood enjoys any real free-will in the choice of its subjects. The best it can do, in the general run of its product, is to reflect as honestly and competently as it can the interests and anxieties of its hundred million customers. That this reflection is at the

Optimum penetration and separation mixing of unlike doublet injector element with hypergolic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide propellants

JOHN HOUSEMAN, co-founder with Orson Welles of the Mercury Theater, divides his time between producing motion pictures in Hollywood and directing plays on Broadway. Producer of The Blue Dalia, he recently completed Your Red Wagon for RKO, and is now producing Letters From an Unknown Woman at Universal-International. He is also president of Pelican Productions, and a director of the Coronet Theater.

This paper presents the concept of gasified diesel fuel as a potential solution to the diesel engine emissions problem, especially the particulates. The concept employs two-stage combustion. Results of the analysis indicate up to 10 percent improvement in overall system efficiency over conventional diesel engines. Experiments on a catalytic gasifier show that complete gasification of diesel fuel is possible without soot or particulate formation.

The concept of using two-stage combustion in a spark ignition engine has been tested in a single cylinder CFR engine. The engine was operated over an equivalence ratio range of 1.5 to 2.2 to evaluate the first stage of combustion. The product gas was analyzed for H/sub 2/, CO, CO/sub 2/, and hydrocarbons. An atmospheric burner was operated with gasoline over the same equivalence ratio range of 1.5 to 2.2, and the resulting product gases were then burned in the CFR engine to test the second stage of combustion. Emissions of NO/sub x/, HC and CO of 0.1, 0.1, and 5 gm/IHP-hr were measured respectively. The engine indicated efficiency for the two-stage mode was essentially the same as for the single-stage mode.

This paper presents the concept of methanol decomposition using engine exhaust heat, and examines its potential for use in the operation of passenger cars, diesel trucks, and diesel-electric locomotives. Energy economy improvements of 10-20% are calculated over the representative driving cycles without a net loss in power. Some reductions in exhaust emissions are also projected.

The first engine dynamometer test results are presented for a modified fuel system based on hydrogen enrichment for a V-8 I.C. engine. The hydrogen is produced in a compact onboard generator from gasoline and air. Relative to the stock 1973 350 CID engine, an approximate 10 percent reduction in brake specific fuel consumption was measured over the entire level road load speed range. For the same condition, NO x emissions were reduced to below the equivalent 1977 EPA Standards.