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In the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the over-the-top service of new generic media continues its unbelievable flight. The availability of content, easy access to various shows, ease of use, and continuity of shows require users to subscribe to OTT video streaming. This study aims to pinpoint the factors that show the consequences & growth of OTT over the traditional medium and the effect of the consequences of the OTT platform on gender & occupation. With a sample size of 200, the data was gathered from primary sources utilizing convenience sampling and a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using factor analysis & ANOVA. Two main factors used in were Consequences of OTT (Factor 1) and OTT growth over traditional medium (Factor 2). The variations in factors 1 & 2 were 42.59 & 15.49 respectively. As per factor analysis, factor 1 was the most important and the Cronbach alpha values of 0.852 and 0.807 respectively, reveal the reliability of the two factors. Also, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) shows that gender & occupation have a significant effect on the consequences of the OTT platform. The online consumption of content was also found to have several negative effects on the life style of the respondents.

The study was conducted on the economic analysis of cotton crop and its returns in two districts viz. Sirsa and Hisar of Haryana selected purposely having the highest area. The collected data was used to calculate the cost and returns and resource use efficiency of cotton crop in Haryana. The cost benefit ratio for the study area came out as 1:1.22, 1:1.04 and 1:1.13 Sirsa, Hisar and overall, respectively. The findings concluded that resource use efficiency of the cotton farms is showing decreasing returns to scale in both Sirsa (0.419) and Hisar (0.413) districts, which means that there is no scope for improvement in the yield of cotton and there is over-utilization of the resources for the cotton cultivation in Haryana.

The study was undertaken in the four specifically chosen districts of Haryana state in diverse geographical locations and had different crop patterns. In a number of districts, the main cropping pattern was rice and wheat, combined with pearl millet and mustard. This study aimed to determine how agricultural mobile apps were used by farmers for agricultural productivity by using a utility index. In accordance with a well-planned and pre-tested interview schedule, the data were gathered from 240 respondents, including 15 respondents each from randomly chosen 16 villages. Utilization pattern checked for general information of agriculture practices, utilization of mobile apps for gaining market related information and utilization of mobile apps to contact the agriculture experts in order to find out the solution of agriculture problems. More than half of the respondents perceived medium level of utilization pattern of agriculture mobile apps on agricultural practices. To increase the extent to which farmers use agricultural mobile apps for agricultural production, outreach programs and trainings are required.

Study was conducted in 2021-22 to assess the awareness level of farmers regarding utilization of paddy residue in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana state. A well structured and pre-tested interview schedule was developed according to the objective of the study. Two blocks were selected randomly from each district. Further, one village from each block was also selected randomly. So, four villages were selected to collect data. Further, from each selected village, 75 male paddy growing farmers having more than 5 acres of land were selected through snowball technique. Thus, total 300 respondents were interviewed. Present study concluded that all respondents (100.00%) were aware about straw baler machine and feeding the livestock, followed by making cattle shed roof (96.33%), hey rake (93.67) and mulching in the field (93.67). Study also concluded that sufficient time to sow next crop because it takes one and half months to decompose, paddy straw management delays wheat sowing and paddy residue burning is cheap option were major reasons for paddy residue burning.

Social media are digital networks that are used to share and discuss user generated informa tion - opinion, video, audio, and multimedia spreading far and wide even in remote areas of the country and has changed the way farmers communicate and interact. This study was conducted in 2021, with an objective to understand to understand the use of social media by farmers and to analyze its relationship with economic profile characteristic. The data were collected personally from Hisar and Sonipat districts of Haryana, with a sample size of 200 respondents comprising 25 farmers from eight villages through a structured interview sched ule. Findings revealed that 69.00 per cent of the respondents were in medium category of social media use. Garrett ranking analysis revealed that watching videos was the most pre ferred purpose of social media use among farmers followed by chatting/ connecting with peers. Also, YouTube was found to be most preferred social media followed by WhatsApp and Facebook. Further, education, family income, cosmopoliteness-localiteness, social par ticipation, extension contact and extension participation showed positive relationship with social media use while age had negative relationship. Also, regression analysis showed that the eleven personal variables selected for the study could explain 53.30 per cent variation in the social media use.

Social media is most modernistic form of media and acquire many features and characteristics. It has many facilities like as texting, communicating, images sharing, audio and video sharing, fast publishing, gaming, blogging, linking with all over world, direct connecting. Social media provides an opportunity for students to improve social networking and learning processes, which promotes knowledge in society. The study was conducted in year 2017-18 between rural and urban areas of Hisar district of Haryana. Thus total of 160 students were selected randomly. Results highlighted that the students keep themselves updated with latest know and how through newspaper (30.00%), television (83.70%), mobile phones (62.50%), and mobile with internet connections (43.70%). Majority of the students were aware and utilizing social media such as Facebook (90.00%), WhatsApp (95.00%), YouTube (75.00%), Messenger (47.50%) and Wikipedia (30.00%) respectively. The social media use was positively correlated with age, sex and stream of study and negatively associated with the academic performances of the students.

Financial assistance to agriculture sector is very important as India is an agriculture dominant economy. Government has launched various plans and programmes to boost credit to rural society for supplying requisite quantity of credit to the farmers. Kisan Credit Card scheme was launched in 1998 on recommendations of R.V. Gupta committee. This research paper insights the KCC scheme performance in India since its inception. The main objective was to evaluate the year-wise, agency-wise and region-wise KCCs progress in the country. The period of study was from 1999-00 to 2018-19. The study concludes the growth of Kisan Credit Card scheme both with respect to KCCs issued and sanctioned amount under the scheme during the period 1999-2019. It was also recorded that the performance of Commercial banks was better than the both RRBs and Co-operative banks in implementation of KCC scheme. The study also revealed that inter-region variation in the performance of KCC scheme across the country during 1999-2019.

Each developmental stage upholds new and its own unique competency requirements,challenges, struggles and opportunities for personal human growth. When an individual isin their early adolescence phase, his/her creativity is greatly influenced by its surroundingsand school environment is one of those crucial factors. Hence, the present study wasplanned to explore the mediating role of school environment in students’ blocks andconsequences creativity. The primary data was collected from 300 academically bright ruralyoung adolescents. Z-test and ANOVA were administered to discover the influence ofindependent variables (school environment) on the dependent variables (blocks andconsequences creativity). Results elucidated significant differences in blocks fluency,consequences originality and consequences creativity across school type, academic classand teaching method employed by the teachers. Blocks flexibility had significant differencesacross school type and academic class. Blocks originality was observed to have significantdifferences across academic class and consecutive academic record. It was revealed thatblocks creativity had significant differences across all the independent variables.Consequences fluency of the students had significant differences across school type,academic class and consecutive academic record.

The study was carried out in the purposively selected five districts of Haryana state due to intensive agricultural practices followed in these districts. Mainly rice-wheat cropping pattern was followed in selected districts along with sugarcane and maize. The objective of this study was to know the relationship of personal characteristics of respondents with perception towards the over-exploitation of water resources. The data were collected from 150 respondents comprising 15 respondents from randomly selected ten villages through a well-prepared interview schedule. Age, education, land holding, mass media exposure, and extension contact were significantly correlated with the perception of respondents. Age was negatively correlated while, education, land holding, mass media exposure, and extension contact were positively correlated with perception of respondents and the independent variables in the regression equation jointly explained the variation of 22.70 percent. There is a need to organize awareness campaign and trainings to develop the favorable perception towards over-exploitation of water resources.

National Education Policy, 2020 is a progressive shift towards a more scientific approach to education and if it is enforced in its true vision, the new education structure can bring India stood up with the leading countries in the world. It is aiming to develop creative potential, skills, and analytical thinking which will be the need in the global job market. The policy has challenges for the students and the teachers. The present study focused on the perception of college students in India about NEP, 2020 concerning challenges like overburden of syllabus, lack of infrastructure, and transportation facilities, focus on regional languages, Disparity between rural and urban areas in manpower and quality of education. The results of the study indicated that out of 120 respondents, 45(37.50%) respondents agreed, for the statement “Overburden of syllabus”, followed by “Universal access to education” were agreed by around half of the respondents i.e. 64(53.33%), and 11(09.16%) were disagreed.

Rural to urban migration has become an unavoidable event in the last 25 years with increased industrialization, growing service industry, better food security, access to improved healthcare and educational facilities in the cities apart from the rising ambitions of the youths. Agriculture always had a vital role in a village economy but this sector has not been financially rewarding in the past few decades and as a consequence of which, young generations from villages are leaving their family enterprises and migrating to cities for acquiring modern education and skills to secure a job in private sector. The study was conducted to find out the migration behaviour of rural youth in Bhiwani and Hisar districts of Haryana. A sample size of 192 rural youths i.e., 96 fully migrated & 96 partially migrated, were selected for the study. Findings revealed that unstable income, lesser employment, repeated crop failures were the push factors responsible for migration of rural youths. Higher wages, better jobs and better standard of livings in cities were the major pull factors motivating rural youths to migrate towards cities. Further, socio-economic & psychological variables such as age, education, farm size, non-farm skills, income expectancy, comfort expectancy, risk orientation, self-reliance & self-confidence had significantly positive correlation whereas, farm size, stimulation expectancy and affiliation expectancy had negatively significant relationship with migration behaviour of rural youth. Also, regression analysis showed that, seventeen independent variables selected for the study could explain 59.40 per cent variation in the migration behaviour of rural youths.

The study analyzed perceptions of farmers about laser land levelling and constraints faced by them in adoption of this resource conservation technology in Sirsa and Karnal district of Haryana. Mean percent score tool of statistics was used to rank perceptions and constraints of farmers. It was noticed that 97.00 per cent respondent farmers believed that there is reduction in irrigation cost. 80.00 per cent believed that laser land levelling adoption helped in better weed management. Also, it was examined that major constraint was non-availability of machines due to shorter window between two consecutive crops. Study of diffusion revealed that fellow farmers and relatives were major source of diffusion. 86.25 per cent of laser land levelling service provided by private players showing dominance of private investment. It was also observed that laser land levelling is a scale neutral technology because it was adopted by all categories of farmers and not biased towards large farmers. It was observed that under scheme Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) laser leveller along with tractor and operator at a custom hiring centre (CHC) was provided at nominal rate Rs. 1075/day while Cooperatives provided laser leveller at rupees 575 per acre.

India is one of the world’s largest producers of fruits and vegetables, but one-third of its produce rots because of poor storage technologies and infrastructure, packaging, transport and distribution system. Food is wasted throughout the supply chain, from initial agricultural production to final household consumption. Therefore, value-addition may raise the value of products or something can add that enables to increase the profit margin and demand for consumption. The present study was conducted in Haryana state and two districts Hisar from Southwest and Sonipat from Northeast were selected, purposively. From each district, three blocks were selected randomly because not all the farmer have experience of post-harvest management practices in fuits and vegetables crops. Further, three villages were selected from each block making a total of 18 villages. From each village, ten farmers were selected randomly, making a total sample of 180 farmers. Hence, one hundred eighty farmers were interviewed for the study. The study found that majority of the farmers (62.78 per cent) had partial level (26.11 per cent) had high and 11.11 per cent had no knowledge regarding ‘Room cooling: placing the crops in cold storage’. The results also shows that majority of the farmer (65.56 per cent) had high level 32.78 per cent had partial and 1.66 per cent had no knowledge regarding ‘Cleaning: chemical must be removed from produce before packing. e.g. Insecticides, pesticides etc’. It was found that majority of the farmers (66.11 per cent) had high level, 33.89 per cent had partial level of knowledge regarding ‘Flexible sacks: Made of plastic jute, such as bags (small sacks and nets made of open mesh)’, and none was found to have no knowledge of it. To reach the results aggregates total was calculated for each statement separately and on the basis of calculated scores, mean scores and mean score percentage were obtained which were ranked according to their maximum to minimum mean score percentage for assessing the knowledge level of the farmers.

Any progress in terms of utilization of a new ICT technology or innovation is greatly affected by how well it is perceived by the farmers. The perception of farmers is the product of their personal, social, psychological and economic background. Social media is one such new innovation which is spreading rapidly in rural areas and has transformed the communication process. The present study was conducted in Hisar and Sonipat districts of Haryana, with an objective to analyze the relationship between socio-personal traits of farmers with their perception towards social media. The data were collected personally from 200 respondents comprising 25 farmers from eight selected villages through a structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that 59 per cent of the farmers had neutral perception towards social media followed by 25.50 per cent farmers who had favourable perception. Further, analyses of the relationship between perception and profile of farmers revealed that, education, landholding, family income, cosmopoliteness-localiteness, mass media exposure, social participation, extension contact and extension participation were positively correlated with perception towards social media. It is recommended that there is a need to train farmers on better utilization of social media, use of social media marketing and sensitizing them about the positive aspects of social media.

India contributes the largest to the world milk production. The main objective of the study is to investigate the different technologies adopted by dairy farmers in Haryana. Primary data was collected from 200 dairy farmers from different places in Haryana state. The study was conducted in Haryana study revealed that among all the good dairy practices animal health practices was followed by majority of the dairy farmers and the corresponding mean value was 1.75 and the rank was 1st, followed by management practices (corresponding mean value 2.02 and rank 2nd), hygiene milking practices (corresponding mean value 2.12 and rank 3rd), animal wellbeing (corresponding mean value 2.23 and rank 4th), nutrition (corresponding mean value 2.56 and rank 5th), and environment practices with corresponding mean value 2.57, were least preferred or we may say least adopted by dairy farmers hence environment practices was given rank 6th.Poor animal health is one of the principal constraints to increasing small-scale dairy productivity, as it results in high morbidity and low production. Overcoming this constraint could significantly improve productivity and results in real and direct benefits for producers. The IBM SPSS22 software was used to calculate the mean score of the statements based on Likert 5-point scale.This study gives us an idea about how we start a dairy farm and what management practices should be adopted.

Creativity is the tendency to generate ideas, alternatives and possibilities that may assist in encountering day to day life problems, communicating with others and entertaining ourselves and others whereas media technologies act as a medium while interacting with a large group of audience via mass communication. The study explored the relationship between mass media use and creativity. The primary data collected from 300 participants included independent variables related to mass media used, time spend and the social media use. Five aspects of creativity i.e., seeing problem, unusual uses fluency, unusual uses flexibility, unusual uses originality and unusual uses creativity were used. Chi-square analysis indicated that social media use was significantly associated with the all aspects of unusual uses of creativity of respondents’ i.e., fluency, flexibility, originality and creativity. It was elucidated that the amount of time spend on mass media was significantly associated with adolescents’ seeing problem abilities and their unusual uses fluency. No association was observed between type of mass media used by participants and their creative abilities.

The study was conducted in Hisar and Bhiwani districts of Haryana, with an objective to analyze the relationship between profile characteristics of rural youth with their attitude towards agriculture. Empirical data were collected personally from 192 respondents comprising 12 rural youth from sixteen villages through a structured interview schedule and analyzed using standard methodology. Findings revealed that 72.39 per cent possessed a less favorable to favorable attitude towards agriculture. The correlation and regression analysis of different variables i.e. occupation, income expectancy, comfort expectancy, affiliation expectancy exhibited positive and significant effect, whereas age, educational status, non-farm skill, proximity to towns and cities, prior migration experience, economic motivation, risk orientation, self-reliance and self-confidence exhibited negative and significant effect. However, farm skills and achievement motivation exhibited non-significant effect but positively correlated with their attitude towards agriculture. Hence, the paper recommends that there is a need of special efforts to attract, train and retain the rural youth in agriculture as a whole by developing more favorable attitude towards agriculture by transforming and making it more agribusiness oriented, scientifically attractive and economically profitable.

Value addition in agriculture predominantly offers a means to increase, rejuvenate and stabilize farm income. Value-added agriculture is fundamentally market-driven. It needs trained and skilled manpower to cope with the demand of rapidly changing markets. The present study was conducted in Haryana state and two districts Hisar from southwest and Sonipat from northeast were selected, purposively. From each district, three blocks were selected randomly. Further, three villages were selected from each block making a total of 18 villages. From each village, ten farmers were selected randomly, making a total sample of 180 farmers. It was found that majority of the respondents were interested in taking training of ‘Farm level packaging and storage’, ‘Development of commercial horticultural nursery for fruit trees and vegetables crops’, ‘Processing and value addition’ and ‘Packaging of nursery plants’. DAE (Directorate of Agriculture Extension) should arrange training programmes based on the necessity of the farmers. Otherwise, it will not bring any positive outcome in the crop production systems of Haryana.

Social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and Google hold the potential to alter civic engagement, thus essentially hijacking democracy, by influencing individuals towards a particular way of thinking. Today, social media plays a crucial role in facilitating and transmitting content related to all the matters that have larger effect on public opinions and democracy. Due to higher use of social media among new generations, they are exposed to politics more frequently, and in a way that is integrated into their social lives. New media hailed as vehicles for providing a voice to the voiceless. But the restrictions imposed by the government on social media sites and internet services, while allowing only that content that are government friendly amounts to compelled speech. This paper explores how social media have become a platform for fake news and propaganda to influence certain audiences towards a particular way of thinking. When it comes to healthy democratic networks, it is important that the news remains true so it doesn’t affect people levels of trust. A certain amount of trust is very crucial for healthy and well-functioning democratic systems.

A Self-Help Group (SHG) is a registered or unregistered group of people having homogenous socio-economic background, voluntarily coming together to save small amounts regularly, mutually agree for the contribution of a common fund and to meet their emergency needs. It aims engaging rural women with new activities to increase their income, development of better networks and linkages and improved the existing conditions of the SHGs members. The study was conducted to analyse the income generating activities being taken up and the level of empowerment of SHG members.. Result pertaining to income generating activities indicated that majority of the respondents were involved with small micro enterprises. The need to develop SHGs and motivate rural women to systematically manage and choose their activities in order to generate income can be advocated. Certain essential activities like choosing the more appropriate activity, market intelligence, establishing marketing linkages etc. are an indication of the capability of the groups as SHGs becoming a tool for social empowerment.

The greatest influencer of agricultural productivity is the weather. Climate is typically defined as the normal weather, or more precisely, as the statistical explanation of important parameters in relations of the mean and variability over time scales extending from months to thousands or millions of years. Agriculture in India, as well as the respite of the world, is mostly reliant on the weather. Global warming has had an important impact on agriculture and its output. The shift in growing seasons and changes in agricultural zones have been exacerbated by rising temperatures. Changes in rainfall patterns, on the other hand, pose a severe threat to agriculture, affecting the country’s economy and food security. The sale of agricultural products such as fertilizers, agro-chemicals and tractors are also affected by the delayed or insufficient monsoons. As a result, the farmer’s income is impacted. The present study conducted during 2020-21 focuses on Knowledge level farmers on climate change and constraint experienced by the farmers in adopting recommended mitigation strategies in Hisar district. The majority of beneficiary farmers (48.89 per cent) had high knowledge level on Agro-met Advisory Services whereas majority of non-beneficiary farmers (67.76 per cent) had low knowledge level on Agro-met Advisory Services. Lack of technical skills and capacities for technology adoption, lack of awareness and sensitization about the creation and use of new technologies, non-availability of timely inputs, and lack of information about long-term mitigation strategies were the major constraints

The impact of climate change on agriculture is varying over space and time. The consequences highly uncertain are heterogeneous in nature. Agricultural sector must focus on adopting climate smart technologies to successfully achieve food security and climate change challenges.Climate Smart Technologies in agriculture is clearly a crucial response for an effective and equitable adaptation and mitigation strategy. To shift the focus towards climate smart agricultural technologies in India, innovation will be the key. The present study focused on level of awareness and adaptation strategies of farmers about climate change and Climate smart technologies. Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions about climate change, and adoption of climate smart technologies, will help development practitioners, researchers and policy makers to develop more promising technologies according to the needs and interests of farmers. The paper advocates various agricultural innovations including technological innovations, managerial innovations and traditional agriculture as a climate-smart approach for sustainable food production.

Women account for 43 per cent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries and slightly more than 30 per cent in South Asia and India. The Millennium Development Goals specified by the United Nations have “promote gender equality and empower women” as the third most important goal. Group marketing activities have a greater chance of success when attention is not only paid to capacity building in marketing, but also to overall organizational and management skills that could help the groups operate independently. Sankalp Streewadi Aoudhyogik Utpadak Sahakari Sanstha Limited, Uruli Kanchan under BAIF (Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation) is one of the successful women farmers group which conduct combined training for all the members for costing, pricing, quality control, and product development. It also helped in participating in domestic exhibitions/ trade fairs. The paper attempts to analyse the group approach among women farmers and to identify the market linkage among women group farmers through available literature.

Today India enjoys the second position worldwide in agricultural output and as well as plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic construction of India too. There is no doubt that intensive agriculture also plays a significant role in climate change over time. Today climate change becomes the major concern all over the globe. The main cause of climate change is the various anthropogenic activities, in these agricultural Crop Residue Burning (CRB) of rice and wheat crops has been identified as a major reason for climate change. This unwise practice as it leads to severe air pollution and emits traces of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and particulates which affect causing various respiratory and other health problems along with as a regional polluter as per various studies. In addition, it causes the loss of vital nutrients from the soil resulting in the loss of fertility and unviable for agriculture in the long run. Along with this CRB create visibility problems in vehicle driving which result in many road accidents every year. In a recent study it is estimated that India annually emissions of 824 Gg of Particulate Matter (PM2.5), 58 Gg of Elemental Carbon (EC) and 239 Gg of Organic Carbon (OC). Additionally, 211 Tg of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) were also added to the atmosphere. In this regarding Punjab and Haryana are the major contributor to air pollution due to residue burning. These two states contribute to 48 percent of the total emission due to paddy and wheat straw burning across India. Now the time has occurred to tackle this noxious practice with best management practices and capacity building of the farmer community to conserve the climate for the sustainable development of agriculture and the human race in developing country like India. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper is to describe the current status and available alternative management practices like in situ agronomic management, new machineries viz., zero drill, happy seeder, straw baler as well as capacity building of farmer community for crop residue to minimize the climate change and soil infertility for sustainable on long-run basis.

Climate change is the burning issue all over the world and it affects almost every sector directly or indirectly. Agriculture is highly sensitive to climatic variability and weather extremes.The impacts of climate on agriculture are already seen, yet sizable gaps remain between scientific agriculture knowledge and its implication at farm level to tackle with current issue. A study was conducted to explore the services provided by extension personal specially agriculture development officers and horticulture development officers (A.D.O, H.D.O) working state agriculture department regarding to mitigate the climate change effect in agriculture, because they are main stack holder and work at grass root level with farmers. Results showed that maximum extension personnel’s suggests adoption of suitable agronomic practices such as growing crop according local climatic condition, crop rotations, growing of soil nature based crop and best weed management. Whereas, advise for lowering CO 2 emission from agriculture and introduction of new cultivation methods were poor. It implies that extension personals must be well acquainted with knowledge on climate change to effectively transfer knowledge to the farmers and field functionaries. Government should organize trainings which needs to be imparted by leading institutes working on climate change to the extension personnel working in SAD.

The present study was conducted with the specific objective i.e. to analyze the economic impact of recourse conservation technology (zero tillage) as compare to conventional tillage practices on wheat cultivation in Ambala district of Haryana. The study revealed that there was significant impact of conservation practices, 22% human labour, 37% machine labour, 25% seed cost and 33% irrigation water was saved under zero tillage compared to conventional tillage (CT) method of wheat production. B: C ratio under zero tillage was 2.86 while underconventional method it was reduced to 2.56. Therefore, zero tillage was economically feasible. It was observed that through the zero tillage farmers can get 3% more yield. The net returns in ZT of wheat production were higher by 4% as compared to CT method. In case of zero tillage, economic efficiency measure was 0.61 as compared to 0.34 in conventional system of wheat cultivation. The research work conducted was holistic in nature combining various elements of technology, resource conservation and economics.

The main purpose of this study was to know the preference of farmers for different services provided by private and public extension agencies. In recent times involvement of private extension agencies has been increased in agricultural sector and up to some extent it has sidelined the public extension agencies, but public extension agencies have potential to do better and to reach farmers at their best. In view of this, present study was undertaken to find out the farmers’ preference towards public and private extension services in Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state. From each district two blocks were selected randomly and from each block two villages were selected. A manageable size of 10 farmers was selected from each village thus making total sample size of 200 farmers. Various aspects related to agricultural services provided by both public and private agencies were identified and response were obtained by putting a tick mark as per farmers’ preference for private and public agencies. On the basis of statistical tools like rank and mean score, results showed that farmers had great preference for ‘Input supply’ in private extension as compared to public extension followed by ‘Infrastructure facilities’. While for ‘Consultancy and diagnosis services’, ‘Information’ and ‘Technical services’, public extension was preferred as over the private extension.

A computer program has been developed to exploit the multimedia capabilities of a personal computer for a new design of sodar (sonic detection and ranging) data acquisition and control system with minimized hardware elements. Advantages include trouble-free, cost-effective and user-friendly sodar data acquisition using any standard computer. The new design overcomes limitations due to using an add-on data acquisition card with conventional computer-controlled sodar. The data can be processed to produce online display of the dynamics of prevailing atmospheric boundary layer thermal structures and inversion/mixing depth for environmental applications.

The present study was carried out in five districts of Haryana during 2011–12. All the 200 farmers selected for the study had heard about privatization of agricultural extension services(PAES), gathered information regarding PAES, knew name and location of PAES and utilized PAES for agricultural purposes. They also knew that PAES provided different kinds of inputs like HYV, seedlings, fertilizers, crop protection, spray pumps, infrastructure facilities and value addition to crop produce. More than three-fourth (82.50%) of farmers had high level of knowledge towards PAES. Extension contact (0.198) and education (0.179) were highly significant and positively associated with the knowledge of farmers towards privatization of agricultural extension services. While other important variables like age, family type, occupation, land holding, cropping intensity, irrigation facilities, social participation, socio-economic status, mass media participation, economic motivation, risk preferenceand scientific orientation were positively associated but found non significant.