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Nitrifying biofilters oxidize harmful ammonia excreted by fish into less toxic nitrate within recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Biofilter performance and resulting RAS water quality largely depend on a robust microbiome that effectively converts nitrogenous wastes; however, occasional use of water disinfectants may also be necessary to reduce or eliminate specific fish pathogens. Disinfectants and sanitizers such as peracetic acid (PAA) work by disrupting microbial activity and could unintentionally alter the microbially-driven nitrification biofiltration process if allowed to circulate within an RAS. Furthermore, the target concentration and application method of PAA may influence the level of biofilter disruption. For this study, 12 replicated experimental-scale fluidized sand biofilters were dosed with PAA to achieve target concentrations ranging from 1.0-–2.5 mg/L, a typical low-dose treatment range to reduce or eliminate opportunistic pathogens. Two application methods were compared, including (i) a single pulse of PAA added every other day for five days, and (ii) smaller doses of PAA added every five minutes over four hours. The PAA decay was monitored and predosing and postdosing water quality parameters were assessed. Regardless of the target concentration or application method, PAA addition within the tested range did not cause significant disruption to the biofilters’ nitrification processes. This research demonstrates that PAA may be a viable water sanitizer for the RAS industry, although further research to refine safe application protocols is necessary.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome of prolonged stress reactions that can develop following a traumatic event. Treatment usually relies on both psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies. Recently, the use of dogs as adjunct intervention for a variety of psychiatric conditions has received widespread attention. The aim of this review was to systematically review the evidence for the use of dogs in the treatment of PTSD. METHOD A systematic search was conducted using multiple specialist and generalist databases. Articles targeted were those examining the effects of dogs in the treatment of PTSD. Inclusion criteria were peer review, that participants had a formal diagnosis of PTSD, and that the experimental intervention involved a dog. There were no restrictions on subpopulation, exact type or role of dog, or country or language of publication. RESULTS 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. All of the included studies examined veterans. Methods and results were widely heterogeneous between studies, making it infeasible to quantify an overall effect size. Multiple studies demonstrated promising results when dogs were used as an adjunct intervention to standard therapy, particularly in symptom reduction and social functioning. However, risk of bias was an issue for most of the studies. While the results in most of the studies were overall promising, the risk of biases and veteran subpopulation limit the validity and generalizability of the results. CONCLUSIONS At best, the current evidence raises the hypothesis that dogs are beneficial in PTSD. Further research is required with a focus on rigorous design. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective We have used ultrasound imaging technology to objectively demonstrate changes in the degree and quality of diseased fascia in patients with Dupuytren's disease treated nonoperatively with therapeutic splinting and tissue mobilization. Materials and Methods Measurement of active proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint extension along with ultrasound elastography imaging of the fascia was performed prior to, and 6 months after, the initiation of therapy. Results Improvement in active joint extension over the course of therapy was associated with a consistent decrease in the radiologic dimensions of the diseased fascia in combination with qualitative changes in its composition. Conclusion The use of a simple orthosis and soft tissue mobilization techniques have a quantifiable effect on the degree of deformity and the quantity and quality of contracted fascia in Dupuytren's disease, and would appear to have a role in the management of mild to moderate presentations of the disease when enzymatic or surgical interventions may not be practical.

John Davidson,1 Xiaolin Gu,2 Michael Breen,2 Raiju J Babu2 1Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Alcon Vision LLC, Fort Worth, TX, USACorrespondence: John Davidson, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Email doctorjohn@johndavidsonmd.comPurpose: To evaluate absolute prediction errors following phacoemulsification with implantation of a multifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) using intraoperative aberrometry for IOL power selection and to compare findings with the globally optimized and manufacturer’s recommended lens constants and regression coefficients.Methods: Data from the Optiwave Refractive Analysis (ORA SYSTEM) were analyzed retrospectively. Absolute prediction errors from surgeries performed before and after the first optimization of the manufacturer’s recommended lens constant and non-optimized regression coefficients for the multifocal toric IOL (SND1T3-6) were compared. Optimization was based on outcomes of procedures performed using the ORA SYSTEM and archived in its database (AnalyzOR). Outcome measures included the proportion of eyes with absolute ORA SYSTEM prediction errors ≤ 0.25 D and ≤ 0.5 D and the mean and median absolute prediction errors.Results: The pre-optimization group included 1027 eyes operated on by 184 surgeons, and the optimized group included 419 eyes operated on by 143 surgeons. The proportions of eyes achieving absolute ORA SYSTEM prediction errors ≤ 0.25 D (52.5% vs 35.0%, p < 0.0001) and ≤ 0.50 D (83.1% vs 66.2%, p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the optimized than in the pre-optimization group. The mean ± standard deviation (0.30 ± 0.25 D vs 0.43 ± 0.32 D, p < 0.0001) and median (0.24 D vs 0.36 D, p < 0.0001) absolute ORA SYSTEM prediction errors were significantly lower after than before optimization. Prediction errors following optimization were reduced more in eyes of average than of long and short axial lengths.Conclusion: Global optimization of the manufacturer’s IOL lens constants and regression coefficients resulted in lower absolute prediction errors when compared with the initial manufacturer labeled lens constants and non-optimized regression coefficients. Reductions in absolute prediction error can result in lower postoperative residual refractive error, which can improve post-operative uncorrected visual acuity and provide the potential for greater patient satisfaction following cataract surgery.Keywords: intraoperative aberrometry, intraocular lens implantation, prediction error, lens constant optimization, refractive error, visual acuity

Introduction: Exercise is regarded as an important adjuvant therapy for reducing the negative effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and improving the health status of people living with HIV (PLWH), but there is limited evidence on the effects of circuit exercise training on PLWH. Objective: This study determined the effects of circuit exercise on the cardiorespiratory fitness and health status of PLWH. Methods: This pretest-posttest randomized control study recruited 120 PLWH from the HIV clinic at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Participants were consecutively invited at the clinic to join the study. Fish bowl method was used to randomize the participants to either intervention group or control group. Moderate intensity (50 – 75% MHR) circuit exercise training was administered to the participants 3 times a week, between 30-60 minutes per session, for 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness and health status were measured at baseline and at 8-week. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, percentages, and bar chart was used to summarize data. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to determine the mean difference within and between the groups respectively. Alpha level was set at P Results: There was statistically significant difference in mean score of cardiorespiratory fitness and health status within the intervention group, and between the groups after 8-week circuit exercise training. Bar chart showed improvement in all the domains of health status. Conclusion: An 8-week circuit exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness, and health status of PLWH.

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) currently pose a challenge to public health and elicit considerable financial, physical and social problems for workers. There is a need to attain a deeper understanding of this predicament among office workers, in order to tackle it successfully. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs among office workers in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as well as discover its associations with their personal/work details and reported risk factors.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was executed among 217 office workers in different HEIs, who filled self-report questionnaires on WMSDs. Data were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics.RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of WMSDs was 71.9% among these staff. The lower back, wrists/hands and shoulders were the most reported body regions for these disorders. WMSD prevalence had significant associations with sex (p = 0.004), age (p= 0.028), working hours (p = 0.003) and work experience (p =0.014). There were significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between WMSD prevalence and these risk factors: awkward posture, sustained body position, improper bending, workplace stress, inappropriate furniture and inadequate rest breaks.CONCLUSION: Most of the study participants were affected with WMSDs, which were primarily reported in the back and upper extremities. Office workers who were older, female, more experienced and work for longer hours, displayed higher risks for these disorders and should be given special attention. Several factors reported by these HEI staff were revealed to significantly influence WMSD prevalence, emphasizing the need for their effective detection and curtailment.

The Geological Survey of New South Wales is building a statewide 3D geological model comprising a series of interlocking province-scale models and a 3D statewide fault network. The model is being d...

Peracetic acid (PAA) is an effective disinfectant/sanitizer for certain industrial applications. PAA has been described as a powerful oxidant capable of producing water quality benefits comparable to those expected with ozone application; however, the water oxidizing capacity of PAA in aquaculture systems and its effects on fish production require further investigation, particularly within recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). To this end, a trial was conducted using six replicated RAS; three operated with semi-continuous PAA dosing and three without PAA addition, while culturing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three target PAA doses (0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 mg/L) were evaluated at approximately monthly intervals. A water recycle rate >99% was maintained and system hydraulic retention time averaged 2.7 days. Rainbow trout performance metrics including growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio were not affected by PAA dosing. Water quality was unaffected by PAA for most tested parameters. Oxidative reduction potential increased directly with PAA dose and was greater (P < 0.05) in RAS where PAA was added, indicating the potential for ORP to monitor PAA residuals. True color was lower (P < 0.05) in RAS with target PAA concentrations of 0.10 and 0.30 mg/L. Off-flavor (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) levels in culture water, biofilm, and trout fillets were not affected by PAA dosing under the conditions of this study. Overall, semi-continuous PAA dosing from 0.05-0.30 mg/L was compatible with rainbow trout performance and RAS operation, but did not create water quality improvements like those expected when applying low-dose ozone.

The Geological Survey of NSW (GSNSW) has created a 3D geological model of the Sydney–Gunnedah Basin that includes best available geological mapping and new 3D modelling. The onshore Sydney Basin comprises the southern section of the Permo-Triassic Sydney–Gunnedah–Bowen system, which overlies the Lachlan Orogen and Late Carboniferous volcaniclastic rocks. The Hunter–Bowen Orogeny formed the adjacent New England Orogen and resulted in uplift and erosion that deposited Jurassic sedimentary sequences of the Surat Basin over large parts of the Gunnedah Basin. Model generation followed GSNSW’s map development workflow, developed as part of the larger project: 3D Mapping of NSW. The integrated Sydney–Gunnedah Basin 3D model was developed with the aim of advancing the understanding of the geological and structural setting of the region. This will inform areas of investigation such as coal and hydrocarbon prospectivity, groundwater management and exploration, and environmental and land use decision making.

This chapter presents case studies of different persons requiring critical care and dosage of anaesthesia. Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome is based upon four general principles: serial monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure, analgesia and correct body positioning; optimisation of systemic perfusion and organ function; appropriate medical procedures including treatment of underlying cause to reduce intra-abdominal pressure and end-organ consequences; and prompt surgical decompression for refractory intra-abdominal hypertension. A supraventricular tachycardia is characterised by uncoordinated atrial activity. Fibrillation waves vary in amplitude, shape and size on the electrocardiograph. Point-of-care device provides in vitro assessment of the coagulation system in the whole blood sample, from beginning of clot formation to fibrinolysis. The three components of general anaesthesia are: hypnosis (unconsciousness); analgesia; and muscle relaxation. Common intraoperative complications include hypotension and dysrhythmias; loss of protective airway reflexes and respiratory drive; and hypothermia. Postoperatively, patients may have a sore throat related to airway-management devices.

This work investigates a solar combined heat and power systems based on hybridphotovoltaic-thermal heat pump systems for the simultaneous provision of spaceheating and electricity to residential homes. The analysed system connects aphotovoltaic-thermal (PVT) panel, through a PVT water tank, to a heat pump. Thestudy is based on quasi-steady state heat transfer and thermodynamic analysis that takes incremental time steps to solve for the fluids temperature changes from the heat pump and the solar PVT panels. The effects of solar irradiance, size of the water tank and the water flow rate in the PVT pipes (laminar and turbulent) on the performance of the system are analysed. Particular focus is made towards the efficiency (electrical and thermal) of the PVT and the COP of the heat pump. Results show that the minimum COP of the heat pump is 4.2, showing the high performance of the proposed hybrid system. Increasing the water flowrate through the PVT panel from 3L/min (laminar) to 17L/min (turbulent) increases the PVT’s total efficiency (electrical + thermal) from 61% to 64.5%. Increasing the size of the PVT water tank from 1L to 100L, increases the total efficiency of the PVT panel by 6.5%.

A study was conducted to analyze the effects of snails (Physa gyrina) on biofilm, bacterial abundance, off-flavor-producing bacteria, and off-flavor compounds in reuse aquaculture systems culturing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Eight experimentalscale systems were used, including four with and without snails. Mean heterotrophic bacteria counts in water were lower (P < 0.05) in systems with snails. Submerged surfaces of sumps containing snails were nearly biofilm-free, while sumps without snails were coated with biofilm. Geosmin levels in trout fillets from snailstocked systems were generally lower but not statistically different from the controls. Rainbow trout health and performance was not affected by snail presence.

Denitrifying “woodchip” bioreactors are engineered systems, consisting of a carbon filled trench (e.g., with woodchips), designed to remediate nitrogen (N)-enriched water through naturally occurring denitrification, a process where microbes reduce nitrate into inert di-nitrogen gas during their respiration processes. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of woodchip bioreactors for treating aquacultural wastewater, specifically the concentrated effluents generated from recirculating aquaculture (RAS), with the caveat that system lifespan can be reduced from clogging associated with high organic solids loading and bacterial overgrowth. Because this technology is relatively new, particularly for aquaculture applications, lifetime cost-efficiency has not been fully assessed. A cost-estimate of N removal over a one- to five-year anticipated lifespan was obtained by estimating initial capital, recurring, and operational expenditures of a full-scale bioreactor system designed for a RAS production facility, using N removal rates from previous pilot-scale aquaculture wastewater bioreactor research. Assumptions included static N removal rates of 6.06 or 11.75 kg of N removal per year for conservative and maximum sensitivities, respectively 49 and 71% N removal efficiency, and at least one woodchip replacement over the system lifetime across a ten-year planning horizon. Initial capital expenditure totaled $47,838 or roughly $139.88 per m3 installed with woodchip replacements each $19,469. Ten-year operational expenditure total present value costs included of $3737 for water quality work and $4666 for lifetime maintenance. Cost per kg of N removed per year ranged from $13.35 to $2.83, dependent on woodchip replacement scenarios of one- to five-years, respectively, which demonstrated denitrification bioreactors might offer a low-cost N treatment option for aquacultural farmers.