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Indoor sport rock climbing has been increasing in popularity both recreationally and competitively. Despite this increase in popularity, the physiological responses to sport climbing as an exercise to specific muscle groups are not well defined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the change in handgrip strength over a 30-minute bout of continuous climbing, specifically in intermediate-level sport climbers. Ten intermediate rock climbers (age = 27 ± 2 years; climbing experience: 7.3 ± 1.5 years) completed baseline handgrip strength and forearm girth measurements. Each participant ascended one of two 5.9 difficulty routes as many times as possible in 30 minutes. After each ascent, heart rate was obtained, and handgrip strength and forearm girth were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with significance set at α < 0.05. Dominant arm handgrip strength decreased by 22%, and non-dominant handgrip strength reduced by 23%. Dominant and non-dominant forearm girth increased by 4.5% and 4.4%, respectively. Weak but significant negative correlations were observed between handgrip strength and forearm girth in dominant (r = −0.311, p = 0.001) and non-dominant limbs (r = −.491, p = 0.001). These results indicate a relationship between increased forearm girth and decreases in muscular strength. Since handgrip strength decreases substantially during a 30-min climb in intermediate rock climbers, this population would be advised to carefully monitor recovery time between bouts.

In this paper, a surface integral equation formulation for the prediction of corrosion-related electrostatic fields of conducting structures in an electrolyte is presented. The integral equation is discretized using the Locally Corrected Nystrom method. An iterative technique based on the Newton-Raphson method is described for use with nonlinear boundary conditions, and a Schur complement method is discussed to help improve the nonlinear solution efficiency. An image plane method is applied when an appropriate planar electrolyte-insulating bounding surface is present. The methods are validated by analysis of a canonical problem with analytic solution and by comparison to literature data. Higher-order solution convergence is observed for the canonical problem results.

A simple method for generating highorder, 3D surface meshes is presented. The higher-order meshes are suitable for investigating higherorder convergence in electromagnetic analysis codes. The mesh-generation algorithm uses two linear meshes: a coarse mesh and a refinement of the coarse mesh. The method is applied to both quadrilateral and triangle surface meshes. Mesh generation is validated by computing the discretization error for various meshes. Finally, integral equation error convergence of plane wave scattering from a conducting sphere is investigated in terms of mesh order and basis order. A reference implementation of the algorithms is made available.

In this paper, a technique to convert a locally corrected Nystrom discretization into a moment method discretization is detailed. The method is general and does not rely directly on any specific relationship between the basis functions used to compute the local corrections and the basis and test functions used in the moment method. The technique is applied to a quasi-magnetostatic volume integral equation for both interpolatory and algebraically constrained moment method bases. Numerical results for a variety of problems in terms of error convergence, system condition number, and degrees-of-freedom are provided.

In this paper, a nonlinear electrostatic surface integral equation is presented that is suitable for predicting corrosion-related fields. Nonlinear behavior arises due to electrochemical reactions at polarized surfaces. Hierarchical $H^{2}$ matrices are used to compress the discretized integral equation for the fast solution of large problems. A technique based on randomized linear algebra is discussed for the efficient computation of the Jacobian matrix required at each iteration of a nonlinear solution.

A broad-band Huygens surface method requiring only the measurement of the magnetic field for near-field to near-field transformations is presented. The proposed method is valid down to near dc and supports arbitrary shaped Huygens surfaces. The method relies on an augmented-integral equation formulation that is used to predict the electric field on the Huygens surface. The proposed formulation is discretized using a high-order locally corrected Nystrom method. The surface magnetic and electric fields can then be used to compute external electric and magnetic fields. The method is validated using electromagnetic fields radiated by a three-phase motor showing excellent results over several Fourier harmonics of the motor fields, including the zeroth harmonic. The method is also validated at high frequency for a dipole antenna array.

This communication presents an algebraic method for constructing arbitrary-order, divergence-conforming basis functions on hexahedral volume elements. The appropriate constraints within and on the boundaries of elements are provided. In particular, the handling of faces where quantities are discontinuous is discussed. The resulting bases are numerically characterized in terms of error convergence and system conditioning for a moment method discretization of the electric field volume integral equation for dielectric scatterers. Results show the accuracy of the proposed method as well as the low system matrix condition number that can be maintained as the basis order and mesh discretization are increased.

$H^{2}$ matrices provide compressed representations of the matrices obtained when discretizing surface and volume integral equations. The memory costs associated with storing $H^{2}$ matrices for static and low-frequency applications are $O(N)$ . However, when the $H^{2}$ representation is constructed using sparse samples of the underlying matrix, the translation matrices in the $H^{2}$ representation do not preserve any translational invariance present in the underlying kernel. In some cases, this can result in an $H^{2}$ representation with relatively large memory requirements. This paper outlines a method to compress an existing $H^{2}$ matrix by constructing a translationally invariant $H^{2}$ matrix from it. Numerical examples demonstrate that the resulting representation can provide significant memory savings.

This paper presents an algebraic technique for generating arbitrary-order divergence-conforming bases for curvilinear triangular cells. The bases are constructed by enforcing appropriate constraints on a linear combination of general functions and then extracting the desired bases using singular value decompositions. Koornwinder–Dubiner polynomials are chosen as the general function set. Basic constraints are presented to obtain divergence-conforming bases, and additional constraints are presented to further enforce the bases to be Nedelec. Results from a variety of problems are given to show that the bases exhibit high-order convergence and also produce systems that are relatively well conditioned compared to other basis sets.

This paper presents an algebraic method of generating arbitrary-order basis functions suitable for use in moment methods. The basis functions are constructed by enforcing a set of suitable constraints on a more general set of functions, leading to a matrix representation of the constraint condition. The desired bases are then found through use of the singular value decomposition. Divergence-conforming constrained bases are presented for quadrilateral meshes for use in electric and magnetic field integral equations. Appropriate constraints for enforcing normal continuity at cell boundaries are discussed. A variety of problems are analyzed using the constrained bases, and results show that the constrained bases exhibit exponential convergence for smooth structures and produce systems whose condition numbers grow relatively slowly with increasing basis order.

Introduction: When comparing oral breathing versus nasal breathing, a greater volume of air can be transported through the oral passageway but nasal breathing may also have benefits at submaximal exercise intensities. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine breathing efficiency during increasing levels of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Nineteen individuals (males N=9, females N=10) completed a test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) and on separate days 4-min treadmill runs at increasing submaximal intensities (50%, 65%, and 80% of VO 2 max) under conditions of oral breathing or nasal breathing. Respiratory (respiration rate [RR], pulmonary ventilation [V E ]), metabolic (oxygen consumption [VO 2 ], carbon dioxide production [VCO 2 ]) and efficiency measures (ventilatory equivalents for oxygen [Veq×O 2 -1 ] and carbon dioxide [Veq×CO 2 -1 ] were obtained. Data were analyzed utilizing a 2 (sex) x 2 (condition) x3 (intensity) repeated measures ANOVA with significance accepted at p≤0.05. Results: Significant interactions existed between breathing mode and intensity such that oral breathing resulted in greater RR, V E , VO 2 , and VCO 2 at all three submaximal intensities (p

A surface integral equation method for computing the corrosion-related magnetostatic field is presented. An integral equation is solved for the corrosion-related electrostatic field in a homogeneous electrolyte from which the corrosion-related magnetostatic field is determined. The surface integral equation is discretized using the locally-corrected Nystrom method. The field analysis is validated through comparison to analytical and published results.

We report results obtained using a preconditioned fast iterative solver to model electrostatic circuit problems. The method of moments is used to discretize integral equation-based formulations of the underlying circuit problem. A compressed representation of the system matrix is obtained using the fast multipole method, and the resulting linear system is solved using a preconditioned iterative method. Preconditioners are constructed from a class of localization-based sparse direct solvers, and numerical performance is reported for realistic application ns. The impact of incorporating a multilevel matrix binormalization method is also examined, and resulting tradeoffs are discussed.

A high-order locally corrected Nystrom discretization for analyzing impressed current cathodic protection systems is presented. Non-linear polarization curves are incorporated using a Newton-Raphson scheme. A Schur complement scheme is introduced to handle large domains with small electrodes. The scheme is validated by comparing to the analytic solution for a sphere.

A broad-band Huygens surface method to predict fields having knowledge of only the near magnetic field (no derivatives) on an arbitrary shaped closed boundary is presented. The proposed approach applies an augmented-integral equation formulation to calculate the electric field on the Huygens surface. The method is accurate and stable down to DC for arbitrary shaped Huygens surfaces. The proposed formulation is discretized using a locally corrected Nystrom (LCN) method.

A new surface integral equation formulation for scattering from perfectly conducting objects is presented. The formulation is developed by adding a constraint on the normal component of the magnetic field to the augmented electric field integral equation (AEFIE) and extracting the static charge solution. The resulting AEFIEnH-S formulation is discretized using the method of moments with Rao–Wilton–Glisson (RWG) source functions and Buffa–Christiansen (BC) test functions. An iterative diagonal matrix scaling algorithm is used to improve the conditioning of the discrete system. Numerical examples demonstrate that the AEFIEnH-S is stable and accurate as the frequency is reduced for closed, open, and multiscale multiply connected geometries. The formulation relies only on diagonal preconditioning, it accurately models the near electric, near magnetic, and far fields, it does not require frequency scaling of the unknowns, and it does not incorporate any type of Helmholtz decomposition.

Wearable biometric technology use has increased in recent years. The Hexoskin biometric shirt is a wearable technology that monitors heart rate (HR), ventilatory rate (VR), minute ventilation (VE), step count, and energy expenditure (EE). It is unknown whether the Hexoskin biometric shirt produces valid results in the field. Participants (N = 26) completed a self-paced 1.6 km trail run wearing the Hexoskin biometric shirt and the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system. Data for HR, VR, and VE were analyzed in six one-minute increments occurring the first three minutes and the last three minutes of the run. Data for step count and energy expenditure were analyzed for the entire trail run. HR, VR, VE, step count, and EE data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation with significance at p

Introduction: It is unknown whether resistance training intensity or total volume of work affects the acute testosterone response to a greater extent. Purpose: Therefore, the circulating testosterone response was investigated following four resistance training protocols where total volume of work was held constant: moderate intensity (70% 1RM) upper body (bench press, bent barbell row, and military press), moderate intensity lower body (squat and deadlift), high intensity (90% 1RM) upper body, high intensity lower body. Methods: Total volume of work performed by each participant between protocols was maintained by adjusting the number of sets and or repetitions performed. Ten healthy, resistance trained men volunteered, and performed exercise protocols on separate days in a counterbalanced order. Capillary blood was obtained via finger stick at baseline (pre), immediately following the exercise session (post), and 1h post for the determination of testosterone concentration. Data were analyzed using a factorial ANOVA and significance was accepted at p≤ 0.05. Results: Both moderate intensity resistance protocols (upper and lower body) significantly increased testosterone concentration (p=0.026, and p=0.024 respectively), whereas the high intensity protocols elevated testosterone but failed to achieve significance (upper p=0.272, lower p=0.658). No difference was noted in post session testosterone concentration between upper and lower body protocols for either moderate (p=0.248) or high intensity (p=0.990). Conclusion: This may be useful for novice resistance trained individuals because it provides evidence that moderate intensity is sufficient to increase testosterone compared to high intensity protocols that could be associated with a greater risk of injury. Keywords: hormone response, equal total work, high intensity protocol

A generalization of the locally corrected Nystrom (LCN) discretization method is outlined wherein sparse transformations of the LCN system matrix are obtained via singular- value decompositions of local constraint matrices. The local constraint matrices are used to impose normal continuity of the currents across boundaries shared by mesh elements. Due to the method’s simplicity and flexibility, it is straightforward to develop high-order constrained LCN (CLCN) systems for different formulations and mesh element types. Numerical examples demonstrate the memory savings provided by the CLCN method and its improved accuracy when applied to geometries with sharp edges. It is also shown that the CLCN method maintains the high-order convergence of the LCN method, and it eliminates the need to include line charges in Nystrom-based discretizations of formulations that involve the continuity equation.

This paper presents a quasi-three-dimensional post-array designed to propagate a terahertz spoof surface plasmon polariton (terahertz spoof SPP) with confinement. A transmission line making use of a terahertz spoof SPP is a promising device in the terahertz wave band, and there are many previous reports of two-dimensional structures. Three-dimensional structures provide sophisticated designs for transmission lines propagating a terahertz spoof SPP. Eigenmode analysis is used to derive a dispersion diagram for one post with boundary conditions extracted from the full model. The propagation frequency of the terahertz spoof SPP increases with lower heights or smaller diameters, and that remains virtually unchanged for post-spacing and thickness of a substrate. The analysis of the full model confirms the confinement of a terahertz spoof SPP vertically on the post-array. The magnitude of the electric field is strong around the top and bottom and weak at approximately one-third height. The terahertz spoof SPP is confined in the space around the post-array as well as a substrate, while it is confined only on substrates in conventional two-dimensional structures. The designed post-array can control the three-dimensional focusing of a terahertz spoof SPP in an arbitrary volume of space.

A stepped nonlinear solution method based on differential susceptibility is presented for the quasi-magnetostatic analysis of nonlinear magnetic materials. The stepped solver is applicable to hysteretic materials and supports a permanent magnetization. A locally corrected Nystrom discretization of the magnetostatic volume integral equation is used to implement the stepped solver. Characterization of the stepped solver is performed using various magnetic material models which support hysteresis. Solver accuracy is validated using Team Workshop Problem 13, analytic results of a magnetic sphere with hysteresis, and against measured data for a hollow steel pipe.

A well-conditioned, high-order Nystrom discretization of a volume integral equation for quasi-magnetostatic, time-harmonic eddy current analysis of magnetic-conducting materials is presented. Good conditioning is contingent on augmenting the system with a charge neutrality constraint. Two forms of the continuity constraint are discussed. An iterative diagonal preconditioning scheme is applied to greatly improve the condition number. Results are presented for canonical problems and the TEAM Workshop Problem 7.

A discontinuous Galerkin finite-element time-domain (DGFETD) port formulation of the coupled Maxwell’s equations and Drift-Diffusion equations for a photoconductive antenna is derived. The formulation is cast in a form such that static quantities are extracted. The resulting system is used to analyze terahertz-band photoconductive antennas with well-defined gap regions excited by pulsed lasers. Several antenna types are investigated, and results are compared to measured results from the literature .

Need for high-performance and sophisticated optical devices in the terahertz wave band is growing rapidly with terahertz technological progress. This paper presents a lens in the terahertz wave band based on phase control using an oblique metal slit array. A convex oblique slit array can produce a focusing effect. This focusing effect is confirmed by full-wave analysis for the designed terahertz path-length lens. The effective refractive index computed from the full-wave analysis is consistent with analytical expressions and changes from 1.00 to 1.56 with the angle of the metal slit array. Full-wave analysis also confirms that the lamination errors of the path-length lens have limited influence on the focusing effects. The robustness of the lens design is essential for its industrial applications to terahertz optical devices.

Stress levels in university students peak during the final exam period. An inverse association exists between Physical Activity (PA) and poor mental health. UNLV has created Fitness4Finals (F4F), an event novel in its approach to academic stress reduction by incorporating both physical activity and mental relaxation. To our knowledge, a university-driven programming event aimed at reducing physiological and psychological stress among students approaching final exams had never been studied. Therefore, the aims of this research were to 1) examine the influence of F4F on physiological stress and perceived psychological stress (PPS) and 2) to examine the relationship between physiological stress and PPS. Fifteen full-time university students were recruited to participate in their choice of one of two groups: F4F or control (NonF4F). Pre-F4F and post-F4F measures of physiological stress, measured by salivary cortisol, and perceived psychological stress, measured by survey were collected. The F4F event was held the week prior to final examinations. Participants in the F4F group engaged in one F4F activity per day for the duration of the 3-day event. Results of the repeated measures MANOVA indicated nonsignificant interaction (p = .864) between F4F participation, physiological stress and PPS. PPS and cortisol were not correlated at the onset of the study (r = −0.18, p = 0.48) or at the last sampling period (r = 0.097, p = 0.73). Preemptive elevated levels of PA in the F4F group may have influenced results. Qualitative data indicates a unanimous perceived reduction in stress from F4F participation. While the physiological measures of stress in the present study were not significantly different, the perceived stress reduction reported by F4F participants is influential. Further investigation with improvements in timing and measurement tools is warranted.

A sparse solution method is presented for boundary integral equation formulations of high frequency TMz electromagnetic scattering from a discrete collection of conducting cylinders. The method uses a directional plane wave basis to represent radiating degrees of freedom (DOF), incorporates shadowing via spectral splitting, and directly identifies ray-like redirection.

Glucose tolerance and body composition were determined in male rats given non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) (aspartame or sucralose) in drinking water. Areas under the curve for glucose and insulin with NNS did not differ from control. NNS treatment had no effect on weight gain or percent body fat. Epididymal fat pad mass was higher with aspartame and the ratio of trunk to total fat was less with sucralose versus control, suggesting that NNS consumption altered body fat distribution.

Hotelling's T2 statistic has many applications in multivariate analysis. In particular, it can be used to measure the influence that a particular observation vector has on parameter estimation. For example, in the bivariate case, there exists a direct relationship between the ellipse generated using a T2 statistic for individual observations and the hyperbolae generated using Hampel's influence function for the corresponding correlation coefficient. In this paper, we jointly use the components of an orthogonal decomposition of the T2 statistic and some influence functions to identify outliers or influential observations. Since the conditional components in the T2 statistic are related to the possible changes in the correlation between a variable and a group of other variables, we consider the theoretical influence functions of the correlations and multiple correlation coefficients. Finite-sample versions of these influence functions are used to find the estimated influence function values.

Introduction: Wearable Technology Devices are used to promote physical activity. It is unknown whether different devices measure heart rate and step count consistently during walking or jogging in a free motion setting and on a treadmill. Purpose: To compare heart rate and step count values for the Samsung Gear 2, FitBit Surge, Polar A360, Garmin Vivosmart HR+, Scosche Rhythm+ and the Leaf Health Tracker in walking and jogging activities. Methods: Forty volunteers participated. Devices were worn simultaneously in randomized configurations. 5-minute intervals of walking and jogging were completed in free motion and treadmill settings with matching paces. Heart rates at minutes 3, 4, and 5 were averaged for the devices along with the criterion measure, the Polar T31 monitor. Step count criterion measure was the mean of two manual counters. A 2x6 (environment vs device) repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc was performed with significance set at p

A high-order Nystrom discretization of a volume integral equation derived for quasi-magnetostatic, time-harmonic eddy current analysis is presented. The formulation is based on the coupled magnetic field and magnetic vector potential integral equations. Both magnetic and conducting materials are included in the formulation. Analytic results for canonical problems are used to corroborate the high-order convergence of the method. Data for the TEAM Workshop problem 7 are presented.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of an artificial multilayer lens comprising ten layers of metal rectangular chips on a cyclo olefin polymer, which has low loss in the terahertz band. Measurements of the focusing effect are also presented. The focusing effect is produced by the rectangular metallic chips which act as an electrical dipole. Simulations are performed using ANSYS HFSS. The lenses are fabricated by laser processing or semiconductor etching. The focusing effect is confirmed by measurement using terahertz near-field microscopy, although some discrepancies are observed between the simulated and measured results.

Optical devices for terahertz wave band from 0.1 to 10 THz are rapidly expanding and require better designs. This paper proposes and designs a parallel plate lens with metal hole array for the terahertz wave band. The fast wave effect is due to the parallel plate. For this lens, the parallel plate spacing and hole array dimensions control the phase velocity and the focusing effect. It is not necessary to control the phase through the lens shape, which is flat, itself. The periodic analysis model extracted from the full model confirms the phase control by the metal hole array dimensions. The periodic model can be used for efficient iterative design. The full wave analysis results are also obtained by ANSYS HFSS and the focusing effect is confirmed. Phase control using both the parallel plate and the hole array enhances the focusing effect over the focusing effect controlled only by the metal hole array dimensions.

This paper presents a three-dimensional concave lens constructed from a metallic slit array. The effective refractive index is estimated to be \(0

Previous studies indicate that rifle shooting performance while standing is compromised when fatigued. Apprehension of suspects by police officers may involve foot pursuit and firing a weapon from a standing position. The purpose of the current study was to investigate pistol shooting performance in police officers under similar conditions of physical fatigue. Participants (mean age: 30.1 years; 4.4 years of experience as police officer) completed two shooting trials separated by an acute bout of exercise on a cycle ergometer to voluntary exhaustion. Each trial consisted of three rounds of five rapid-fire shots at a target, each round separated by a 15-s rest. Participants’ backs were turned to the target between rounds. Despite physical exertion, with an average heart rate of 164 bpm, shooting accuracy (mean distance of the closest 4 shots from the center of the target) and precision (diameter of the tightest 4-shot grouping) remained unchanged on postexercise trials relative to preexercise trials. This suggests that automatic shooting reactions override the adverse consequences of fatiguing exercise on shooting performance.

This paper reports on an improved factorization strategy for integral equation matrices based on source and field transformations that have localizing radiation and reception properties. In addition to the use of localizing functions, the method incorporates orthogonally matched receivers. It is shown that this yields a controllably diagonal multilevel matrix factorization. To simplify the presentation, the algorithm is described for symmetric systems. Numerical results are presented for both symmetric and non-symmetric matrices.

Use of wearable technology to obtain various body metrics appears to be a trending phenomenon. However there is very little literature supporting the notion that these apparatuses can be used for research purposes in the field. The purpose of this study was to utilize Hexoskin wearable technology shirts (HxS) to obtain data in a pilot study using a trail hiking situation. Ten individuals (male, n = 4, female n = 6) volunteered to participate. On the first day, volunteers completed two approximately flat trail hikes at a self-preferred pace with a 15-minute rest between trials. On the second day, participants completed a strenuous uphill hike (17.6% grade) with a 15-minute rest at the summit and then completed the downhill portion. Body metrics provided by the HxS were average heart rate (HR), maximal HR (MHR), total energy expenditure (EE), average respiratory rate (RR), maximal respiratory rate (MRR), total steps (SC), and cadence (CA). Other measurements obtained were systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Data were analyzed using both one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance accepted at p≤0.05 and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for each variable. Both were determined using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS). No significant differences for trail type were noted for MHR (p=0.38), RR (p=0.45) or MRR (p=0.31). The uphill trail elicited significantly elevated HR (up=154±24 bpm, easy=118±11 bpm, down=129±19 bpm; p=0.04) and EE (up=251±78 kcal, easy=124±38 kcal, down=171±52 kcal; p=0.02). Significant ICC were observed for DBP (r = 0.80, p = 0.02), RR (r = 0.98, p = 0.01), SC (r = 0.97, p = 0.01) and RPE (r = 0.94, p = 0.01). Non-significant correlation were noted for uphill RR vs CA (r=0.51, p=0.16) or RPE vs SBP (r=0.03, p=0.94), HR (r=0.60, p=0.12), and MHR (r=0.70, p=0.051). We utilized HxS to provide physiological data in an applied setting. It should be noted that HR did not register in 5 out of 10 subjects on the easy trail, and 8 of 10 participants during the uphill hike. Additionally, estimated EE appears to be linked to HR intensity. Future investigations taken in an outdoor environment should take these findings into consideration.

In this paper, a technique for automatically generating basis functions suitable for integral equation discretizations is presented. The technique seeks to obtain an optimal basis function from a linear combination of more general functions by enforcing an appropriate set of constraints on the linear combination and then solving for the optimal coefficients. Numerical properties of divergence-conforming constrained bases on quadrilateral meshes are characterized in terms of scattering from perfectly electric conducting structures. Computed data show that the condition numbers of system matrices resulting from the use of the constrained bases are equal to or better than those resulting from the use of other basis sets reported in the literature.

Optical devices for the terahertz wave band are being developed now and require better designs. This paper analyzes an artificial dielectric lens with metallic rectangular chips for the terahertz wave band. This paper also provides an explanation of the phenomena by use of a periodic model. The periodic analysis model, extracted from the full one by assuming periodicity, confirms the phase delay as the mechanism that produces the focusing effect. Furthermore, the results of the full model confirm that the focusing length is longer with the larger periodicity of rectangular metal chips along the direction transverse to the propagation direction. It also indicates a nonuniform change for the periodicity along the propagation direction and the longer focusing length with narrower rectangular chips. The results of the full model analysis are qualitatively consistent with those of the periodic model one. This implies that the design for an exact size lens is possible through use of the periodic model.

Optical devices for the terahertz wave band are being developed now and require better designs. This paper proposes an artificial dielectric lens with metallic corrugated structures for the terahertz wave band. A periodic analysis model extracted from the full model by assuming periodicity confirms the phase delay, which produces the focusing effect. Full model analysis also confirms the focusing effect. The full model analysis also confirms that the focusing length is longer as the spacing of corrugated baffles is wider. The focusing length is longer the metallic groove width is wider. The focusing length is longer as the groove depth is shallower. The lens shape without grooves does not produce the focusing effect. The results of the full model analysis are qualitatively consistent with those of the periodic model ones. This implies that the design for an exact size lens is possible by using the periodic model.