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Background and aims: We explored the hypothesis that low soil water-holding capacity is the main factor driving the monodominance of Brosimum rubescens in a monodominant forest in Southern Amazonia. Tropical monodominant forests are rare ecosystems with low diversity and high dominance of a single tree species. The causes of this atypical condition are still poorly understood. Some studies have shown a relationship between monodominance and waterlogging or soil attributes, while others have concluded that edaphic factors have little or no explanatory value, but none has accounted for soil-moisture variation other than waterlogging. This study is the first to explicitly explore how low soil water-holding capacity influences the monodominance of tropical forests. Methods: We conducted in situ measurements of vertical soil moisture using electrical resistance collected over 1 year at 0–5; 35–40 and 75–80 cm depths in a B. rubescens monodominant forest and in an adjacent mixed-species forest in the Amazon-Cerrado transition zone, Brazil. Minimum leaf water potential (Ψmin) of the seven most common species, including B. rubescens, and soil water-holding capacity for both forests were determined. Results: The vertical soil moisture decay pattern was similar in both forests for all depths. However, the slightly higher water availability in the monodominant forest and Ψmin similarity between B. rubescens and nearby mixed forest species indicate that low water-availability does not cause the monodominance. Conclusions: We reject the hypothesis that monodominance of B. rubescens is primarily determined by low soil water-holding capacity, reinforcing the idea that monodominance in tropical forests is not determined by a single factor.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:17:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Predispersal seed predation is one of the main causes of seed mortality in plant populations, contributing to decreased plant recruitment. Seed loss has previously been found to be related to crop size. Thus, we examined the influence of individual crop size on predispersal seed predation by beetles in the palm Syagrus flexuosa in the Brazilian savanna. The study was carried out in three tropical woodland savanna sites, where we sampled the total seed crop of 46 fruiting palms and checked the presence of beetle larvae inside all seeds per plant. We observed predispersal seed predation of S. flexuosa from all sites and a high variation in the number of seeds preyed on per individual palm. Crop size had a positive influence on the number of seeds lost to predispersal seed predators. Variations in levels of predispersal seed predation may also be accounted for by the reproductive phenology of S. flexuosa. If fruits are not available at the same time, less resource is available for predators and therefore a high proportion of seeds may be preyed on. Thus, our study demonstrates that an individual plant trait, crop size, is an important predictor of beetle seed damage per palm and a driver of the number of seeds lost to predispersal seed predators. Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Sorocaba Universidade Católica de Brasília Programa de Educação Ambiental Ͽ PEA Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia

Background: Species composition of plant communities is shaped by the interplay between dispersal limitation, environmental filters and stochastic events.Aims: The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering on tree recruitment. To accomplish this, we employed the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography to examine migration within the metacommunity, defined as a set of interacting local communities linked by the dispersal of multiple potentially interacting species.Methods: We sampled 12,975 individuals with dbh ≥ 1 cm in 26 1-ha permanent plots, including habitats of terra firme, transitional forests, várzea and campinarana, on the upper Madeira River, Brazilian Amazon.Results: Campinarana drew individuals from outside the metacommunity species pool at a mean probability of recruitment of 0.06, a much lower probability than terra firme (0.31), transitional (0.21) and várzea forests (0.22). Environmental variables, such as water table depth, soil texture and fertility, were related to differences in community assembly.Conclusions: Species abundance distribution and diversity patterns of plant assemblages in a large river landscape in the Amazon highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity that conditions beta-diversity. The high variation in recruitment probabilities from the metacommunity species pool to local communities suggests high habitat variability in the process of maintaining patterns of local diversity.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T11:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The seasonal timing of reproductive events in plants is explained by exogenous factors (i.e. climate) and endogenous characteristics. Arecaceae family is an important component of the tropical savanna flora, but the reproductive phenology of these plant species is not well understood. We aimed to: (i) test whether flowering and fruiting timing of the palms Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart., Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. and Syagrus glazioviana (Mart.) Becc. were seasonal and correlated with precipitation; and (ii) investigate if closely related species overlapped in flowering and fruiting. The study was carried out during four years in three tropical woodland savanna sites in Brazil (Cerrado). At each of the three sites, we randomly tagged 20 adult individuals of each species and monthly monitored them for reproductive phenological events. We counted the number of flowers and of fruits and we compared these data with climatic records (precipitation). To test whether the three palm species flowered and fruited uniformly throughout the year, we applied the Rayleigh Z test. We correlated total rainfall of the month with number of flowers or fruits produced using a Spearman correlation test. Flowering and fruiting timing of the species during the years and across sites were mostly aseasonal and were in general not influenced by precipitation. These palm species had synchronous flowering but did not have synchronous fruiting. Because of the year-round fruit production, S. comosa, S. flexuosa and S. glazioviana might be fundamental species to the maintenance of frugivores. The synchronized flowering is an effective means of attracting pollinators and satiating florivores, improving plant reproductive success. The shifted fruiting peaks may emphasize the role of these palms in providing food for frugivores during the year. Univ Brasilia, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Ecol, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, BR-70910970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Ecol, Rua Matao 321,Travessa 14, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Catolica Brasilia, PEA, BR-71966700 Aguas Claras, DF, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/24802-4

Th e invasion of exotic species is considered to be a major threat to the preservation of biodiversity. In the Parque Nacional de Brasilia (National Park of Brasilia), the invasive Melinis minutifl ora (molasses grass) occupies more than 10 % of the area of the park. Th e present, long-term, study compared two treatments of exposure to molasses grass: 1) fi re and 2) integrated management (fi re + herbicide sprays + manual removal). Th e aerial biomass of molasses grass in the experimental area initially represented ca. 55 % of the total aerial biomass, a percentage that apparently did not infl uence native plant species richness at this site. Fire alone was not suffi cient to control molasses grass, which attained its pre-treatment biomass values after two years. Integrated management reduced, and maintained, biomass to less than 1 % of its original value after ten years, and maintained this level throughout the study, demonstrating that it is a promising strategy for the recovery of areas invaded by molasses grass in the Cerrado. However, because of the recolonization by molasses grass, long-term monitoring eff orts are targeting outbreaks, which would require immediate intervention in order to maintain the native biological diversity of the region.

Purpose Vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis are a potential complication of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To date, the incidence of vertebral fractures during ALL treatment has not been reported. Patient and Methods We prospectively evaluated 155 children with ALL during the first 12 months of leukemia therapy. Lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs were obtained at baseline and 12 months. Vertebral bodies were assessed for incident vertebral fractures using the Genant semiquantitative method, and relevant clinical indices such as spine bone mineral density (BMD), back pain, and the presence of vertebral fractures at baseline were analyzed for association with incident vertebral fractures. Results Of the 155 children, 25 (16%; 95% CI, 11% to 23%) had a total of 61 incident vertebral fractures, of which 32 (52%) were moderate or severe. Thirteen (52%) of the 25 children with incident vertebral fractures also had fractures at baseline. Vertebral fractures at baseline increased the odds of an incident fracture at 12 months by an odds ratio of 7.3 (95% CI, 2.3 to 23.1; P = .001). In addition, for every one standard deviation reduction in spine BMD Z-score at baseline, there was 1.8-fold increased odds of incident vertebral fracture at 12 months (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7; P = .006). Conclusion Children with ALL have a high incidence of vertebral fractures after 12 months of chemotherapy, and the presence of vertebral fractures and reductions in spine BMD Z-scores at baseline are highly associated clinical features.

Caterpillar shelters provide protection against desiccation and natural enemies, whereas extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) may be an anti-herbivore adaptation that reduces herbivore abundance by attracting predators and parasites. We used a large, long-term dataset for caterpillars found in the Brazilian cerrado to examine temporal variations in the relative abundance of shelter-building caterpillars and exposed caterpillars, and to determine how much variation depends on the season and the presence of EFNs on host plants. We also compared the patterns of parasitism between sheltered and exposed caterpillars, between seasons, and between different host plants. The cerrado has a marked dry season, and its vegetation is a mixture of mostly deciduous shrubs and trees. Leaf production occurs mainly during the rainy season, and many plant species bear EFNs. Our results show that 60 % of cerrado caterpillars build shelters. These caterpillars were found to be proportionally more abundant during the dry season and less parasitized than exposed ones. The proportion of caterpillars building shelters was highest on plants with new leaves (functional EFNs), and parasitism of caterpillars on these plants was higher. Even though our study includes a taxonomically diverse suite of caterpillars that build many different types of shelter and a diverse set of plants and EFN types, our results suggest that EFNs play an important role in structuring caterpillar assemblages in the cerrado, and that the prolific use of shelters by caterpillars may be a result of their effectiveness in protecting caterpillars from natural enemies and desiccation.

Tree establishment on degraded sites has failed in many tropical areas due to invasive plants and competition with herbs. The cultivation of plants that are capable of maintaining a site can avoid the dominance of invasive species. Some native species of the genus Stylosanthes (family Fabaceae) have been reported to effectively block invasive plants off ecosystems that are under restoration in Brazil. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the influence of perennial Stylosanthes spp. on plant colonization in a rehabilitated gravel mine in the Brazilian savanna region. Half of the mining area was sown with a mixture of three perennial Styloshantes species (treatment), while half of it remained unsown (control). The line intercept method was used to sample recruited plants within the mine after five years of site rehabilitation. Results showed that 31 plant species recruited in the gravel mine: 27 in the area sown with Stylosanthes spp. and 17 in the control area. Native species contributed for 47 % of the importance value index (IVI) in the treated area and 26 % in the control area. Two invasive exotic grasses made up 31 % of the plant community IVI in the treated area and 59 % in the control area. Perennial Stylosanthes spp. were supposed to block the development of incoming plants, but their presence actually allowed the area to be colonized by 1.6-fold more plant species than the control area. Ultimately, the area covered with Stylosanthes spp. evolved into a plant community that was more diverse and less dominated by exotic species than the control area.

Summary1. In many species, density-dependent processes regulate population size through size- and neigh-bourhood-dependentmortality.2. If a kin structure exists in a particular population, mortality may be spatially clustered due toenhancedcompetitionamongrelatives.3. Demography,kinstructureandgeneticdiversity,basedon10microsatelliteloci,ofalocalpopu-lation of the Neotropical tree Caryocar brasiliense were studied for 23 years. Overall populationgrowthwasstatic(k = 1.0)duringthistime,butsometimeintervalsshowednegativegrowth.4. Mortality was spatially clustered and negatively correlated with spatial distance among pairs ofindividuals at distances lower than c. 13 m. Probability of death was related to individual geno-types,andseedlingsandjuvenileswithlowerproportionofheterozygouslocihadthehighestproba-bilityofmortality.5. Kinshipwassignificantlyrelatedtospatialdistanceamongpairsofindividualsatdistancelowerthan 10 m and kinship structure did not change along the life stages, but the inbreeding coefficientwasnotsignificantlydifferentfromzeroinadults.6. Synthesis. We hypothesize that genetic clustering in C. brasiliense dissipates over time due tomore intense competition among relatives.Thus, the kin structure in C.brasiliense ishighlyimpor-tantindeterminingmortalitypatterns,drivingthespatialpatterninplantrecruitment.Key-words: Caryocaraceae, Cerrado, ecological genetics and ecogenomics, kinship,Lefkovitch transition matrix, population dynamics, spatial cluster analysis, population geneticstructureIntroduction

Decrease in the species composition similarity of herbivore assemblages with increasing phylogenetic distance between host plants is a widespread pattern. Here we used data for caterpillars in the Brazilian Cerrado to investigate how the similarity in caterpillar species composition decreases as the taxonomic level and genetic distance (GD) of their host plants increases. In addition, we elucidate the plant taxonomic level that provides the greatest contribution to turnover in the caterpillar species composition among host taxa. Adult Lepidoptera were reared from caterpillars collected from 52 plants over 13 yr in the same area, with each host plant sampled for 1 yr. Most species were specialists, with 66 percent of genus specialists among the nonsingleton species. The similarity in caterpillar species composition across plant taxa decreased from host species to genera, and from host genera to orders. Above this level, the similarity was consistently low. The GD between plants explained 82 percent of the variation in the similarity of caterpillar species composition. The contribution of caterpillar species turnover among host orders from the same superorder and among host superorders from the same subclass explained 70 percent of the caterpillar species richness as a whole. Our results lend support to the view that most tropical caterpillars are host specialists. Our findings further indicate that the number of orders and superorders of plants provide the greatest contribution to the total caterpillar richness compared with all of the other host taxonomic levels combined. Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp.

A invasão biológica por espécies exóticas é considerada uma das principais ameaças para a conservação da biodiversidade em áreas protegidas. Devido à sua agressividade, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (capim-gordura) é a gramínea que tem causado o maior impacto sobre a flora nativa no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo objetivou avaliar características de sementes e de estabelecimento de plântulas que podem afetar o potencial invasor de duas cultivares do Melinis minutiflora em uma área de Cerrado sensu stricto dentro de uma Unidade de Conservação. As avaliações de campo e laboratório mostram que a produção de sementes foi de 192 kg/ha (71.946 sementes viáveis/m2) e 171 kg/ha (81.690 sementes viáveis/m2) pelas cultivares Cabelo-de-Negro e Roxo, respectivamente, e as sementes recém-colhidas apresentaram alta viabilidade e alta dormência. No tocante à dinâmica de colonização, o enterrio de sementes reduz a emergência de plântulas, mas não impede a emergência de plântulas até a profundidade de 3 cm, entretanto a partir da profundidade de 4 cm as plântulas não conseguem emergir. A emergência de plântulas ocorre entre dezembro e março. Fatores adversos como sombreamento, competição intra e interespecífica, baixa fertilidade do solo e estresse hídrico não eliminam totalmente os indivíduos que se estabeleceram no período chuvoso. As cultivares de Melinis minutiflora mostraram comportamento reprodutivo bastante similar, e os fatores estudados ajudaram a explicar parcialmente o sucesso apresentado por essa gramínea em colonizar ambientes naturais no Cerrado brasileiro. Biological invasion by exotic species is considered one of the main threats to biodiversity conservation in protected areas. Due to its aggressiveness, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv (molasses grass) is considered as the grass that has caused the highest impact on the native flora of the Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the invasive potential of two cultivars of Melinis minutiflora. Field and laboratory evaluations showed a seed production of 192 kg/ha (71946 viable seeds/m2) and 171 kg/ha (81690 viable seeds/m2) and 171 kg/ha for the cultivars Cabelo-de-Negro and Roxo, respectively. Recently collected seeds presented high viability and dormancy. As for colonization, the burial of seeds up to 3 cm of depth did not hinder seedling emergence, but the seeds of both cultivars buried at 4 cm did not emerge. The emergence of seedlings occurred from December to March. However, adverse factors such as shade, inter and intraspecific competition, low soil fertility and water stress did not completely eliminate all of the recently established individuals in the last rainy season. These cultivars of molasses grass showed similar behavior and the factors studied help to partially explain the success of this grass in colonizing natural habitats in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Because of the large differences between flower buds and leaves as food resources we predict that florivore caterpillars compared with folivores would present: (1) higher degree of dietary specificity; (2) higher abundance; and (3) lower species richness. Based on emerged adults from caterpillars collected on leaves and inflorescences our results showed that the florivore fauna was strongly dominated by a few species with higher abundance and dietary specificity than the folivore fauna.

The litter layer plays an important role in the maintenance of tropical forests. The evaluation of parameters such as thickness or water content can reveal forest conditions that are of global relevance (for example carbon stock) or of local importance such as the conservation of nutrients in native forests or plantations. However, there is no specific instrument or protocol for quantitative collection of the litter layer. We developed an instrument composed of two parts that permits measurement and collection of the litter layer, following a simple protocol. The method was tested in two forest types and we verified the greater accuracy and ease of use of the instrument compared to two other commonly used litter collection methods.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlations between environmental variables related to the substrate (soil and topography) and the distribution of tree species in a valley forest in the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The forest lies in the Cerrado Domain of Central Brazil where the dominant vegetation cover is cerrado (woody savanna). A survey of the tree community registered all live individuals with circumference at breast height (cbh)≥15cm found in eighteen 600m2 plots (total area 1.08ha). The substrate variables used in the gradient analyses were obtained from a topographic survey and from analyses of the chemical and physical properties of soil samples. A principal components analysis of soil and topography variables and a canonical correspondence analysis of the species–environment relationships produced similar results, separating both the substrate variables and the tree species abundances, mainly according to the two types of bedrock, sandstone or slate, underlying their soils, and secondly to the three topographic sectors recognized: Streamside, Mid Slope and Upper Slope. The differences in soil fertility and texture (related to the bedrocks) and the soil water regime (related to both soil texture and topography) were probably the chief factors determining the distribution of tree species in the forest.

The aim of this study was to verify differences in the biology of a common widespread species ( Mimosa claussenii Benth.) and three rare endemics ( Mimosa decorticans Barneby, M. heringeri Barneby, and M. setosissima Taub.). We studied three populations of M. claussenii and one population of each rare species at four localities in central Brazil. We compared the population structure, phenology, fruit set, seed predation, germination, establish- ment and root/shoot ratio in these six populations. The endemic species occurred in higher densities and smaller individuals were more abundant. When in sympatry, the rare and common species showed a significant negative correlation of density. Mimosa claussenii occurred in drier and rocky environments, whereas M. decorticans and M. setosissima occurred in moister habitats. Rare species had higher levels of fruit set, more viable seeds per individual, and heavier seeds. Mimosa setosissima had the highest level of germination and establishment rate, but did not survive away from its endemism centre. The common species had a higher root/shoot ratio. Overall, the biological aspects studied indicated an advantage in reproductive biology for the rare in relation to the common species. The small geographical range of the rare species may be related to edaphic isolation and climatic changes in the Quaternary.

In this work we report on the phylogeography of the endangered tree species Caryocar brasiliense based on variability in two classes of maternally inherited chloroplast DNA sequences with different rates of molecular evolution. Eleven sequence haplotypes of a noncoding region between the genes trnT and trnF and 21 distinct 10-locus microsatellite haplotypes could be identified in a total of 160 individuals, collected in 10 widespread populations of C. brasiliense. An amova indicated that most of the variation can be attributed to differences among populations, both for DNA sequence (87.51%) and microsatellites (84.38%). Phylogeography based on a median-joining network analysis of the noncoding region showed a sharp difference from the analysis of microsatellite haplotypes. Nevertheless, both analyses indicated that multiple lineages may have contributed to the origin of C. brasiliense populations in Brazilian Cerrado. Incongruences in the microsatellite haplotypes network suggest that homoplasy, which emerged from recurrent and independent mutations, greatly influenced the evolution of the C. brasiliense chloroplast genome. We hypothesize that our results may show the outcome of the restriction of ancient relic populations to moist refugias during extended droughts coinciding with glaciation in the northern hemisphere. The subsequent spread to favourable areas throughout Central Brazil may have caused contact between different lineages during the interglacial periods. The extinction of megafauna dispersers in the last glaciation may have caused a restriction in seed movement and currently, gene flow has been occurring mainly by pollen movement.

We report the population genetic structure of the endangered tropical tree species Caryocar brasiliense, based on variability at 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we compare heterozygosity and inbreeding estimates for continuous and fragmented populations and discuss the consequences for conservation. For a total of 314 individuals over 10 populations, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 20 to 27 and expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.129 to 0.924 and 0.067 to 1.000, respectively. Significant values of theta and R(ST) showed important genetic differentiation among populations. theta was much lower than R(ST), suggesting that identity by state and identity by descent have diverged in these populations. Although a significant amount of inbreeding was found under the identity by descent model (f = 0.11), an estimate of inbreeding for microsatellite markers based on a more adequate stepwise mutation model showed no evidence of nonrandom mating (R(IS) = 0.04). Differentiation (pairwise F(ST)) was positively correlated with geographical distance, as expected under the isolation by distance model. No effect of fragmentation on heterozygosity or inbreeding could be detected. This is most likely due to the fact that Cerrado fragmentation is a relatively recent event (approximately 60 years) compared to the species life cycle. Also, the populations surveyed from both fragmented and disturbed areas were composed mainly of adult individuals, already present prior to ecosystem fragmentation. Adequate hypothesis testing of the effect of habitat fragmentation will require the recurrent analysis of juveniles across generations in both fragmented and nonfragmented areas.

In this work we investigate the mating system of four populations of the endangered tropical tree species Caryocar brasiliense, using genetic data from 10 microsatellite loci. Eight to 10 open-pollinated progeny arrays of 16 individuals, together with their mother tree, were sampled per population. Mating system parameters were estimated under the mixed mating model, implemented by the software MLTR. The single-locus outcrossing rate (ts) varied among loci and populations, but multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) were equal to one for all four populations. Nevertheless, biparental inbreeding (tm - ts) was different from zero for all populations, indicating that outcrossing events may occur between relatives. Our results also indicate that the high polymorphism of microsatellite markers provide an extraordinary resolution to discriminate precisely selfing events from outcrossing events between close relatives. Our results indicate that, although highly outcrossed, C. brasiliense shows high levels of biparental inbreeding, most likely due to the limited flight range of pollinators and restriction in seed dispersal. Furthermore, these results suggest that Cerrado fragmentation could limit gene flow by isolating seed dispersers and territorial small sized bat pollinators inside fragments, increasing the rate of mating between close relatives. The conservation of nonisolated populations in large preserved areas may be necessary to foster outcrossing events between unrelated individuals and thus maintain species viability.

Species composition, biomass and environmental characteristics of a coastal plant community of southeastern Brazil, was studied using data from 110 quadrats collected on the foredune of Barra de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Indirect and direct gradient analyses were used to describe the foredune community. Ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated the existence of three vegetation groups: pioneer, embryo dunes and a zone of fixed dunes with blow out areas. The gaps observed between groups were attributed to discontinuities in environmental factors. Most of the variation in species composition was expressed by the second axis of the DCA ordination, which was correlated with the distance from the beach bank. The second axis is interpreted as a stress gradient, with high stress in the pioneer zone decreasing to fixed dunes. The coenocline analyzed by direct gradient ordination, was divided into three segments equivalent to Groups detected by DCA ordination. The important species were: Althernanthera maritima St. Hil. in the pioneer zone, and Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Mariscus pedunculatus (R. Brown) T. Koyama, and Mitracarpus frigidum K. Sch. in the embryo dunes. The grassPanicum racemosum (Spreng) was associated with areas of fixed dune. that were also characterized by Mollugo verciticillata L. Both biomass and species richness were lower at the high stress disturbance ends of the gradient, with their maximum value in different portions of the middle range of the gradient.Key words: detrended correspondence analysis, direct gradient analysis, foredune communities, vegetation zonation.

Árvores de Sterculia apetala não são derrubadas durante a conversão de florestas em pastagens devido à consciência dos proprietários rurais de que essas árvores abrigam 95% dos ninhos de arara-azul no Pantanal. Nosso objetivo foi comparar a porcentagem de emergência de plântulas em casa de vegetação de sementes de árvores em floresta conservada daquelas mantidas isoladas em pastagens cultivadas. As sementes foram coletadas diretamente sobre o solo, sob 10 árvores de S. apetala em cada área, no Pantanal, em Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. A emergência de plântulas de árvores isoladas foi 14% inferior ao obtido para árvores do interior da floresta. É necessário que estudos futuros sobre a ecologia dessa espécie no Pantanal enfoquem o sistema reprodutivo, a identificação do agente polinizador e a avaliação do efeito do isolamento sobre a viabilidade populacional da espécie, a qual pode impactar o sucesso reprodutivo da arara-azul. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Effect of the isolation of Sterculia apetala trees on the emergence of seedlings in Pantanal. Sterculia apetala trees aren’t removed during the conversion of forests into pastures due to rural landowners’ awareness that these trees are home to 95% of the nests of Hyacinth Macaw in Pantanal. Our aim was to compare the greenhouse emergence rate of seedlings from seeds of trees at conserved forest and those left isolated in a cultivated pastures. The seeds were collected directly from the ground, under 10 S. apetala trees in each area, at the Pantanal Wetland, Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The emergence of seedlings from isolated trees was 14% lower than that obtained from trees located in the inner part of the forest. There’s a need for further studies on the ecology of this species in Pantanal focused on the mating system, the identification of the pollination agent and the evaluation of the effects of isolation on the viability of species population, which may impact the Hyacinth Macaw reproduction success.

Inúmeros trabalhos descrevem tanto o aspecto fisionômico e florístico do cerradão, no entanto, não há padronização do critério de inclusão, esforço amostral e tamanho das unidades amostrais o que dificulta as comparações e emergência de perfil estrutural para a vegetação lenhosa desta fitofisionomia. Buscamos com este trabalho descrever o perfil florístico-estrutural do componente lenhoso do cerradão, bem como avaliar o grau de sobreposição de espécies florestais, savânicas e generalistas. O trabalho foi realizado em seis áreas distribuídas nos estados de: MG, MS, MT, TO, PI e DF. A vegetação lenhosa do cerradão não apresentou estrutura homogênea ou consistência florística, apresentando-se como fisionomia bastante heterogênea. Estruturalmente a vegetação lenhosa apresentou grandes variações, com formações mais abertas e mais densas (densidade variando de 652 a 1.732 ind. ha-1 e área basal variando de 12,83 a 22,45 m2 ha-1). A riqueza de espécies nas áreas variou de 49 (MS) a 124 (MT). Das 308 espécies registradas nas seis áreas apenas seis ocorreram em todas elas e 184 espécies foram exclusivas de uma das áreas. Florísticamente houve grande variação na composição de espécies e marcada dissimilaridade entre as áreas. Apesar de haver uma mistura de elementos florísticos savânicos e florestais, detectamos maior domínio de espécies savânicas com exceção da área MT que apresentou maior proporção de espécies florestais. O padrão geral de dissimilaridade florística e estrutural nas seis áreas indicaram grande heterogeneidade da distribuição da flora lenhosa do cerradão, seguindo o padrão de outras fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. A large number of studies describes the structure and composition of cerradão, however there is no standardization regarding data collection, rendering it difficult to conduct ample comparisons and the emergence of a structural and floristic profile for the cerradão. Our aim is to establish a structural-floristic profile of the cerradão woody component and verify the overlap of forest, savanna and generalist species. We conducted the vegetation survey in sites in six states: DF, MG, MS, MT, PI and TO. The cerradão did not present a homogenous structure or floristic consistency among sites, presenting itself as a heterogeneous phytophysiognomy. Structurally it presented great variations, with both open and closed formations (density 652-1732 ind. ha-1; basal area 12.83-22.45 m2 ha-1). Species richness varied from 49 (MS) to 129 (MT). Floristical variation and dissimilarity was strong among the six sites with only six species occurring in all sites, where as 184 species are exclusive to one site. Although species composition is comprised of a mixture of forest and savanna species, we detected a greater participation of savanna species, with the exception of the MT site that presented a larger proportion of forest species. The general floristic and structural dissimilarity pattern observed indicate a great heterogeneity of cerradão woody flora distribution following the general patter for the Cerrado biome.

A field experiment was conducted to test the effects of simulated folivory on leaf production, plant growth rate and mortality of small individuals ofMetrodorea pubescensin an evergreen gallery forest in central Brazil. Although complete defoliation decreased annual growth rate, both in absolute and relative values, it also stimulated leaf production. Mortality was observed only in individuals in the smallest size class, but was not statistically related to percentage defoliation. Recovery of completely defoliated individuals was rapid and after one year over 70% of their initial number of leaves was present. It is probable that insect folivory is not a direct cause of mortality of juveniles of this species.

No Brasil, várias espécies de gramíneas são citadas como invasoras em Unidades de Conservação. Contudo, ainda se conhece muito pouco sobre o impacto do estabelecimento e da colonização dessas espécies nas áreas protegidas. Entre as gramíneas exóticas introduzidas no bioma Cerrado merece destaque a espécie africana Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv., o capim-gordura. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto desta invasora na biomassa e na riqueza da comunidade nativa em uma área de Cerrado Ralo invadido, como também estudar a dinâmica da vegetação do estrato rasteiro submetida à aplicação de diferentes técnicas de manejo para o controle do capim-gordura. Os resultados mostraram que, na área experimental, onde o capimgordura representa cerca 62% da biomassa total do estrato rasteiro, o número de espécies nativas encontradas foi alto. Nas áreas onde o capim-gordura apresentou alto índice de colonização (> 98%), sua biomassa alcançou cerca de duas vezes a biomassa do estrato rasteiro registrada para o Cerrado. A realização de uma queimada não foi suficiente para controlar o capim-gordura, porque após três anos a sua biomassa se aproximou aos valores encontrados inicialmente. Por outro lado, no tratamento manejo integrado (maio ou setembro) a redução de mais de 99,9% na sua presença favoreceu a expansão da vegetação nativa, configurando-se, assim, uma estratégia promissora para a recuperação ambiental das áreas invadidas pelo capim-gordura no Cerrado. In Brazil, several grass species are cited as invaders of protected areas. However, little is known about the impacts due to establishment and colonization of these species in protected areas in Brazil. Among the exotic grasses introduced into the Cerrado the African species Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv., molasses grass, deserves special mention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of this grass on the biomass and species richness of the native community in an area of invaded Cerrado as well as to study the dynamics of the vegetation of the ground layer after different management treatments for control of molasses grass. The results showed that in the experimental area, where molasses grass composed 62% of the total biomass of the ground layer, the number of native species was high. In the areas where molasses grass had a high degree of coverage (> 98%) its biomass was approximately two times higher than values cited in other studies in the Cerrado. Between three and four years after using fire as a management tool for control of molasses grass its biomass returned to values similar to those observed prior to this treatment. Contrarily, with an integrated management treatment (May or September) a reduction of 99.9% in the presence of molasses grass was observed along with a recovery of native vegetation, making this a promising strategy for recuperation of areas in the Cerrado that were invaded by molasses grass.

The floral biology, breeding system and pollination ofCaryocar brasiliensewere studied in the cerrado vegetation of Central Brazil. The large, yellowish-cream, brush-like flowers are pollinated mainly by glossophagine bats (Glossophaga soricinaandAnoura geoffroyi). Three non-glossophagine bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Vampyrops lineatusandCarollia perspicillata) and two short probosisced hawk moths (Erinyis elloandPseudosphinx tetrio) may also act as occasional pollinators.Caryocar brasilienseis self-compatible although it sets significantly more fruits when crossed than when selfed. The natural fruit set (fruit/flower ratio) and seed set (seed/ovule ratio) are 3.1% and 1.0% respectively. Most of the fruits and seeds are formed through the action of the flower visitors, despite the fact that about 20% of the non-visited flowers receive self pollen on at least one stigma.

Foram selecionadas seis áreas de estudo, Estação Ecológica de Aguas Emendadas-DF, Parque Nacional de Brasília-DF, APA Gama-Cabeça do Veado-DF, Silvânia-GO, Paracatu-MG e Patrocínio-MG na Chapada Pratinha (15-20º S e 46-49º W), três delas em unidades de conservação e três fora delas. Em cada área foram amostradas 10 parcelas de 1000 m² (20x50m). Todas as árvores a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro na base do tronco foram medidas e identificadas. A florística e a fitossociologia de cada área foi analisada e estas foram comparadas entre si pelos índices de similaridade de Sørense e de Morisita. No total foram encontradas 139 espécies e 42 famílias sendo que apenas 22 espécies foram comuns a todas as áreas. Leguminosae e Vochysiaceae apresentaram valores de importância elevados em todas as áreas. As densidades por ha variaram de 664 a 1396. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon variaram de 3,11 a 3.56. As similaridades foram altas pelo índices de Sorensen, de 0,5 a 0,7, porém baixas pelo de Morisita quando se comparou as áreas de Paracatu e Patrocínio com as demais áreas. Foi concluído que as diferenças florísticas e principalmente estruturais foram elevadas entre estas duas áreas que são mais distantes e se situam a menores altitudes do que aquelas situadas nas unidades de conservação existentes na chapada sendo sugerida a criação de novas unidades nestes Municípios.

Distilia é um tipo de sistema reprodutivo que utiliza características morfológicas e fisiológicas como forma de potencializar a xenogamia. Dentre as 25 famílias de Angiospermas que apresentam esse sistema, Rubiaceae é a que tem a maior riqueza. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os aspectos relacionados ao sistema distílico de quatro espécies de Palicourea distribuídas no Cerrado do Brasil Central: Palicourea marcgravii A. St.-Hil., P. officinalis Mart., P. coriacea (Cham.) K. Schum. e P. macrobotrys (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult. As áreas de coleta no Distrito Federal foram: Parque Nacional de Brasília, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas e Reseva Ecológica do IBGE. As espécies Palicourea marcgravii e P. officinalis apresentaram-se como distílicas em função da presença dos dois morfos florais, da sua razão equilibrada e do sistema de incompatibilidade auto e intramorfo. As espécies P. coriacea e P. macrobotrys apresentaram-se como variantes pela ocorrência de indivíduos com morfo homostilo, além da distilia na primeira espécie e pelo morfo homostilo ser dominante na segunda espécie. Não se sabe ainda as forças evolutivas que determinam essas variações, contudo acredita-se que as características genéticas intrínsecas de cada táxon têm uma considerável influência e que cada espécie pode responder de forma diferente, ou até mesmo não responder, perante as mesmas pressões seletivas a que estão submetidas.

In this study, drosophilids that bred in fruits of three common plant species of the Brazilian Savanna were investigated: Emmotum nitens, Hancornia speciosa and Anacardium humile, along with the temporal and spatial distribution of these insects among fruits obtained from six individuals of E. nitens. Fallen fruits were collected in natural environments, placed on moist sand in individual containers and all drosophilids that emerged from these resources during 15 days were collected, counted and identified. From 3,651 fruits collected (3,435 of E. nitens, 179 of A. humile and 37 of H. speciosa) 4,541 flies emerged and were classified into 19 species of Drosophilidae. Their distribution was unequal among the three resources, also over time, and among the six individuals of E. nitens. Such fluctuations probably reflect the availability of resources in time and space and probably the action of selective factors such as larval competition.

Metrodorea pubescens é uma árvore comum nas matas do Distrito Federal, ocorrendo em matas mesofíticas (solos calcáreos) e matas de galeria (solos ácidos). Em cada tipo de mata foram coletadas todas as folhas de 15 indivíduos jovens, sendo cinco por classe de altura (5-50, 50-100, e 100-150 cm). As folhas foram separadas em três categorias: novas, maduras e senescentes e depois foram secas e analisados para os seguintes elementos: P, K, Ca, Mg e Al. A concentração dos nutrientes nas folhas não diferiu em relação ao tamanho dos indivíduos. Apenas o alumínio apresentou menores teores nos indivíduos de 5-50 cm. As folhas novas apresentaram maiores teores de P e K. Já o Ca, Mg, e Al foram maiores nas folhas maduras. Há um decréscimo de P da folha madura para folha senescente. As plantas do solo calcáreo apresentaram maiores teores de Ca, menores de K, e valores semelhantes de P, Mg, e Al, quando comparadas com plantas do solo ácido. As diferenças entre as populações talvez possam ser explicadas pelo solo, porém outros fatores como o comportamento fisiológico das plantas devem ser considerados. As plantas do solo ácido podem ter um comportamento calcífugo e as plantas do solo calcáreo um comportamento calcícolo.Metrodorea pubescens is an abundant tree in the forests of the Distrito Federal, occurring in mesophytic forests (on calcareous soils) and in gallery forests (acidic soils). In both forest types all leaves from 15 small individuals from five individuals in each of three height classes (5-50, 50-100, 100-150 cm) were collected. The leaves were separated in three categories; new, mature and senescent, and then dried and analyzed for the following elements: P, K, Ca, Mg and Al. The concetration of nutrientes in the leaves was similar in all height classes, except for al which showed lower concentration in the smallest individuals (5-50 cm). New leaves showed higher concentration of P and K. On the other hand Ca, Mg and Al were higher in the mature leaves. The concentration of P decreased from mature leaves to senescent leaves. The plants from calcareous soil showed higher concentration of Ca and lower concentration of K than plants of acidic soil. The values of P, Mg and Al were similar in both forests. The differences between populations could possibly be explained by soil type, but other factors such as the physiological behavior of plants should also be considered. Plants from the acidic soil can be calcifuge and plants from the calcareous soil can be calcicole.

No cerrado a riqueza de espécies de lepidópteros é alta e confirmada por registros de adultos, mas o conhecimento sobre as interações das lagartas com suas plantas hospedeiras ainda é incipiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram conhecer a riqueza de espécies de lepidópteros folívoros em Roupala montana Abl., a idade relativa das folhas consumidas pelas espécies e suas amplitudes de dietas. Os dados foram coletados em áreas de cerrado sensu stricto de Brasília de 1991 a 2004. As lagartas encontradas foram coletadas e criadas no laboratório. Foram registradas 62 espécies de lepidópteros de 22 famílias, consumindo folhas jovens (8%) e maduras (92%) de R. montana. Cerconota sciaphilina (Zeller) (Elachistidae), duas espécies de Gracillariidae e uma de Gelechiidae consumiram somente folhas jovens e, apresentaram ciclo de vida curto e sincronizado com a fenologia foliar da planta hospedeira. Das espécies que consomem folhas maduras, 36 foram consideradas polífagas e mostraram variação muito grande na utilização do recurso. Vinte e seis espécies foram encontradas somente em R. montana, sendo que 58% delas são bastante raras, o que dificulta análise de amplitude de dieta. As espécies monófagas em R. montana foram Chlamydastis platyspora (Meyrick) (Elachistidae), Stenoma cathosiota Meyrick (Elachistidae), Idalus prop. sublineata (Rothschild) (Arctiidae) e Eomichla sp. (Oecophoridae). Richness of lepidopteran species in the cerrado is high. The confirmation of this richness is based on adult records but knowledge of larvae-host plants interactions is still incipient. The main purpose of this work was to identify folivorous caterpillar species on Roupala montana Aubl. in areas of a Brazilian cerrado sensu stricto, their dietary range, and the relative age of the consumed leaves richness. Three data sets, collected from 1991 to 2004 were used in this study. All caterpillars found on the host plants in the field were collected and reared in the laboratory. Sixty-two lepidopteran species from 22 families were recorded; they were found feeding on new (8%) and mature (92%) leaves of R. montana. Cerconota sciaphilina (Zeller) (Elachistidae), two unidentified Gracillariidae species and, one species of Gelechiidae fed only on new leaves. These species showed a short life cycle, which was very syncronized with the host plant foliar phenology. Among the species feeding on mature leaves, 36 were considered polyphagous and, these showed a large variation in the use of the food resource. Twenty-six species were found only on R. montana, 58% were very rare, a character that difficults the analysis of their dietary range. The monophagous species on R. montana were: Chlamydastis platyspora (Meyrick) (Elachistidae), Stenoma cathosiota Meyrick (Elachistidae), Idalus prop. sublineata (Rothschild) (Arctiidae), and Eomichla sp. (Oecophoridae).

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alterações na composição florística e na estrutura da comunidade arbóreo-arbustiva da floresta de vale do Véu de Noiva, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso. O estudo foi conduzido em três transeções paralelas, distribuídas de forma sistemática e eqüidistante, em ambas vertentes do vale. Para árvores (diâmetro à altura do peito - DAP > 5 cm) o levantamento foi realizado em 1996 e 1999 em 18 parcelas de 600 m2, e para as arvoretas (1 > DAP < 5 cm) e juvenis (altura > 30 cm e DAP < 1 cm) em 1999 e 2001 em 36 subparcelas de 50 e 6 m2, respectivamente. A alta riqueza florística registrada (212 espécies) está associada ao fato de terem sido computados juntos as árvores, arvoretas e juvenis. A mudança na composição florística foi pequena, com perdas e ganhos se limitando às espécies amostradas com baixa abundância (< 3 indivíduos). Estas alterações não refletiram em mudanças significativas nos índices de diversidade. As distribuições de indivíduos nas classes de diâmetro e altura não diferiram significativamente entre os anos, indicando que a estrutura se manteve estável. No entanto, a aparente estabilidade florística e estrutural não deve ser interpretada como sendo a floresta do Véu de Noiva uma comunidade estática, pois mudanças estão acontecendo constantemente ao longo do tempo e espaço. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in the floristic composition and community structure of the tree-shrub layer in the valley forest in the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The data were collected in three parallel transects, systematically distributed and equidistant on both sides of the stream. The tree layer (diameter at the breast height > 5 cm) was surveyed in 1996 and 1999 in 18 plots of 600 m2 each. The saplings (diameter at the breast height > 1 cm and < 5 cm) and juveniles (total height > 30 cm and diameter at the base of at least < 1 cm) were surveyed in 1999 and 2001 in 36 plots of 50 and 6 m2 respectively. The high species richness, a total of 212 species, was probably due to the inclusion of saplings and juveniles along with the tree layer. The change in floristic composition was small and gains and losses were limited to those species with low abundance (< 3 individuals). These changes did not reflect significant changes in diversity. The size distribution, height and diameter, did not differ between sampling dates indicating a relative stability in this forest. However the apparent floristic and community stability should not be interpreted as indicating that the forest is at climax since changes are occurring in both time and space.

(Comparação do padrão da distribuição espacial em escalas diferentes de espécies nativas do cerrado, em Brasília, DF). O padrão de agrupamento espacial de três espécies arbóreas, Caryocar brasiliense, Pterodon pubescens e Sclerolobium paniculatum, e duas espécies de palmeiras, Syagrus comosa e S. flexuosa, nativas do cerrado, foi investigado usando três métodos de variância entre parcelas. Os dados foram coletados em uma área de cerrado sensu strictu da Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, em Brasília, DF, em 128 parcelas contíguas de 5 x 8 m cada. Em cada parcela, foram procurados todos os indivíduos das espécies, anotando o número encontrado e suas alturas. Os dados foram tabelados e analisados usando as técnicas de variância entre blocos de parcelas (BQV), variância móvel entre blocos de parcelas (TTLQV) e variância entre parcelas pareadas (PQV), tanto para todos os indivíduos encontrados quanto para somente os indivíduos lenhosos maiores do que 130 cm em altura. O número total de indivíduos encontrado foi 138 para C. brasiliense, 34 para P. pubescens, 82 para S. paniculatum, oito para S. comosa e 36 para S. flexuosa. Todas as espécies apresentaram um padrão agrupado de distribuição espacial em pelo menos uma das metodologias e três das cinco espécies tiveram resultados semelhantes em todos os métodos. O padrão para C. brasiliense foi semelhante ao encontrado para esta mesma espécie em outra região do cerrado, utilizando a mesma metodologia, com uma distância de aproximadamente 350 m entre grupos. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT (Comparison of scale in the spatial distribution of native species of the cerrado, em Brasília, DF). The scale of spatial distribution of three native tree species, Caryocar brasiliense, Pterodon pubescens and Sclerolobium paniculatum, and two native palm species, Syagrus comosa and S. flexuosa, in the cerrado was determined using three quadrat variance methods. The data were collected in an area of cerrado, sensu stricto, on the Fazenda Água Limpa of the University of Brasília in 128 contiguous quadrats of 5 x 8 m each. In each quadrat, all individuals of each species were located and their height measured. The scale of spatial distribution of each species was evaluated with the following methods: blocked quadrat variance (BQV); two-term local quadrat variance (TTLQV) and paired quadrat variance (PQV), for both all individuals and all woody individuals over 130 cm in height. The total number of individuals was 138 for C. brasiliense, 34 for P. pubescens, 82 for S. paniculatum, eight for S. comosa and 36 for S. flexuosa. All species showed a group in at least one of the methods. The time spent in collection of data was comparable to that for other studies of spatial distribuition and three of the five species had similar results in all methods. The pattern for C. brasiliense was similar to that found in another study using the same methodology, with a distance of approximately 350 m between groups.

(Perfil florístico e estrutura da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta de vale no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brasil). O propósito do presente trabalho foi descrever a composição florística e a estrutura da comunidade arbórea da floresta de vale da queda d'água Véu de Noiva, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A análise florística e fitossociológica procurou avaliar, respectivamente: (a) a influência das principais províncias fitogeográficas brasileiras na composicão florística desta floresta de vale e (b) o papel das espécies mais importantes da comunidade arbórea em termos de sua abundância, grupo ecológico e porte dos indivíduos adultos. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos com circunferência do caule à altura do peito (CAP) ³ 15 cm contidos em 36 parcelas de 30 x10 m. Foram registradas 172 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 133 genêros e 61 famílias. O perfil florístico apresentou fortes laços tanto com a flora Amazônica como com a Atlântica (sensu lato), evidenciando o caráter transicional desta comunidade arbórea. As principais espécies arbóreas, em termos de valor de importância, se repetem entre as mais abundantes em outros levantamentos realizados na região. (Floristic profile and arboreal community structure of a valley-forest in the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil). The purpose of the present study was to describe the floristic composition and the structure of the arboreal community of a valley-forest in Véu de Noiva waterfalls, Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The floristic and phytosociological analyses aimed at assessing, respectively: (a) the influence of the main Brazilian phytogeographic provinces on the floristic composition of the valley-forest studied, and (b) the role of the most important tree species in terms of abundance, ecological group, and stature at maturity. Every tree with stalk circumference at breast height (CBH) ³ 15 cm found within 36 quadrats of 30 x 10 m was sampled. 172 species of trees belonging to 133 genera and 61 families were registered. The floristic profile showed strong links with both the Amazonian and Atlantic (sensu lato) forests, reinforcing the transitional nature of that community. The most important tree species, in terms of value of importance, were also important in other surveys carried out in the region.

Phenology, floral biology, the reproductive system, and pollination of the macauba palm, Acrocomia aculeata were studied in Central Brazil. The species is arborescent, single-stemmed, and reaches heights of up to 16 m. Flowering occurs between August and December, peaking between October and November. Fruit fall (harvest) is between June and March, with a peak in November. Inflorescences are androgynous with marked protogyny. The basic pollination syndrome is by beetles, with wind playing a secondary role. The principal pollinators are Andranthobius sp. (Curculionidae), Mystrops cf mexicana (Nitidulidae) and Cyclocephala forsteri (Scarabaeidae). Cross-pollination between different individuals (xenogamy) accounts for most of the reproductive system. However, the species is self-compatible, with geitonogamy accounting for a significant percentage of fruit set. The combination of two pollination strategies (wind and insects) with a flexible reproductive system (crossand self-pollination) suggests that A. aculeata can be highly successful in the colonization of new areas, as is evidenced by the ample distribution of species in the Neotropics.

A invasão biológica por espécies exóticas é considerada uma das principais ameaças para a conservação da biodiversidade em áreas protegidas. Devido à sua agressividade, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (capim-gordura) é a gramínea que tem causado o maior impacto sobre a flora nativa no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo objetivou avaliar características de sementes e de estabelecimento de plântulas que podem afetar o potencial invasor de duas cultivares do Melinis minutiflora em uma área de Cerrado sensu stricto dentro de uma Unidade de Conservação. As avaliações de campo e laboratório mostram que a produção de sementes foi de 192 kg/ha (71.946 sementes viáveis/m²) e 171 kg/ha (81.690 sementes viáveis/m²) pelas cultivares Cabelo-de-Negro e Roxo, respectivamente, e as sementes recém-colhidas apresentaram alta viabilidade e alta dormência. No tocante à dinâmica de colonização, o enterrio de sementes reduz a emergência de plântulas, mas não impede a emergência de plântulas até a profundidade de 3 cm, entretanto a partir da profundidade de 4 cm as plântulas não conseguem emergir. A emergência de plântulas ocorre entre dezembro e março. Fatores adversos como sombreamento, competição intra e interespecífica, baixa fertilidade do solo e estresse hídrico não eliminam totalmente os indivíduos que se estabeleceram no período chuvoso. As cultivares de Melinis minutiflora mostraram comportamento reprodutivo bastante similar, e os fatores estudados ajudaram a explicar parcialmente o sucesso apresentado por essa gramínea em colonizar ambientes naturais no Cerrado brasileiro. Biological invasion by exotic species is considered one of the main threats to biodiversity conservation in protected areas. Due to its aggressiveness, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv (molasses grass) is considered as the grass that has caused the highest impact on the native flora of the Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the invasive potential of two cultivars of Melinis minutiflora. Field and laboratory evaluations showed a seed production of 192 kg/ha (71946 viable seeds/m²) and 171 kg/ha (81690 viable seeds/m²) and 171 kg/ha for the cultivars Cabelo-de-Negro and Roxo, respectively. Recently collected seeds presented high viability and dormancy. As for colonization, the burial of seeds up to 3 cm of depth did not hinder seedling emergence, but the seeds of both cultivars buried at 4 cm did not emerge. The emergence of seedlings occurred from December to March. However, adverse factors such as shade, inter and intraspecific competition, low soil fertility and water stress did not completely eliminate all of the recently established individuals in the last rainy season. These cultivars of molasses grass showed similar behavior and the factors studied help to partially explain the success of this grass in colonizing natural habitats in the Brazilian Cerrado.

For sustainable use of native plant species, knowledge of the amount of harvestable biomass is necessary. This study presents data on allometric relationships of Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae), an extractive resource in the Cerrado region of Brazil. On the Fazenda Água Limpa (15º 45'S, 47º 57'W) of the Universidade de Brasilia, 38 individuals of this species were measured in the field, the parts above ground were harvested, separated into components and oven dried. The best regression equations to estimate biomass were geometric and the best fit was between total height and total biomass (r² = 0.923). The economically useful portions, the leaves and branches accounted for approximately 20% of total above ground dry weight, but when used as the dependent variable, the strength of the relationship decreased (r² = 0.694). The relationship between branch diameter and leaf biomass was similar to that between height and leaf dry weight (r² = 0.600). The relation between the number of leaves and their biomass was linear but weak. The development of these equations is the first step towards the implementation of plans for sustainable use of this species.Para o uso sustentável das espécies vegetais nativas o conhecimento da quantidade de biomassa disponível é necessário. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações alométricas para Lychnophora ericoides Mart., um recurso extrativista importante na região dos Cerrados. Na Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, 38 indivíduos desta espécie foram medidas no campo, a parte aérea foi cortada, separada em componentes de folhas, galhos e tronco e estas componentes foram secas e pesadas. As melhores equações de regressão para estimar a biomassa foram geométricas e o melhor ajuste foi entre altura total e biomassa total (r² = 0,923). As partes economicamente exploradas, as folhas e ramos, contribuíram com aproximadamente 20% do peso seco total desta espécie, mas a equação para estimar a biomassa destas componentes teve um ajuste mais fraco (r² = 0,694). A relação entre o diâmetro do ramo e a biomassa das folhas (r² = 0,600) foi semelhante à relação entre altura e biomassa foliar. O desenvolvimento destas equações é o primeiro passo para a implementação de planos de manejo sustentável para esta espécie.

Fruit set, fruit production, and fruit fall of the arborescent palm Acrocomia aculeata were documented for the Distrito Federal in central Brazil in 1984-1986. Flowering began in August and extended to mid-December with the highest concentration of open inflorescences (>50% of the total) occurring from mid-October until mid-November. There was a significant correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient; r = 0.69; N = 8; P = 0.05) between flowering time and fruit set over the course of the reproductive season. The inflorescences that opened in October were those that produced highest fruit set, with fruit set mean of 25.4 percent (SD = 20.9) in the first half and 28.9 percent (SD = 24.4) in the second half of October. Overall, fruit set was less than 10.0 percent, although it ranged from 0 to 85.0 percent. Each infructescence produced about 60 fruits, but it ranged from 0 to 271 fruits. Fruit fall occurred for 6 to 10 months, generally concentrated from October to January.

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