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A microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) is a cost-effective platform to implement assays, especially for point-of-care testing. Developing μPADs with fluidic control is important to implement multistep assays and provide high sensitivities. However, current localized delays in μPADs made of sucrose have a limited ability to decrease the flow rate. In addition, existing μPADs for automatic multistep assays are limited by their need for auxiliary instruments, their false activation, or their unavoidable tradeoff between available fluid volumes and temporal differences between steps. Here, a novel μPAD composed of a localized dissolvable delay and a horizontal motion mechanical valve for use as an automatic multistep assay is reported. A mixture of fructose and sucrose was used in the localized dissolvable delay and it provided an effective decrease in the flow rate to ensure adequate sensitivity in an assay. The dissolvable delay effectively doubled the flow time. A mechanical valve using a horizontal movement was developed to automatically implement a multistep process. Two-step and four-step processes were enabled with the μPAD. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a gold-standard biomarker for myocardial infarction, was used as a model analyte to show the performance of the developed μPAD in an assay. The designed μPAD, with the simple-to-make localized dissolvable delay and the robust mechanical valve, provides the potential to automatically implement high-performance multistep assays toward a versatile platform for point-of-care diagnostics.

Electromagnetic waves as a mechanism of heat generation in the reservoir is a concept that has great potential to efficiently produce heavy oil and bitumen. However, as a result of large wave atten...

The accurate and rapid diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) is essential to implement timely and definitive treatment to the patient. Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) has been widely used as a biomarker for early diagnosis of MI. Point-of-care (POC) testing is favored because it can provide timely results when the patient is first encountered (e.g. ambulance, clinic, or emergency department). However, the clinical cut-off of cTnI for diagnosis of MI is in the pico- to femtomolar range (i.e. 0.01-0.1 ng/ml). Thus, a sensitive sensing system is needed to quantitively measure cTnI at the POC. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a sensitive optical technique that can be used to measure trace analytes in a sample. Moreover, paper-based sensing systems have demonstrated potential as a platform to implement assays, especially at the POC. This research describes the development of a paper-based SERS assay for detection of cTnI in the physiological relevant range. Aptamer is used in the assay for recognizing the cTnI in a sample. SERS is used to sensitively transduce the sensing signal from the assay. A handheld Raman spectrometer is used to measure the SERS signal. By measuring the change in the SERS signal, the concentration of target molecule is quantitatively determined. Moreover, spectral processing techniques are used to evaluate their effect on signal-to-noise ratio as well as sensitivity of the assay. Results showed the designed sensing system can be used to measure cTnI (0-0.5 ng/mL) in standard buffer solutions.

Over the past year, there have been many changes in hip arthroplasty. Some of the new information further solidifies practices such as the use of tranexamic acid for blood conservation and the detection of infection through alpha defensins, and other studies have enhanced our knowledge of surgical approaches and the modes of failure of implants. Compared with the past, the biggest changes have not been in surgical materials or techniques but in how surgeons will practice in the future with respect to outcomes. ### Bearings Total hip arthroplasty is increasingly being utilized in younger, more active patients with long life expectancies. Researchers have conducted studies using different bearing couples in the hopes of improving the longevity of implants. In one report, the authors conducted a Level-I study to determine if there was a short-term to intermediate-term survivorship difference among common total hip arthroplasty bearings used in patients younger than 65 years of age1. This report described the survivorship of ceramic on ceramic, ceramic on highly cross-linked polyethylene, and metal on highly cross-linked polyethylene. Direct-comparison meta-analysis found no differences among the bearing surfaces in terms of the risk of revision. Network meta-analysis likewise found no differences in survivorship across the three implant types, suggesting that, at least in the short term, any of the bearing combinations functioned well in younger patients. Another randomized controlled trial compared the results of ceramic-on-ceramic bearing with those of ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings2. At the 10-year follow-up, there were no group differences (p > 0.48) in both the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and the SF-12 (RAND 12-Item Health Survey). There were no failures or loss of fixation related to bearing surfaces or wear in either group. Comparing ceramic-on-ceramic bearings with ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings, there were few short-term differences in function or wear. These …

The female, larva, and pupa of Antipodoecia Mosely from Australia are described, males re-examined and briefly described. Similarities with other trichopteran families are discussed. Based on morphological synapomorphies of males, females, pupae, and larvae, we infer that the genera Antipodoecia, Anomalopsyche, and Contulma share an immediate common ancestor, although relationships among these genera remain unresolved. Consequently, the Neotropical family Anomalopsychidae is a junior synonym of Antipodoeciidae from Australia.

Electromagnetic waves as a viable means of introducing heat energy to reservoirs to allow for transmission of heavy or extra-heavy oil have been gaining prominence and notoriety in recent years due to its applicability to a wide variety of reservoirs. However, how reservoir properties affect the electromagnetic wave penetration is not well defined. This study investigates the impact of different reservoir rock and fluid combinations on the electromagnetic wave penetration and also introduces the dependency of dielectric properties on pressure. Several different reservoir rock samples (quartz rich, carbonate rich) with varying lithology and porosity were used in this study. The contribution of the fluid type was investigated by saturating the cores with water as well as measuring the responses on dry cores as a control. Air and water saturated rock samples were irradiated electromagnetically at varying frequencies (200 MHz to 6 GHz) under pressure. Frequency dependent dielectric properties were measured for each sample utilizing a coaxial dielectric probe and a vector network analyzer. Dielectric constant (ε′), loss index (ε″), and loss tangent of test mediums were utilized to generate the penetration depth of each sample as a function of frequency. The loss index and dielectric constant comprise the complex permittivity which is the foundation for microwave absorbance and penetration depth. Penetration depth is highly frequency dependent and exhibits an exponential decay where as the wave travels further into the sample more energy is gradually absorbed by the material and thus the energy content of the wave continually diminishes. With lower frequencies, higher penetration depth was obtained for all samples where less energy has been dissipated and absorbed by the formation. The utilization of both water and air represent both a very effective absorber of microwaves as well as a material transparent to microwaves respectively. Therefore, the dry cores (air saturated) realized greater penetration depths as less attenuation occurred due to the transparent nature of the saturating fluid. The quartz rich sandstone achieved lower penetration depths than the limestone core utilized which is indicative of greater capability of the sandstone samples to absorb microwave energy. Reservoir properties will affect the dielectric response of the material and so it becomes necessary to account for the presence of pressure due to overburden while taking laboratory measurements. The pressurized samples for both the sandstones were found to cause disparity between the control experiments when saturated with water. Introducing pressure of the water saturated sandstone samples effectively lowers the loss tangent resulting in a decreased capability to absorb microwave energy.

Long-term studies have seldom considered the compositional stability (i.e., invariability of community composition) of stream invertebrate communities. Compositional stability could potentially be related to variations in species richness, habitat complexity, or hydrological and physicochemical conditions. Invertebrate species data were obtained for 21 sites that had been sampled over 16 to 20 years in Victoria, southern Australia. Stability of community composition at a site was measured with the mean Bray-Curtis coefficient, which was calculated for all comparisons between samples taken over the sampling period using only presence/absence data. Three datasets were compiled: one containing all species, one containing only insects, and one with family-level data. Multiple regressions demonstrated that stability at a site was related directly to species richness and habitat complexity and inversely to daily discharge; stability was not related to physicochemical conditions. The first 2 factors accounted for 45–49% of the variance while flow accounted for 9–16% but was not significant at the family level. The positive relation between stability and species richness may be due to higher variability in colonization at species-poor sites and thus lower compositional stability, while increased habitat complexity enhances stability by providing more refuges. Increased flow may result in more invertebrate drift and movement and thus lower stability, but the relationship was weak and provided little support to the idea that hydrology is an important ecological characteristic for invertebrates of southern Australian rivers.

DNA barcoding was intended as a means to provide species-level identifications through associating DNA sequences from unknown specimens to those from curated reference specimens. Although barcodes were not designed for phylogenetics, they can be beneficial to the completion of the Tree of Life. The barcode database for Trichoptera is relatively comprehensive, with data from every family, approximately two-thirds of the genera, and one-third of the described species. Most Trichoptera, as with most of life's species, have never been subjected to any formal phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present a phylogeny with over 16 000 unique haplotypes as a working hypothesis that can be updated as our estimates improve. We suggest a strategy of implementing constrained tree searches, which allow larger datasets to dictate the backbone phylogeny, while the barcode data fill out the tips of the tree. We also discuss how this phylogeny could be used to focus taxonomic attention on ambiguous species boundaries and hidden biodiversity. We suggest that systematists continue to differentiate between ‘Barcode Index Numbers’ (BINs) and ‘species’ that have been formally described. Each has utility, but they are not synonyms. We highlight examples of integrative taxonomy, using both barcodes and morphology for species description. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.

Three new species of the mayfly genus Austrophlebioides Campbell and Suter are described from the Wet Tropics bioregion of north-eastern Australia: A. rieki sp. n., A. wooroonooran sp. n. and A. porphyrobranchus sp. n. The three species are similar, and are characterised in the male imago by the presence of a prominent ventral projection on each lobe of the penes and segment one of the claspers narrowing at about one-third length, and in the nymph by the absence of fine setae along the outer margin of the mandible between the median setal tuft and the outer incisor. The generic diagnosis of the nymphal stage is modified slightly to accommodate the three new species.

Dean, J.C., and Suter, P.J. 2004. Descriptions of new species and a new genus of leptophlebiid mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from the Northern Territory, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61(1): 111‐118. Adults and nymphs of a new monotypic genus (Manggabora gen. nov.) and three new species of leptophlebiid mayflies (Manggabora wapitja sp. nov., Atalophlebia gubara sp. nov. and Tillyardophlebia dostinei sp. nov.) are described from Kakadu National Park in northern Australia.

Dean, J.C., 2001. New species of Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from northern Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 58(2):231–246. Five new species of hydropsychid caddisflies of northern Australia are described from males, females and larvae: Cheumatopsyche kakaduensis sp. nov., C. suteri sp. nov., C. wellsae sp. nov., C. dostinei sp. nov. and Asmicridea capricornica sp. nov. Cheumatopsyche kakaduensis sp. nov. has thus far only been recorded from Kakadu National Park, while the remaining four species are widely distributed across northern Australia. Distribution maps are presented with keys for identification of males, females and larvae.

In early June of 2000 a COTS Workshop entitled "Continuing Collaborations for Successful COTS Development" was held in Limerick, Ireland in conjunction with ICSE 2000. The purpose of the workshop was to collect experience reports regarding the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software to build systems, identify best-practices for the use of COTS software, and to establish a research agenda for those researchers interested in COTS-based software systems. This one and a half day workshop was an extension of the work begun during the workshop entitled "Ensuring Successful COTS Development" held in conjunction with ICSE '99. Results from that workshop demonstrated that there were a number of common research areas, including acquisition, planning and management, architecture and implementation, and evaluation and testing, for which researchers saw the possibility of collaboration. These areas included specific topics such as estimating the effort required to implement COTS-based systems, classification of architectural styles, and certification of COTS products for reliability and safety. The group will reconvene at ICSE'01 (www.csr.uvic.ca/icse2001) to discuss further the results achieved.The ICSE 2000 Workshop had about 26 participants and was formatted as a combination of plenary sessions and small breakout groups that worked on specific issues related to COTS-based systems. The breakout groups investigated the impact of COTS software usage in the following areas: Economic and financial issues. Requirements definition Software engineering process. Integration, maintenance and system management. Business models. Each breakout group tried to identify the current state of the art in COTS software usage as well as open questions that could provide the basis for further research in the coming years. Each group was responsible for producing a written summary of their discussions which are included, without major editing, below. A more complete description of the workshop, as well as all the participants' position papers, can be found at:http://seg.iit.nrc.ca/projects/cots/icse2000wkshp/index.html

While the crossing number is the standard notion of complexity for knots, the number of ideal tetrahedra required to construct the complement provides a natural alternative. We determine which hyperbolic manifolds with 6 or fewer ideal tetrahedra are knot complements, and explicitly describe the corresponding knots in the 3-sphere. Thus, these 72 knots are the simplest knots according to this notion of complexity. Many of these knots have the structure of twisted torus knots. The initial observation that led to the project was the abundance of knot complements with small Seifert-fibered Dehn fillings among the census manifolds. Since many of these knots have rather large crossing number they do not appear in the knot tables. Our methods, while ad hoc, yield some detailed information about the knot complements as well as the manifolds that arise from exceptional surgeries on these knots.

The purpose of this study was to compare the host—bone response to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP)-coated and noncoated titanium fibermetal implants placed in a load-sharing cancellous bone environment of the distal femurs of rabbits. The influence of implantation site was also investigated by comparing these intracancellous implants with intramedullary implants evaluated in a previous study. Three parameters were measured: percentage implant perimeter surface length in contact with new bone, percentage internal fibermetal surface length in contact with ingrown bone, and percentage of available pore space filled with bone. The HA/TCP coating significantly accelerated and increased bone ongrowth, new bone formation on the perimeter and internal surface of the implants. This effect was evident as early as 2 weeks after implantation. In contrast, there was no difference between HA/TCP-coated and noncoated implants in the bone ingrowth parameter, percentage of available pore space filled with bone, or pull-out strength. Scanning electron microscopy in the backscatter mode demonstrated that new bone formed directly onto the HA/TCP-coated fibers and did not usually form directly on noncoated fibers. Analysis of fluorochrome labeling revealed that bone formation in weeks 1 through 4 was primarily woven and there-after lamellar. Compared with intramedullary placement, intracancellous placement significantly accelerated the apposition of bone to the perimeter and internal surface of HA/TCP-coated implants and both accelerated and increased bone ingrowth as a percentage of available pore volume. These data show that the host response to titanium fibermetal implants is influenced both by HA/TCP coating and by the implantation site.

This paper introduces the basic concepts of coordination based design and addresses three important issues of COTS-based systems: meeting user needs, selection of proper COTS software and meeting non-functional requirements. It shows that established engineering practices that deal with these issues may be imposed during the development cycle by separating coordination from execution. By integrating COTS software using a coordinator, designers can address these issues up front.

In this paper, we define the primitive/Seifert-fibered property for a knot in S^3. If satisfied, the property ensures that the knot has a Dehn surgery that yields a small Seifert-fibered space (i.e. base S^2 and three or fewer critical fibers). Next we describe the twisted torus knots, which provide an abundance of examples of primitive/Seifert-fibered knots. By analyzing the twisted torus knots, we prove that nearly all possible triples of multiplicities of the critical fibers arise via Dehn surgery on primitive/Seifert-fibered knots., Comment: Published by Algebraic and Geometric Topology at http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/agt/AGTVol3/agt-3-14.abs.html

The growing use of commercial products in large systems makes evaluation and selection of appropriate products an increasingly essential activity. However, many organizations struggle in their attempts to select an appropriate product for use in systems. As part of a cooperative effort, the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) and the National Research Council Canada (NRC) have defined a tailorable software product evaluation process that can support organizations in making carefully reasoned and sound product decisions. This paper describes that process., 1st International Conference on COTS-Based Software System, February 4-6, 2002, Orlando, Florida, USA

The use of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software products as components of large-scale systems has become more and more pervasive. One of the interesting questions that has arisen is "Can you build secure applications using insecure components?" We have been investigating ways to protect data that is shared between two or more independent, insecure applications. Our initial attempts to accomplish secure data storage and transfer have been directed toward building data encryption tools that interact with various COTS products. The goal was to test our theory that security wrappers for COTS products are feasible. This paper describes a security wrapper technology that we have implemented for selected (COTS) software products. The technology focuses on interchangeability for COTS software components, portability for the wrapper, and security for communications between applications via the wrapper. By applying this security wrapper technology, one COTS software component to be wrapped can be replaced by another without significantly modifying the wrapper; the wrapper can work with a variety of operating systems; and data can be encrypted and stored temporarily or permanently.

COTS Workshop: Continuing Collaborations for Successful COTS Development John Dean, National Research of Council Canada fJohn.Dean@nrc.ca} Patricia Oberndorf, Software Engineering Institute {po(~_sei.cmu.edu} Mark Vigder, National Research Council Canada fMark.Viader~_nrc.ca~ Chris Abts, University of Southern California {cabts~sunset.usc.edu} Hakan Erdogmus, National Research Council of Canada {Hakan.Erdogmus~nrc.ca} Nell Maiden, City University, UK fN.A.M.Maiden(~citv.ac.uk} Michael Looney, DERA, UK fmiloonev@dra.hmo.ab} George Heineman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute {heineman(~cs.wpi.edu} Michael Guntersdorfer, University of California, Irvine fmQunters~uci.edu}

Injury to the popliteal artery during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a devastating complication. Although infrequent, these injuries can result in the need for further surgery, including revascularization or possibly even amputation. Several mechanisms are capable of producing direct trauma to the popliteal artery, including the use of posterior ret ractors. We investigated the proximity of the popliteal artery to the tibial joint surface during TKA to identify crucial steps in the procedure at which the artery was at highest risk for injury. TKA was performed on cadaveric specimens, and serial intraoperative arteriograms were taken throughout the procedure, demonstrating the potential for arterial injury by the instrumentation. Additionally, 50 transverse magnetic resonance imaging scans of unrelated knees were analyzed for the position of the popliteal artery relative to the midline of the tibial plateau as well as at a level 5 to 10 mm below this, at the site of a typical resection during TKA. All of the arteriograms showed the artery to be a lateral structure at the joint line. Additionally a posterior retractor placed the artery at risk when it was placed in a position lateral to the posterior cruciate ligament or when it was injudiciously inserted more than 1 cm into the soft tissues. Hyperextension of the knee, which might occur during preparation of the patella, produced dramatic tenting of the artery over the posterior joint line. These results demonstrate that the popliteal artery is at significant risk during TKA, particularly if posterior retractors are placed in a position lateral to the midline of the joint. Both hyperflexion and especially hyperextension produced severe deformities and kinking of the artery and would particularly jeopardize an artery with atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest that the popliteal artery may be at least risk during TKA if posterior retractors are placed medial to the midline of the tibial plateau and if care is taken to avoid extremes of both flexion and extension.

The purpose of this study was to measure the strain in the posterior cruciate ligament as a function of knee flexion angle and posterior tibial slope following total knee arthroplasty with a posterior cruciate ligament-retaining design. Posterior cruciate ligament strain was measured in seven fresh-frozen cadavers for posterior tibial slopes of 10 degrees, 8 degrees, and 5 degrees. For all three levels of tibial slope tested, strain in the posterior cruciate ligament increased with increasing flexion angle to approximately 100 degrees and then decreased with increasing flexion. The strain measured at 8 degrees posterior tibial slope was greater than that measured at 10 degrees, but the difference was not significant. The strain measured at 5 degrees posterior slope was significantly greater than strain measured at both 8 degrees and 10 degrees. This increased strain may result in altered knee kinematics and reduced range of motion at higher flexion angles.

A new experimental technique for measuring generalized three-dimensional motion of vertebral bodies during cyclic loading in vitro is presented. The system consists of an orthogonal array of three lasers mounted rigidly to one vertebra, and a set of three mutually orthogonal charge-coupled devices mounted rigidly to an adjacent vertebra. Each laser strikes a corresponding charge-coupled device screen. The mathematical model of the system is reduced to a linear set of equations with consequent matrix algebra allowing fast real-time data reduction during cyclic movements of the spine. The range and accuracy of the system is well suited for studying thoracolumbar motion segments. Distinct advantages of the system include miniaturization of the components, the elimination of the need for mechanical linkages between the bodies, and a high degree of accuracy which is not dependent on viewing volume as found in photogrammetric systems. More generally, the spectrum of potential applications of systems of this type to the real-time measurement of the relative motion of two bodies is extremely broad.

The mayfly genus Austrophlebioides Campbell & Suter, 1988 is endemic to Australia and is widely distributed in eastern Australia and Tasmania. Here, the phylogenetic relationships among species of Austrophlebioides are investigated using cladistic analyses based on morphological characters of the nymph and adult, and the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus is presented. The results from the phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of three monophyletic species-groups: the ‘rieki’, ‘pusillus’ and ‘marchanti’ clades. The ‘pusillus’ clade is the sister-group to the ‘rieki’ clade, and the clade comprising these two groups is sister to the ‘marchanti’ clade. Minimal overlap was observed in the geographic distribution of the three Austrophlebioides clades. The ‘rieki’ clade is confined to the Wet Tropics bioregion of north-eastern Queensland. The ‘pusillus’ clade is distributed from central-eastern Queensland to Victoria. The ‘marchanti’ clade occurs in southern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Distributional limits of the three clades correspond with the presence of recognised biogeographic barriers (Burdekin Gap, Hunter Valley and Bass Strait) suggesting that vicariance has been important in the differentiation of the group and in determining present-day distributions of species.

A new brachypterous species of stonefly (Dinotoperla walkeri sp. nov.) is described from Hopkins Falls in western Victoria. The species is large compared to other species of the genus, and the robust nymph is adapted to live on or under boulders in fast currents. Such conditions appear not to occur elsewhere in the region of the type locality, and it is speculated that brachyptery may be an adaptation which ensures that adults do not disperse away from the nymphal habitat.

Freshwater catchments of south-east Australia possess generally rich and diverse macroinvertebrate faunas, although the genetic structuring of these assemblages is poorly known. In this study, we assessed mitochondrial phylogenetic structure within four genera of macroinvertebrates from the Sydney Water Supply Catchment, south-east Australia: Euastacus (parastacid crayfish), Cheumatopsyche (hydropsychid caddisflies), Atalophlebia (leptophlebiid mayflies) and Paratya (atyid shrimp), with a view to prioritising areas of high diversity for future conservation efforts. We found extremely divergent (≈4–19%) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) lineages within all surveyed groups, many of which corresponded to recognised taxa, although there was also evidence of cryptic species within three genera; Euastacus, Atalophlebia and Paratya. Distributions of these three genera were associated with high altitude streams, above dam impoundments. Our results have important implications for management of the Sydney Water Supply Catchment. Future disturbance in this region is likely to be high and priority should be directed towards preserving the diversity of fauna in these upland areas. This comparative phylogenetic approach may have value as a means to focus and direct conservation efforts in other areas supporting high biodiversity.

THIS article is a discussion of a little 1 known phase of the oil business—the use of petroleum as a processing material. If one looks about, he will be able to find very few articles which do not utilize a petroleum product somewhere in manufacture. The clothes and shoes one wears, the furniture one sits on, the paper one sees, and a host of other everyday articles either contain petroleum, or used it while being made. It has never been determined accurately how much petroleum is so employed, but it is known that the quantities run into millions of barrels per year. The scope of petroleum's utility as a processing material is virtually unlimited. At present over 30 basic industries employ petroleum in their manufacturing processes, and the individual applications are numbered in the thousands. Obviously it is possible to give but a bird'seye view of the subject in so short a time, and for ...

The species composition and life histories of the Trichoptera of a Victorian forest stream were investigated for 21 months. Monthly samples were collected from zones of fast current in midstream over the whole study period, and also from side riffles and leaf-pack accumulations for periods of 7 and 8 months, respectively. In all, 40 species were recorded as larvae, and it is suggested that species richness is similar to comparable streams in the Northern Hemisphere. The communities of all three biotopes were dominated by Tamasia acuta (Calocidae). Information is presented on life histories of the nine most abundant species. Ethochorema turbidum (Hydrobiosidae) exhibited a non-seasonal life history, while the remaining eight species were seasonal and displayed varying degrees of synchrony. Tamasia acuta required 2-3 years to complete the life cycle, Alloerella grisea (Helicophidae) required 1-2 years, and the other six species were univoltine. Agapetus monticolus and A. kimminsi (Glossosomatidae) were temporally segregated, with the former emerging in spring and early summer and the latter in summer and autumn.

At least 51 species of Trichoptera, in 10 families, are now known from south-western Australia. Larvae of the Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Hydropsychidae and some species of Ecnomidae are briefly described, and notes on their distribution and biology are presented. A key to species is also provided for the larvae of most families of Trichoptera recorded from this region.