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The field of cross-cultural psychology studies the development and display of human behavior as it emerges in various ecological and cultural contexts worldwide. I adopt two perspectives on this field: functionalism and universalism. The first perspective considers that individual behaviors are adaptive to these contexts in variable ways that permit success in life; that is, adaptation involves changing societal institutions and behaviors over time to meet the needs and goals of local cultural populations. The second perspective views these behaviors as being rooted in species-wide shared processes and capacities; that is, all human beings possess a set of common underlying potentials for development. From these two perspectives, I see no contradiction between evidence that behaviors are differentially shaped, developed, and expressed in different cultures, and the evidence that there are shared underlying processes on which these developments take place. Culturally sensitive development, when viewed within this conceptual nexus, is not a “one size fits all” approach, but one that is rooted in, and meets, both local and global needs and concerns.

Cross-cultural psychology has employed the concept of the “field” in two ways. First, as articulated by Lewin, it is the larger context in which all individuals develop their behaviors and now express them; it is a conceptual space within which to situate human behavior. Second, it refers to the cultures and communities in which anthropologists have usually worked, making observations of daily life, and then describing the cultures of the people; it is a physical and symbolic space in which human activity takes place. These two meanings share common features: they both consider that all human behavior develops and is exhibited in contexts; and that these contexts need to be studied and described before human activity can be understood and interpreted. I argue that it is essential for cross-cultural psychology to use and study both meanings of the field concept if we are to make valid interpretations of the origins (roots) and the influences (routes) on behaviors that we observe and assess in our research and practice. Starting over 100 years ago, collaboration between anthropologists and psychologists established the field of cross-cultural psychology. This collaboration continued for many years, but has diminished in recent times. I argue for the necessity to return to the field in both senses in order for our field to advance. This paper examines these two meanings in the disciplines of anthropology and psychology, and presents some elaborations of them, using the ecocultural framework as a general guide, and an arc framework as a specific exposition of it. Examples of fieldwork in psychology and anthropology are presented to provide substance to these frameworks. The claim is made that our discipline has largely abandoned the concept of the field, and proposes a way to correct this error.

A new and growing library of 3D models that can be utilized to illustrate many important concepts in the field of crystallography is presented. These models are accessible in the classroom via computers and smartphones and offer significant advantages over 2D depictions found in crystallography textbooks. Through the use of Blender, a free 3D modeling and animation program, over 100 new models focusing on different aspects of crystallographic education have been created. To simplify distribution/access, all of these models have been uploaded to Sketchfab, a model hosting and viewing web site that works similarly to YouTube. The current set of models is also given as a list in the supporting information. All of these models are free to view in a web browser or through a smartphone application. Additionally, all of these models are freely downloadable through the supporting information and Sketchfab, and users are encouraged to download and modify these models to best suit their needs. This library of models is part of the authors' ongoing outreach program to provide 3D models for free for educational purposes, and the authors offer their services to create additional models and moderate this library as additional requests or critiques are provided.

Egypt, one of the “cradles of civilization”, boasts a history spanning thousands of years, and a richness of archaeological and geosites, unmatched by many other countries in the world. Abu Roash is located within Greater Cairo, 9 km north of the Great Pyramids of Giza. In the present work worked out to establish a Geopark in the studied area, the main question of the study is can the area be a Geopark with local community support? A detailed field work was done in the study and enables the authors to put a detailed map for the future Geopark could be established in the area, The study also attempted, by means of a questionnaire, to assess the knowledge and attitudes of different stakeholders with regards to the geoheritage and the establishment of a geopark. The data compiled were intended to help formulate a strategy towards the design and promotion of what would be the first geopark in metropolitan Cairo. We believe that this geopark would offer geoeducational opportunities to the scientific community and to the general public at large, and would help expand geotourism in Egypt. Geotourism in Abu Roash can easily be coupled with tours of ancient Egyptian sites in the same area. This would provide significant economic benefits to residents of Abu Roash City.

The “integration hypothesis,” the notion that individuals engaging in both their heritage culture and the larger society have better adaptation than other strategies (e.g., engaging with only one cultural framework or neither framework) has been recently criticized in the literature. Bierwiaczonek and Kunst (2021) evaluated the “integration hypothesis” and contributed new meta-analytic evidence from longitudinal studies, arguing that there is limited support for the role of acculturation in adaptation and that contextual factors are more important than acculturation. This paper shows that their correlational meta-analysis underestimates the integration-adaptation effect size, and findings from the longitudinal meta-analysis are not appropriate for their claim. We present empirical findings in support of the integration hypothesis, particularly in the case of positive indicators of adaptation (e.g., life satisfaction, self-esteem), and examine additional moderators using multilevel analyses of two multinational datasets: Nguyen and Benet-Martinez’s (2013) meta-analytic data and the ICSEY dataset (Berry et al., 2006). We complement these findings with theoretical work, relevant evidence from qualitative studies, other meta-analyses, and reviews.

BACKGROUND: Historically, symptomatic, benign intradural extramedullary (IDEM) spine tumors have been managed with surgical resection. However, minimal robust data regarding patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following treatment of symptomatic lesions exists. Moreover, there are increasing reports of radiosurgical management of these lesions without robust health-related quality of life data. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively analyze PROs among patients with benign IDEM spine tumors undergoing surgical resection to define the symptomatic efficacy of surgery. METHODS: Prospective, single-center observational cohort study of patients with benign IDEM spine tumors undergoing open surgical resection. Pre- and postoperative Brief Pain Index (BPI) and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) questionnaires were used to quantitatively assess their symptom control after surgical intervention. Matched pairs were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients met inclusion criteria with both pre- and postoperative PROs. There were 35 schwannomas, 18 meningiomas, 2 neurofibromas, 1 paraganglioma, and 1 mixed schwannoma/neurofibroma. Most patients were American Spinal Injury Association Impairment (ASIA) E (93%) with high-grade spinal cord compression (77%), and underwent either a 2 or 3 level laminectomy (84%). Surgical resection resulted in statistically significant improvement in all 3 composite BPI constructs of pain-severity, pain-interference, and overall patient pain experience (P

OBJECTIVEThe current treatment of chordomas is associated with significant morbidity, high rates of local recurrence, and the potential for metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as a primary treatment could reduce the need for en bloc resection to achieve wide or marginal margins. Spinal SRS outcomes support the exploration of SRS’s role in the durable control of these conventionally radioresistant tumors. The goal of the study was to evaluate outcomes of patients with primary chordomas treated with spinal SRS alone or in combination with surgery.METHODSClinical records were reviewed for outcomes of patients with primary chordomas of the mobile spine and sacrum who underwent single-fraction SRS between 2006 and 2017. Radiographic local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), overall survival (OS), symptom response, and toxicity were assessed in relation to the extent of surgery.RESULTSIn total, 35 patients with de novo chordomas of the mobile spine (n = 17) and sacrum (n = 18) received SRS and had a median post-SRS follow-up duration of 38.8 months (range 2.0–122.9 months). The median planning target volume dose was a 24-Gy single fraction (range 18–24 Gy). Overall, 12 patients (34%) underwent definitive SRS and 23 patients (66%) underwent surgery and either neoadjuvant or postoperative adjuvant SRS. Definitive SRS was selectively used to treat both sacral (n = 7) and mobile spine (n = 5) chordomas. Surgical strategies for the mobile spine were either intralesional, gross-total resection (n = 5) or separation surgery (n = 7) and for the sacrum en bloc sacrectomy (n = 11). The 3- and 5-year LRFS rates were 86.2% and 80.5%, respectively. Among 32 patients (91%) receiving 24-Gy radiation doses, the 3- and 5-year LRFS rates were 96.3% and 89.9%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year OS rates were 90.0% and 84.3%, respectively. The symptom response rate to treatment was 88% for pain and radiculopathy. The extent or type of surgery was not associated with LRFS, OS, or symptom response rates (p > 0.05), but en bloc resection was associated with higher surgical toxicity, as measured using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 5.0) classification tool, than epidural decompression and curettage/intralesional resection (p = 0.03). The long-term rate of toxicity ≥ grade 2 was 31%, including 20% grade 3 tissue necrosis, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, myelopathy, fracture, and secondary malignancy.CONCLUSIONSHigh-dose spinal SRS offers the chance for durable radiological control and effective symptom relief with acceptable toxicity in patients with primary chordomas as either a definitive or adjuvant therapy.

Inhibition of glucose uptake in the intestine through sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) or glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) may be beneficial in controlling postprandial blood glucose levels. Gallic acid and ten of its derivatives were identified in the active fractions of Terminalia chebula Retz. fructus immaturus, a popular edible plant fruit which has previously been associated with the inhibition of glucose uptake. Gallic acid derivatives (methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, pentyl gallate, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, and corilagin) showed good glucose transport inhibition with inhibitory rates of 72.1 ± 1.6%, 71.5 ± 1.4%, 79.9 ± 1.2%, 44.7 ± 1.2%, and 75.0 ± 0.7% at 5 mM d-glucose and/or 56.3 ± 2.3, 52.1 ± 3.2%, 70.2 ± 1.7%, 15.6 ± 1.6%, and 37.1 ± 0.8% at 25 mM d-glucose. However, only 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose and corilagin were confirmed GLUT2-specific inhibitors. Whilst some tea flavonoids demonstrated minimal glucose transport inhibition, their gallic acid derivatives strongly inhibited transport effect with GLUT2 specificity. This suggests that gallic acid structures are crucial for glucose transport inhibition. Plants, such as T. chebula, which contain high levels of gallic acid and its derivatives, show promise as natural functional ingredients for inclusion in foods and drinks designed to control postprandial glucose levels.

Egypt, one of the “cradles of civilization”, boasts a history spanning thousands of years, and a richness of archaeological sites unmatched by many other countries in the world. It could also be said that Egypt is a “cradle” of geosites, with a list of some of the most important known geo-heritage sites. An example of this is the Abu Roash area, considered one of the most important Geosites in the Greater Cairo area. The rich geology of Abu Roash has helped scientists better understand the history of geological processes. Currently, the area is used mainly for geology-related educational purposes. It also contains important archaeological sites, pyramids and tombs, which add to the area’s uniqueness. Abu Roash is located within Greater Cairo, 9 kilometres north of the Great Pyramids of Giza. The present study describes the numerous geosites and archaeological sites found in the Abu Roash area and their respective geological or historical importance, and examines the interconnections between them. We created detailed maps of these sites, as well as of potential routes through the site (“georoutes”) and of possible hazards surrounding the Abu Roash area.The study also attempted, by means of a questionnaire, to assess the knowledge and attitudes of different stakeholders with regards to the geoheritage and the establishment of a Geopark. The data compiled were intended to help formulate a strategy towards the design and promotion of what would be the first Geopark in metropolitan Cairo. We believe that this Geopark would offer geoeducational opportunities to the scientific community and to the general public at large, and would help expand geotourism in Egypt. Geotourism in Abu Roash can easily be coupled with tours of ancient Egyptian sites in the same area. This would provide significant economic benefits to residents of Abu Roash City.

This paper reviews the early and recent theoretical and empirical work in ecocultural psychology. It addresses the question of the origins of similarities and differences in human behavior across cultures and of the relationships between culture and behavior, using the ecocultural framework as a guide. I argue that we are able to provide an interpretation of these relationships if we adopt an ecocultural perspective, in which we assume that basic psychological processes are “universal” in the human species, and that behaviors are “adaptive” to contexts, both ecological and sociopolitical. Within such a framework, we conceptualize cultural and individual behavior as separate phenomena: culture exists apart from particular individuals, but becomes incorporated into all individuals through two main transmission processes (enculturation and acculturation). Hence culture is both an independent and an organismic variable in such a framework. Given this conception, it is possible to carry out empirical work at the two levels. Analyses can then be conducted within levels (the classical ethnographic and individual difference studies) and comparisons be made between levels. The major advantage exists when cultural-level data are used to predict individual and group similarities and differences in behavior. No longer do we need to rely on post hoc interpretations of behavioral similarities and differences across cultures. The ecocultural strategy is both “cultural” and “comparative,” allowing for the “cross-cultural” understanding of human diversity.

Metastases represent the most prevalent form of spinal neoplasia. The majority of cases occur in the thoracic spine and with a peak incidence in males during the fourth to sixth decade of life. Increased survival times across multiple cancer subtypes have been demonstrated due to major medical and technological advancements. Prolonged survivals have led to the need for updated and continually evolving diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Our understanding of the epidemiology of spinal metastases is at the core of modern cancer care integrating advanced treatment strategies and paradigms.

Sleep is an essential behavioral state of rest that is regulated by homeostatic drives to ensure a balance of sleep and activity, as well as independent arousal mechanisms in the central brain. Dopamine has been identified as a critical regulator of both sleep behavior and arousal. Here, we present results of a genetic screen that selectively restored the Dopamine Receptor (DopR/DopR1/dumb) to specific neuroanatomical regions of the adult Drosophila brain to assess requirements for DopR in sleep behavior. We have identified subsets of the mushroom body that utilizes DopR in daytime sleep regulation. These data are supported by multiple examples of spatially restricted genetic rescue data in discrete circuits of the mushroom body, as well as immunohistochemistry that corroborates the localization of DopR protein within mushroom body circuits. Independent loss of function data using an inducible RNAi construct in the same specific circuits also supports a requirement for DopR in daytime sleep. Additional circuit activation of discrete DopR+ mushroom body neurons also suggests roles for these subpopulations in sleep behavior. These conclusions support a new separable function for DopR in daytime sleep regulation within the mushroom body. This daytime regulation is independent of the known role of DopR in nighttime sleep, which is regulated within the Fan-Shaped Body (FSB). This study provides new neuroanatomical loci for exploration of dopaminergic sleep functions in Drosophila, and expands our understanding of sleep regulation during the day vs. night.

Foods of high carbohydrate content such as sucrose or starch increase postprandial blood glucose concentrations. The glucose absorption system in the intestine comprises two components: sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Here five sappanin-type (SAP) homoisoflavonoids were identified as novel potent GLUT2 inhibitors, with three of them isolated from the fibrous roots of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. SAP homoisolflavonoids had a stronger inhibitory effect on 25 mM glucose transport (41.6 ± 2.5, 50.5 ± 7.6, 47.5 ± 1.9, 42.6 ± 2.4, and 45.7 ± 4.1% for EA-1, EA-2, EA-3, MOA, and MOB) than flavonoids (19.3 ± 2.2, 11.5 ± 3.7, 16.4 ± 2.4, 5.3 ± 1.0, 3.7 ± 2.2, and 18.1 ± 2.4% for apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, naringenin, hesperetin, and genistein) and phloretin (28.1 ± 1.6%) at 15 μM. SAP homoisoflavonoids and SGLT1 inhibitors were found to synergistically inhibit the uptake of glucose using an in vitro model comprising Caco-2 cells. This observed new mechanism of the glucose-lowering action of P. odoratum suggests that SAP homoisoflavonoids and their combination with flavonoid monoglucosides show promise as naturally functional ingredients for inclusion in foods and drinks designed to control postprandial glucose levels.

Risk factors for surgical revision remain important because of additional readmission, anesthesia, and morbidity for the patient and significant cost for health care systems. Although the rate of reoperation (RRO) is well described for traditional open posterior (OP) approaches, the RRO in minimally invasive lateral (MIL) surgery remains poorly characterized. This study compares the RRO in patients undergoing decompressive lumbar spine surgery via MIL versus OP approaches.Patient demographics and comorbidities were retrospectively collected for 2060 patients undergoing single-stage elective lumbar spinal surgery at multiple institutions. A subset of 1484 patients had long-term data (long-term cohort [LT cohort]). The RRO was compared between approaches through univariate and multivariate analysis.There were 1292 patients (62.7%) who underwent lateral access surgery, whereas 768 patients (37.3%) underwent OP surgery. The MIL cohort was significantly older, had a higher proportion of men, and had more comorbidities than the OP cohort. In the LT cohort, lateral patients were significantly older and had more comorbidities, with a lower body mass index and a lower proportion of men and smokers. Surgical complications between the groups trended to be similar. The MIL cohort had a significantly lower RRO at both 30 days (approximately 57% lower, MIL cohort: 1.01% vs. OP cohort: 2.36%, P = 0.02) and 2 years (approximately 61% lower, MIL cohort: 2.09% vs. OP cohort: 5.37%, P0.01) after surgery. On multivariate analysis, surgical approach was the only significant predictor for the RRO at both 30 days (open posterior approach odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-15.09; P = 0.02) and 2 years (open posterior approach OR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.26-8.42; P = 0.01).This study shows that MIL surgical approaches, compared with OP approaches, have a significantly lower RRO after lumbar spine surgery.

There is evidence for health benefits from ‘Palaeolithic’ diets; however, there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally designed Palaeolithic-type meals. In the present study, we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients: fish and a variety of plants, selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients. We investigated the acute effects of two Palaeolithic-type meals (PAL 1 and PAL 2) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines (REF), on blood glucose control, gut hormone responses and appetite regulation. Using a randomised cross-over trial design, healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions. PAL2 and REF were matched for energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates; PAL1 contained more protein and energy. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min. Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale (EVAS) scores. GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 (P= 0·001 and PP= 0·011 and P= 0·003) compared with the REF. Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety. By contrast, GIP concentration was significantly suppressed. Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals. Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles resulted in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety. Surprisingly, this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity.

To assess the impact of a multimodal antiemetic protocol on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after Le Fort I osteotomy.Consecutive patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy with or without additional procedures at a single academic institution were recruited as the intervention cohort for an institutional review board-approved prospective clinical trial with a retrospective comparison group. The intervention cohort was managed with a multimodal antiemetic protocol, including total intravenous anesthesia; prophylactic ondansetron, steroids, scopolamine, and droperidol; gastric decompression at surgery end; opioid-sparing analgesia; avoidance of morphine and codeine; prokinetic erythromycin; and fluids at a minimum of 25 mL/kg. The comparison group consisted of consecutive patients from a larger study who underwent similar surgical procedures before protocol implementation. Data, including occurrence of PONV, were extracted from medical records. Data were analyzed in bivariate fashion with the Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Logistic regression was used to compare the likelihood of nausea and vomiting in the 2 cohorts after controlling for demographic and surgical characteristics. A P value less than .05 was considered significant.The intervention (n = 93) and comparison (n = 137) groups were similar in gender (58% and 65% female patients; P = .29), race (72% and 71% Caucasian; P = .85), age (median, 19 and 20 years old; P = .75), proportion of patients with known risk factors for PONV (P = .34), percentage undergoing bimaxillary surgery (60% for the 2 groups), and percentage for whom surgery time was longer than 180 minutes (63% and 59%; P = .51). Prevalence of postoperative nausea was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the comparison group (24% vs 70%; P.0001). Prevalence of postoperative vomiting was likewise significantly lower in the intervention group (11% vs 28%; P = .0013). The likelihood that patients in the comparison group would develop nausea was 8.9 and that for vomiting was 3.7 times higher than in the intervention group.This multimodal protocol was associated with substantially decreased prevalence of PONV in patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy.

A pumping test at rates of up to 50 L s−1 was carried out in the 256 m-deep Florence Shaft of the Beckermet–Winscales–Florence haematite ore mine in Cumbria, UK, between 8th January and 25th March 2015. Drawdowns in mine water level did not exceed 4 m and the entire interconnected mine complex behaved as a single reservoir. Pumping did, however, induce drawdowns of around 1 m in the St. Bees Sandstone aquifer overlying the Carboniferous Limestone host rock. During a second phase of the pumping test, a proportion of the 11.3–12 °C mine water was directed through a heat pump, which extracted up to 103 kW heat from the water and recirculated it back to the top of the shaft. Provided that an issue with elevated arsenic concentrations (20–30 µg L−1) can be resolved, the Florence mine could provide not only a valuable resource of high-quality water for industrial or even potable uses, it could also provide several hundred to several thousand kW of ground sourced heating and/or cooling, if a suitable demand can be identified. The ultimate constraint would be potential hydraulic impacts on the overlying St Bees Sandstone aquifer. The practice of recirculating thermally spent water in the Florence Shaft produced only a rather modest additional thermal benefit.

The present study represents the first major attempt to characterize the biochemical profile in different tissues of a large selection of apple cultivars sourced from the United Kingdom's National Fruit Collection comprising dessert, ornamental, cider, and culinary apples. Furthermore, advanced machine learning methods were applied with the objective to identify whether the phenolic and sugar composition of an apple cultivar could be used as a biomarker fingerprint to differentiate between heritage and mainstream commercial cultivars as well as govern the separation among primary usage groups and harvest season. A prediction accuracy of90% was achieved with the random forest method for all three models. The results highlighted the extraordinary phytochemical potency and unique profile of some heritage, cider, and ornamental apple cultivars, especially in comparison to more mainstream apple cultivars. Therefore, these findings could guide future cultivar selection on the basis of health-promoting phytochemical content.