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The intense debate in the last decade on the nature of knowledge and the position of epistemology in cognitive psychology, cybernetics etc. has revived the old questions about aesthetic experience as comparable or contradictory to discursive forms of information as well as the question of the essential differences between art criticism and art history. Just as an experiment the author has analysed the epistemological premises of the well-known program for iconographical analysis that Panofsky formulated 1939 in his "Introductory" to Studies in Iconology. Panofsky is one of the very few art historians whose model for scientific investigation has been relevant for other humanistic disciplines. He is also one of the very few art theorists who has articulated a didactic instruction for the interested layman as well as for the scholar on how to reach valid historical knowledge. These were the prime reasons for examining his system. Other researchers, e.g. Gombrich, Arnheim, Riegl, Wölfflin, would have become objects for the same kind of analyses, but their methodologies are neither as explicit or as elaborated as Panofsky's system really is. The author does not focus on the three-step-investigation model (i.e. in the revised version of 1955: pre-iconographical description, iconographical analysis, iconological interpretation) that forms the second and the most well-known part of the iconographical method, but on the first and the third parts (concerning the object and the equipment of interpretation) and the comments by Panofsky to these and to their fundaments in everyday experiences and elementary visual perception. Panofsky never used the word "aesthetic" in his model and we could rather describe his system as a method of "making" aesthetic expressions intellectual and discursive. By the analysis it will be clear that Panofsky modelled his system on the classification categories of the analytical philosophy and that he used a terminology that placed him in a philosophical tradition as opposed to the traditions of aesthetic theory. Panofsky might have got some inspiration to his broad-minded epistemological premises by the common-sense philosophy of G. E. Moore; at the same time we can state that he was also indebted to the older idealistic tradition, which will be traced in his use of concepts like "synthetic intuition". In his sceptical attitude to the behaviouristic premises of the formal analysts the later Panofsky argued in a manner reminding of Potter—though Panofsky's argumentation still was characterised by a somewhat idealistic exaggeration as when he called them "insectolarists", as in Meanings in the Visual Arts 1955. Perception + interpretation were the basic concepts in Panofsky's theory. By the controlling principles based on history of tradition Panofsky furthermore profiled his theory in analogy to classical epistemologies—and to the natural sciences—by seeking the empirical corrective of our knowledge. Though Panofsky was not that sophisticated as a practical philosopher as we might have expected, his ambition to define what kind of general knowledge our cultural connotations will be based on, is well worth of being honored by modern hermeneutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the overall dietary folate intakes among high-risk groups in poor countries is very limited. Vegetables are considered good sources but the evaluation of their contribution is hampered by the lack of data on folate concentrations in many traditional foods. Data on the analysis of folate concentrations in 16 wild vegetables used in the Mekong Delta and the Central Highlands in Vietnam and an evaluation of the relative importance of different foods in folate intakes of women is presented. Vegetable samples were collected in four study villages, blanched and frozen samples were transported to Sweden for analysis. Freeze-dried samples were analysed for total folate quantification using a commercial radio protein binding assay. Daily folate intakes among women were estimated from 7-day food frequency interviews with 213 women. The folate concentration in the vegetable samples ranged from 10 to 96 μg/100 g. The mean estimated daily folate intake among the 213 women in the study areas was 251 μg. Vegetables contributed approximately one-third of the daily folate intake, of which 72% and 42%, respectively, in the two regions was from wild vegetables. A majority of the women (87%) got some dietary folate from wild vegetables and nearly one-third had mean daily folate intakes of > 50 μg from such hidden food sources. The evaluation of dietary folate is complicated by data gaps in food composition tables, the unreliability of existing food data, variations between methods used for folate analysis and limited understanding of the bioavailability of food folate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]