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1. The association between food desert severity, socioeconomic status, and metabolic state during pregnancy in a prospective longitudinal cohort

Author: Elizabeth K. Wood, Gayle Stamos, A J Mitchell, Rose Gonoud, Angela M. Horgan, Olivia Nomura, Anna Young, Joel T. Nigg, Hanna C. Gustafsson, and Elinor L. Sullivan
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Poor metabolic health during pregnancy is associated with health concerns for pregnant individuals and their offspring. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is one risk factor for poor metabolic health, and may be related to limited access to healthful and affordable foods (e.g., living in a food desert). This study evaluates the respective contributions of SES and food desert severity on metabolic health during pregnancy. The food desert severity of 302 pregnant individuals was determined using the United States Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas. SES was measured using total household income adjusted for household size, years of education, and amount of reserve savings. Information about participants’ glucose concentrations one hour following an oral glucose tolerance test during the second trimester was extracted from medical records and percent adiposity during the second trimester was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Information about participants’ nutritional intake during the second trimester was obtained by trained nutritionists via three unannounced 24-h dietary recalls. Structural equation models showed that lower SES predicted higher food desert severity (β = − 0.20, p = 0.008) and higher adiposity (β = − 0.27, p = 0.016) and consumption of a more pro-inflammatory diet (β = − 0.25, p = 0.003) during the second trimester of pregnancy. Higher food desert severity also predicted higher percent adiposity during the second trimester (β = 0.17, p = 0.013). Food desert severity significantly mediated the relationship between lower SES and higher percent adiposity during the second trimester (βindirect = − 0.03, 95% CI [− 0.079, − 0.004]). These findings indicate that access to healthful and affordable foods is a mechanism by which SES contributes to adiposity during pregnancy and may inform interventions intended to improve metabolic health during pregnancy.
Published: 2023
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2. Delineating early developmental pathways to ADHD: Setting an international research agenda

Author: Meghan Miller, Anne B. Arnett, Elizabeth Shephard, Tony Charman, Hanna C. Gustafsson, Heather M. Joseph, Sarah Karalunas, Joel T. Nigg, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Elinor L. Sullivan, and Emily J. H. Jones
Subjects: ADHD, early development, infancy, longitudinal, prevention, prospective, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Abstract Background Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, impairing, and highly heritable condition typically diagnosed in middle childhood. However, it is now recognized that symptoms emerge much earlier in development. Research focused on understanding—using multiple units of analysis—the cascade of early‐life (i.e., prenatal‐infant‐toddler) developmental changes that will later emerge as ADHD has the potential to transform early identification, prevention, and intervention. To this end, we introduce the recently established Early ADHD Consortium, an international network of investigators engaged in prospective, longitudinal studies of risk for ADHD beginning early in life, conducted within a developmental framework, and which incorporate multimethod approaches. This network seeks to harmonize measures and methodological approaches to increase the potential for data sharing and subsequent impact. Methods This perspective paper highlights the importance of investigating pre‐diagnostic markers of ADHD, and potential models and mechanisms of ADHD risk and development, with the long‐term objective of facilitating development of preemptive interventions that will minimize the impact of ADHD symptoms on everyday functioning and maximize health and developmental outcomes. Results We selectively describe key challenges and questions for this field related to theoretical models and developmental mechanisms in ADHD and recommend next steps for the science, including methodological, measurement, and study design considerations. We then describe potential implications for preemptive intervention development. We conclude by considering other issues including ethical concerns and the critical value of incorporating stakeholder input. Conclusions It is hoped that this perspective puts forth a research agenda that will enhance collaborative efforts and accelerate progress in understanding developmental mechanisms and the early ADHD phenotype, with implications for early intervention enhancement of healthy development for infants, young children, and their families.
Published: 2023
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3. Joint polygenic and environmental risks for childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom dimensions

Author: Michael A. Mooney, Peter Ryabinin, Hannah Morton, Katharine Selah, Rose Gonoud, Michael Kozlowski, Elizabeth Nousen, Jessica Tipsord, Dylan Antovich, Joel Schwartz, Megan M. Herting, Stephen V. Faraone, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: ADHD, environment, gene‐environment interplay, geocoding, polygenic scores, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Abstract Background attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with both polygenic liability and environmental exposures, both intrinsic to the family, such as family conflict, and extrinsic, such as air pollution. However, much less is known about the interplay between environmental and genetic risks relevant to ADHD—a better understanding of which could inform both mechanistic models and clinical prediction algorithms. Methods Two independent data sets, the population‐based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (N = 11,876) and the case‐control Oregon‐ADHD‐1000 (N = 1449), were used to examine additive (G + E) and interactive (GxE) effects of selected polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental factors in a cross‐sectional design. Genetic risk was measured using PRS for nine mental health disorders/traits. Exposures included family income, family conflict/negative sentiment, and geocoded measures of area deprivation, lead exposure risk, and air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter). Results ADHD PRS and family conflict jointly predicted concurrent ADHD symptoms in both cohorts. Additive‐effects models, including both genetic and environmental factors, explained significantly more variation in symptoms than any individual factor alone (joint R2 = .091 for total symptoms in ABCD; joint R2 = .173 in Oregon‐ADHD‐1000; all delta‐R2 p‐values
Published: 2023
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4. Polyneuro risk scores capture widely distributed connectivity patterns of cognition

Author: Nora Byington, Gracie Grimsrud, Michael A. Mooney, Michaela Cordova, Olivia Doyle, Robert J.M. Hermosillo, Eric Earl, Audrey Houghton, Gregory Conan, Timothy J. Hendrickson, Anjanibhargavi Ragothaman, Cristian Morales Carrasco, Amanda Rueter, Anders Perrone, Lucille A. Moore, Alice Graham, Joel T. Nigg, Wesley K. Thompson, Steven M. Nelson, Eric Feczko, Damien A. Fair, and Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
Subjects: Neuroimaging, MRI, Reproducibility, Big data, BWAS, PNRS, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract: Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a powerful tool for characterizing brain changes, but it has yet to reliably predict higher-order cognition. This may be attributed to small effect sizes of such brain-behavior relationships, which can lead to underpowered, variable results when utilizing typical sample sizes (N∼25). Inspired by techniques in genomics, we implement the polyneuro risk score (PNRS) framework - the application of multivariate techniques to RSFC data and validation in an independent sample. Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development® cohort split into two datasets, we explore the framework’s ability to reliably capture brain-behavior relationships across 3 cognitive scores – general ability, executive function, learning & memory. The weight and significance of each connection is assessed in the first dataset, and a PNRS is calculated for each participant in the second. Results support the PNRS framework as a suitable methodology to inspect the distribution of connections contributing towards behavior, with explained variance ranging from 1.0 % to 21.4 %. For the outcomes assessed, the framework reveals globally distributed, rather than localized, patterns of predictive connections. Larger samples are likely necessary to systematically identify the specific connections contributing towards complex outcomes. The PNRS framework could be applied translationally to identify neurologically distinct subtypes of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Published: 2023
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5. The Oregon ADHD-1000: A new longitudinal data resource enriched for clinical cases and multiple levels of analysis

Author: Joel T. Nigg, Sarah L. Karalunas, Michael A. Mooney, Beth Wilmot, Molly A. Nikolas, Michelle M. Martel, Jessica Tipsord, Elizabeth K. Nousen, Colleen Schmitt, Peter Ryabinin, Erica D. Musser, Bonnie J. Nagel, and Damien A. Fair
Subjects: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Public dataset, Case-control longitudinal, Design, Genetic and epigenetic array, Neuroimaging, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract: The fields of developmental psychopathology, developmental neuroscience, and behavioral genetics are increasingly moving toward a data sharing model to improve reproducibility, robustness, and generalizability of findings. This approach is particularly critical for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has unique public health importance given its early onset, high prevalence, individual variability, and causal association with co-occurring and later developing problems. A further priority concerns multi-disciplinary/multi-method datasets that can span different units of analysis. Here, we describe a public dataset using a case-control design for ADHD that includes: multi-method, multi-measure, multi-informant, multi-trait data, and multi-clinician evaluation and phenotyping. It spans > 12 years of annual follow-up with a lag longitudinal design allowing age-based analyses spanning age 7–19 + years with a full age range from 7 to 21. Measures span genetic and epigenetic (DNA methylation) array data; EEG, functional and structural MRI neuroimaging; and psychophysiological, psychosocial, clinical and functional outcomes data. The resource also benefits from an autism spectrum disorder add-on cohort and a cross sectional case-control ADHD cohort from a different geographical region for replication and generalizability. Datasets allowing for integration from genes to nervous system to behavior represent the “next generation” of researchable cohorts for ADHD and developmental psychopathology.
Published: 2023
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6. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and white matter microstructure: The importance of dimensional analyses and sex differences

Author: Scott A. Jones, Bonnie J. Nagel, Joel T. Nigg, and Sarah L. Karalunas
Subjects: ADHD, brain development, brain imaging, sex differences, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Abstract Background Attention‐deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has substantial heterogeneity in clinical presentation. A potentially important clue may be variation in brain microstructure. Using fractional anisotropy (FA), previous studies have produced equivocal results in relation to ADHD. This may be due to insufficient consideration of possible sex differences and ADHD's multi‐componential nature. Methods Using whole‐brain analyses, we investigated the association between FA and both ADHD diagnosis and ADHD symptom domains in a well‐characterized, ADHD (n = 234; 32% female youth) and non‐ADHD (n = 177; 52% female youth), case‐control cohort (ages 7–12). Sex‐specific effects were tested. Results No ADHD group differences were found using categorical assessment of ADHD without consideration of moderators. However, dimensional analyses found total symptoms were associated with higher FA in the superior corona radiata. Further, inattention symptoms were associated with higher FA in the corpus callosum and ansa lenticularis, and lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), after controlling for overlap with hyperactivity‐impulsivity. Hyperactivity‐impulsivity symptoms were associated with higher FA in the SLF, and lower FA in the superior cerebellar peduncles, after control for overlap with inattention. Meanwhile, both categorical and dimensional analyses revealed ADHD‐by‐sex interactions (voxel‐wise p
Published: 2022
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7. The association between heightened ADHD symptoms and cytokine and fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy

Author: Hanna C. Gustafsson, Geoffrey A. Dunn, A. J. Mitchell, Kathleen F. Holton, Jennifer M. Loftis, Joel T. Nigg, and Elinor L. Sullivan
Subjects: ADHD, pregnancy, pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: ObjectivePrevious research conducted with samples of children suggest that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have altered fatty acid concentrations and may have increased systemic inflammation. Whether these differences are also apparent in other populations of individuals with heightened ADHD symptoms (e.g., pregnant adults) is unknown. The goal of the current study was to examine whether there are ADHD-associated differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations or pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations during pregnancy, a developmental period when fatty acid concentrations and systemic inflammation have implications for the health of both the pregnant person and the developing child. We hypothesized that plasma levels of the ratio of omega-6s to omega-3s (n-6:n-3) and plasma inflammatory cytokine levels would be higher in individuals with heightened ADHD symptoms, consistent with previous findings in children with ADHD.MethodsData (N = 68) came from a prospective study of pregnant community volunteers who were oversampled for ADHD symptoms. During the 3rd trimester, plasma concentrations of fatty acids and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed. Dietary intake was examined in the 3rd trimester using three 24-h recalls conducted by trained dietitians and by examining plasma levels of conjugated linoleic acid (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (n-3), essential fatty acids that must come from dietary intake.ResultsThe group with heightened ADHD symptoms had higher n-6:n-3s (β = 0.30, p < 0.01) and higher TNF-α concentrations (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) relative to controls. There were no group differences in dietary variables, as assessed by self-report and via plasma concentrations of essential fatty acids. IL-6 was not reliably associated with ADHD status in this sample.ConclusionPregnant individuals with ADHD, on average, had higher plasma n-6:n-3s and higher TNF-α concentrations relative to controls. A difference was not detected in their dietary intake of fatty acids or other relevant nutrients. Though these null findings are inconclusive, they are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD-associated differences in plasma fatty acid concentrations are the result of ADHD-associated differences in fatty acid metabolism, rather than simply differences in dietary intake.
Published: 2022
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8. Biomarker discovery in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: RNA sequencing of whole blood in discordant twin and case-controlled cohorts

Author: Timothy A. McCaffrey, Georges St. Laurent, Dmitry Shtokalo, Denis Antonets, Yuri Vyatkin, Daniel Jones, Eleanor Battison, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), RNA sequencing, Transcriptome, GIT1, Galactose, Twins, Internal medicine, RC31-1245, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Background A variety of DNA-based methods have been applied to identify genetic markers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the connection to RNA-based gene expression has not been fully exploited. Methods Using well defined cohorts of discordant, monozygotic twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry, and case-controlled ADHD cases in adolescents, the present studies utilized advanced single molecule RNA sequencing to identify expressed changes in whole blood RNA in ADHD. Multiple analytical strategies were employed to narrow differentially expressed RNA targets to a small set of potential biomarkers of ADHD. Results RNA markers common to both the discordant twin study and case-controlled subjects further narrowed the putative targets, some of which had been previously associated with ADHD at the DNA level. The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control. Conclusions The convergence of DNA, RNA, and metabolic data suggests these may be promising targets for diagnostics and therapeutics in ADHD.
Published: 2020
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9. Innovative methods for remote assessment of neurobehavioral development

Author: Hanna C. Gustafsson, Anna S. Young, Gayle Stamos, Sydney Wilken, Natalie H. Brito, Moriah E. Thomason, Alice Graham, Joel T. Nigg, and Elinor L. Sullivan
Subjects: COVID-19, Remote data collection methods, Infant neurobehavior, Negative affect, HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, Biospecimens, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, research institutions across the globe have modified their operations in ways that have limited or eliminated the amount of permissible in-person research interaction. In order to prevent the loss of important developmentally-timed data during the pandemic, researchers have quickly pivoted and developed innovative methods for remote assessment of research participants. In this manuscript, we describe methods developed for remote assessment of a parent child cohort with a focus on examining the perinatal environment, behavioral and biological indicators of child neurobehavioral development, parent-child interaction, as well as parent and child mental and physical health. We include recommendations relevant to adapting in-laboratory assessments for remote data collection and conclude with a description of the successful dissemination of the methods to eight research sites across the United States, each of whom are involved in Phase 1 of the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study. These remote methods were born out of pandemic-related necessity; however, they have much wider applicability and may offer advantages over in-laboratory neurodevelopmental assessments.
Published: 2021
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10. Correction of respiratory artifacts in MRI head motion estimates

Author: Damien A. Fair, Oscar Miranda-Dominguez, Abraham Z. Snyder, Anders Perrone, Eric A. Earl, Andrew N. Van, Jonathan M. Koller, Eric Feczko, M. Dylan Tisdall, Andre van der Kouwe, Rachel L. Klein, Amy E. Mirro, Jacqueline M. Hampton, Babatunde Adeyemo, Timothy O. Laumann, Caterina Gratton, Deanna J. Greene, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Donald J. Hagler, Jr., Richard Watts, Hugh Garavan, Deanna M. Barch, Joel T. Nigg, Steven E. Petersen, Anders M. Dale, Sarah W. Feldstein-Ewing, Bonnie J. Nagel, and Nico U.F. Dosenbach
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Head motion represents one of the greatest technical obstacles in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human brain. Accurate detection of artifacts induced by head motion requires precise estimation of movement. However, head motion estimates may be corrupted by artifacts due to magnetic main field fluctuations generated by body motion. In the current report, we examine head motion estimation in multiband resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study and comparison ‘single-shot’ datasets. We show that respirations contaminate movement estimates in functional MRI and that respiration generates apparent head motion not associated with functional MRI quality reductions. We have developed a novel approach using a band-stop filter that accurately removes these respiratory effects from motion estimates. Subsequently, we demonstrate that utilizing a band-stop filter improves post-processing fMRI data quality. Lastly, we demonstrate the real-time implementation of motion estimate filtering in our FIRMM (Framewise Integrated Real-Time MRI Monitoring) software package.
Published: 2020
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11. Heritability of the human connectome: A connectotyping study

Author: Oscar Miranda-Dominguez, Eric Feczko, David S. Grayson, Hasse Walum, Joel T. Nigg, and Damien A. Fair
Subjects: Development, Heritability, Effective connectivity, MRI, Functional connectivity, Resting-state MRI, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Recent progress in resting-state neuroimaging demonstrates that the brain exhibits highly individualized patterns of functional connectivity—a “connectotype.” How these individualized patterns may be constrained by environment and genetics is unknown. Here we ask whether the connectotype is familial and heritable. Using a novel approach to estimate familiality via a machine-learning framework, we analyzed resting-state fMRI scans from two well-characterized samples of child and adult siblings. First we show that individual connectotypes were reliably identified even several years after the initial scanning timepoint. Familial relationships between participants, such as siblings versus those who are unrelated, were also accurately characterized. The connectotype demonstrated substantial heritability driven by high-order systems including the fronto-parietal, dorsal attention, ventral attention, cingulo-opercular, and default systems. This work suggests that shared genetics and environment contribute toward producing complex, individualized patterns of distributed brain activity, rather than constraining local aspects of function. These insights offer new strategies for characterizing individual aberrations in brain function and evaluating heritability of brain networks. By using machine learning and two independent datasets, this report shows that the brain’s individualized functional connectome or connectotype is familial and heritable. First we expand previous findings showing that by using a model-based approach to characterize functional connectivity, we can reliably identify and track individual brain signatures—a functional “fingerprint” or “connectotype” for the human brain—in both children and adults. Such signatures can also be used to characterize familial and heritable patterns of brain connectivity, even using limited data. Most heritable systems include the fronto-parietal, dorsal attention, ventral attention, cingulo-opercular, and default systems. Our proposed approach offers new strategies for characterizing normative development as well as altered patterns of brain connectivity and assists in characterizing the associations between genetic and epigenetic factors with brain function.
Published: 2018
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12. School-based mindfulness intervention for stress reduction in adolescents: Design and methodology of an open-label, parallel group, randomized controlled trial

Author: Jeanette M. Johnstone, Chelsea Roake, Ifrah Sheikh, Ashlie Mole, Joel T. Nigg, and Barry Oken
Subjects: Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Adolescents are in a high-risk period developmentally, in terms of susceptibility to stress. A mindfulness intervention represents a potentially useful strategy for developing cognitive and emotion regulation skills associated with successful stress coping. Mindfulness strategies have been used successfully for emotional coping in adults, but are not as well studied in youth. This article details a novel proposal for the design of an 8-week randomized study to evaluate a high school-based mindfulness curriculum delivered as part of a two semester health class. A wellness education intervention is proposed as an active control, along with a waitlist control condition. All students enrolled in a sophomore (10th grade) health class at a private suburban high school will be invited to participate (n = 300). Pre-test assessments will be obtained by youth report, parent ratings, and on-site behavioral testing. The assessments will evaluate baseline stress, mood, emotional coping, controlled attention, and working memory. Participants, divided into 13 classrooms, will be randomized into one of three conditions, by classroom: A mindfulness intervention, an active control (wellness education), and a passive control (waitlist). Waitlisted participants will receive one of the interventions in the following term. Intervention groups will meet weekly for 8 weeks during regularly scheduled health classes. Immediate post-tests will be conducted, followed by a 60-day post-test. It is hypothesized that the mindfulness intervention will outperform the other conditions with regard to the adolescents' mood, attention and response to stress.
Published: 2016
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13. Increased Maternal Prenatal Adiposity, Inflammation, and Lower Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels Influence Child Negative Affect

Author: Hanna C. Gustafsson, Kathleen F. Holton, Ashley N. Anderson, Elizabeth K. Nousen, Ceri A. Sullivan, Jennifer M. Loftis, Joel T. Nigg, and Elinor L. Sullivan
Subjects: pre-pregnancy body mass index, omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, EPA, infant temperament, negative affect, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: ObjectiveIncreased maternal adiposity during pregnancy is associated with offspring risk for psychiatric disorders. Inflammation secondary to adiposity is believed to be an important mechanism through which this effect occurs. Although increased adiposity introduces risk, not all children of overweight mothers develop these problems. Gestational factors that modify this risk are not well-understood. If maternal increased adiposity exerts its effects on offspring outcomes by increasing inflammation in the gestational environment, then anti-inflammatory inputs such as omega-3 fatty acids may be one protective factor. The goal of this study was to investigate whether maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and omega-3 fatty acid levels independently and/or interactively predicted offspring infant negative affect, an early life marker of risk for psychopathology.MethodsData came from a prospective study of women recruited during pregnancy and their 6 month old infants (N = 62; 40% female). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was pulled from medical charts and third trimester omega-3 fatty acid concentrations were assessed in plasma. Child negative affect was assessed using observer- and maternal-ratings at 6 months of age. Maternal inflammation was indexed by third trimester plasma levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.ResultsMaternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with increased infant negative affect whereas eicosapentaenoic acid was associated with less infant negative affect. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid levels moderated the effect of BMI on infant negative affect, such that omega-3 fatty acids buffered children against the negative consequences of increased adiposity. Supporting the role of maternal inflammation in these associations, maternal BMI and omega-3 fatty acid levels interacted to predict maternal third trimester inflammation. Further, maternal inflammation was associated with increased infant negative affect.ConclusionResults suggest that omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy may protect against offspring behavioral risk associated with increased maternal adiposity.
Published: 2019
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14. Characterizing heterogeneity in children with and without ADHD based on reward system connectivity

Author: Taciana G. Costa Dias, Swathi P. Iyer, Samuel D. Carpenter, Robert P. Cary, Vanessa B. Wilson, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Joel T. Nigg, and Damien A. Fair
Subjects: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Community detection, Delay discounting, Nucleus accumbens, Functional connectivity, RDoC, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract: One potential obstacle limiting our ability to clarify ADHD etiology is the heterogeneity within the disorder, as well as in typical samples. In this study, we utilized a community detection approach on 106 children with and without ADHD (aged 7–12 years), in order to identify potential subgroups of participants based on the connectivity of the reward system. Children with ADHD were compared to typically developing children within each identified community, aiming to find the community-specific ADHD characteristics. Furthermore, to assess how the organization in subgroups relates to behavior, we evaluated delay-discounting gradient and impulsivity-related temperament traits within each community. We found that discrete subgroups were identified that characterized distinct connectivity profiles in the reward system. Importantly, which connections were atypical in ADHD relative to the control children were specific to the community membership. Our findings showed that children with ADHD and typically developing children could be classified into distinct subgroups according to brain functional connectivity. Results also suggested that the differentiation in “functional” subgroups is related to specific behavioral characteristics, in this case impulsivity. Thus, combining neuroimaging data and community detection might be a valuable approach to elucidate heterogeneity in ADHD etiology and examine ADHD neurobiology.
Published: 2015
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15. Altered cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity in relation to spatial working memory capacity in children with ADHD

Author: Kathryn L. Mills, Deepti eBathula, Taciana G. Costa Dias, Swathi P. Iyer, Michelle C. Fenesy, Erica D. Musser, Corinne A. Stevens, Bria L. Thurlow, Samuel D. Carpenter, Bonnie J. Nagel, Joel T. Nigg, and Damien A. Fair
Subjects: Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, connectivity, fMRI, working memory, ADHD, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) captures a heterogeneous group of children, who are characterized by a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Previous resting state functional connectivity (rs-fcMRI) studies have sought to understand the neural correlates of ADHD by comparing connectivity measurements between those with and without the disorder, focusing primarily on cortical-striatal circuits mediated by the thalamus. To integrate the multiple phenotypic features associated with ADHD and help resolve its heterogeneity, it is helpful to determine how specific circuits relate to unique cognitive domains of the ADHD syndrome. Spatial working memory has been proposed as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of ADHD.Methods: We correlated the rs-fcMRI of five thalamic regions of interest with spatial span working memory scores in a sample of 67 children aged 7-11 years (ADHD and typically developing children; TDC). In an independent dataset, we then examined group differences in thalamo-striatal functional connectivity between 70 ADHD and 89 TDC (7-11 years) from the ADHD-200 dataset. Thalamic regions of interest were created based on previous methods that utilize known thalamo-cortical loops and rs-fcMRI to identify functional boundaries in the thalamus.Results/Conclusions: Using these thalamic regions, we found atypical rs-fcMRI between specific thalamic groupings with the basal ganglia. To identify the thalamic connections that relate to spatial working memory in ADHD, only connections identified in both the correlational and comparative analyses were considered. Multiple connections between the thalamus and basal ganglia, particularly between medial and anterior dorsal thalamus and the putamen, were related to spatial working memory and also altered in ADHD. These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms that relate to the ADHD clinical phenotype.
Published: 2012
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16. Considerations toward an epigenetic and common pathways theory of mental disorder

Author: Joel T. Nigg
Published: 2023

17. A preliminary study of white matter correlates of a laboratory measure of attention and motor stability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Author: Scott A. Jones, Jessica Tipsord, Bonnie J. Nagel, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Biological Psychiatry
Published: 2023

18. Sudden Increases in U.S. Stimulant Prescribing: Alarming or Not?

Author: Margaret H. Sibley, Stephen V. Faraone, Joel T. Nigg, and Craig B. H. Surman
Subjects: Clinical Psychology, Developmental and Educational Psychology
Published: 2023

19. What Science Tells Us about Autism Spectrum Disorder: Making the Right Choices for Your Child

Author: Raphael A. Bernier, Geraldine Dawson, Joel T. Nigg
Published: 2019

20. Gene-by-Environment Interaction Effects of Social Adversity on Externalizing Behavior in ABCD Youth

Author: Genevieve F. Dash, Sarah L. Karalunas, Emily A. Kenyon, Emily K. Carter, Michael A. Mooney, Joel T. Nigg, and Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing
Subjects: Genetics, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published: 2023

21. Youth Polygenic Scores, Youth ADHD Symptoms, and Parenting Dimensions: An Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation Study

Author: Leiana de la Paz, Michael A. Mooney, Peter Ryabinin, Christopher Neighbor, Dylan Antovich, Joel T. Nigg, and Molly A. Nikolas
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Developmental and Educational Psychology
Published: 2023

22. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause

Author: Edmund J.S. Sonuga‐Barke, Stephen P. Becker, Sven Bölte, Francisco Xavier Castellanos, Barbara Franke, Jeffrey H. Newcorn, Joel T. Nigg, Luis Augusto Rohde, and Emily Simonoff
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], stigma, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Developmental and Educational Psychology, ADHD, brain imaging, genetics, development, Article
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 290864.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The science of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is motivated by a translational goal - the discovery and exploitation of knowledge about the nature of ADHD to the benefit of those individuals whose lives it affects. Over the past fifty years, scientific research has made enormous strides in characterizing the ADHD condition and in understanding its correlates and causes. However, the translation of these scientific insights into clinical benefits has been limited. In this review, we provide a selective and focused survey of the scientific field of ADHD, providing our personal perspectives on what constitutes the scientific consensus, important new leads to be highlighted, and the key outstanding questions to be addressed going forward. We cover two broad domains - clinical characterization and, risk factors, causal processes and neuro-biological pathways. Part one focuses on the developmental course of ADHD, co-occurring characteristics and conditions, and the functional impact of living with ADHD - including impairment, quality of life, and stigma. In part two, we explore genetic and environmental influences and putative mediating brain processes. In the final section, we reflect on the future of the ADHD construct in the light of cross-cutting scientific themes and recent conceptual reformulations that cast ADHD traits as part of a broader spectrum of neurodivergence. 01 april 2023
Published: 2023

23. Prospective prediction of developing internalizing disorders in ADHD

Author: Sarah L. Karalunas, Dylan Antovich, Natalie Miller, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Developmental and Educational Psychology
Abstract: Clinical course in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heterogeneous with respect to both core symptoms and associated features and impairment. Onset of comorbid anxiety and mood disorders during later childhood and adolescence is one critical aspect of divergent outcomes in ADHD. Characterizing heterogeneity in onset of anxiety and depression and identifying prospective predictors of these divergent courses may facilitate early identification of the children most at risk.A total of 849 children recruited for a case-control study of ADHD development, aged 7-12 years at baseline, completed up to six annual waves of comprehensive clinical and cognitive assessment, including multi-informant behavior ratings, parent semi-structured clinical diagnostic interviews, and measures of executive function (EF). Latent class growth curve analyses (LCGAs) characterized patterns of anxiety and depression over time. Trajectories were predicted from baseline parent-rated child temperament, lab-measured child EF, coded parental criticism, and child-reported self-blame for inter-parental conflict.Latent class growth curve analyses separately identified three trajectories for anxiety and three for depression: persistently high, persistently low, and increasing. Temperamental fear/sadness and irritability were independent predictors that interacted with family characteristics. Baseline parental criticism and self-blame for inter-parental conflict exerted influence but only in the context of low temperamental risk. Better baseline child working memory was associated with delayed onset of depression.The interaction of baseline child emotional features with EF or family environment predicted divergent courses of both anxiety and depression from middle-childhood to mid-adolescence. Results suggest modifiable risk factors associated with prospective differences in long-term outcomes.
Published: 2022

24. Temperament in middle childhood questionnaire: New data on factor structure and applicability in a child clinical sample

Author: Michael B. Kozlowski, Dylan Antovich, Sarah L. Karalunas, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Adolescent, Psychometrics, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Child Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Child, Temperament
Abstract: The Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) is one of a family of instruments representing one of the major conceptual models of child temperament. The present study reports new psychometric information on the TMCQ using a larger sample than in prior factor-analytic studies of this instrument. Data from parent ratings of 1,418 children were utilized. The sample of community volunteers included 697 typically developing youth and 721 defined by research diagnostic procedures as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Results failed to support the original proposed structure of the TMCQ, but found support for a structure with 12 subscales that confirmed a substantial portion of the lower order factor structure. However, the intended three-factor higher order structure was not able to be fully recovered. Two-group invariance was supported in the final model, supporting use in studies of typical and atypical development. In conclusion, with some modifications the TMCQ remains a useful research measure at the lower order factor level. The validity of the higher order structure is less clear, likely due to measure-specific limitations, and suggests a need for some refinement to the measure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2022

25. Epigenetics and ADHD

Author: Charlotte A. M. Cecil, Joel T. Nigg, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, and Epidemiology
Subjects: Epigenomics, Pharmacology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Research, Genetics, Humans, Molecular Medicine, General Medicine, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic
Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, typically identified in the school-age years but hypothesized to have developmental origins beginning in utero. To improve current strategies for prediction, prevention and treatment, a central challenge is to delineate how, at a molecular level, genetic and environmental influences jointly shape ADHD risk, phenotypic presentation, and developmental course. Epigenetic processes that regulate gene expression, such as DNA methylation, have emerged as a promising molecular system in the search for both biomarkers and mechanisms to address this challenge. In this Current Opinion, we discuss the relevance of epigenetics (specifically DNA methylation) for ADHD research and clinical practice, starting with the current state of knowledge, what challenges we have yet to overcome, and what the future may hold in terms of methylation-based applications for personalized medicine in ADHD. We conclude that the field of epigenetics and ADHD is promising but is still in its infancy, and the potential for transformative translational applications remains a distant goal. Nevertheless, rapid methodological advances, together with the rise of collaborative science and increased availability of high-quality, longitudinal data make this a thriving research area that in future may contribute to the development of new tools for improved prediction, management, and treatment of ADHD.
Published: 2022

26. Getting Ahead of ADHD: What Next-Generation Science Says about Treatments That Work—and How You Can Make Them Work for Your Child

Author: Joel T. Nigg
Published: 2017

27. Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder

Author: Mara Parellada, Kerstin Konrad, Mark A. Bellgrove, Stefan Ehrlich, Thomas Frodl, Ruth O'Gorman Tuura, Evdokia Anagnostou, J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, David Coghill, Clyde Francks, Georgii Karkashadze, Damien A. Fair, Francisco X. Castellanos, Oscar Vilarroya, Eugenio H. Grevet, Yash Patel, Eileen Daly, Clodagh M. Murphy, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Kirsten O'Hearn, Claiton H.D. Bau, Jeffery N. Epstein, Daan van Rooij, Liesbeth Reneman, Eileen Oberwelland-Weiss, Timothy J. Silk, Yanli Zhang-James, Christine M. Freitag, Jane McGrath, Tomáš Paus, Jan Haavik, Louise Gallagher, Ting Li, Merel Postema, Celso Arango, Barbara Franke, Sara Calderoni, Jaap Oosterlaan, Andreas Reif, Paulo Mattos, Iva Ilioska, Leanne Tamm, Paul M. Thompson, Joost Janssen, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Neda Jahanshad, Jacqueline Fitzgerald, Odile A. van den Heuvel, Pedro G.P. Rosa, Tobias Banaschewski, Joseph A. King, Katya Rubia, Christine Deruelle, Marieke Klein, Stephen V. Faraone, Philip Shaw, Premika S.W. Boedhoe, Kerstin Jessica Plessen, Luisa Lázaro, Alessandra Retico, Jan K. Buitelaar, Paul Pauli, Guillaume Auzias, Joel T. Nigg, Christine Ecker, Annette Conzelmann, Jonna Kuntsi, Sarah Durston, Beatriz Luna, Silvia Brem, Marlene Behrmann, Jason P. Lerch, Susanne Walitza, Martine Hoogman, Filippo Muratori, Ilan Dinstein, Rosa Calvo, Mario Rodrigues Louzã, Geraldo F. Busatto, Daniel Brandeis, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Neurology, Autism Spectrum Disorder, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], CHILDREN, Review Article, 0302 clinical medicine, Transtorno do espectro autista, pathology [Brain], 130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory, GENETIC INFLUENCES, Neurociències, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Review Articles, Mapeamento encefálico, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, LIFE-SPAN, neuroimaging, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Consórcios de saúde, 05 social sciences, ENIGMA, Brain, 220 Statistical Imaging Neuroscience, Transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade, Autism spectrum disorders, Cerebral cortex, Trastorns de l'espectre autista, 3. Good health, IMAGING FINDINGS, Escorça cerebral, cortex, Autism spectrum disorder, Cortex, Trastorns per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat en els adults, Anatomy, Psychology, diagnostic imaging [Autism Spectrum Disorder], Clinical psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, BRAIN ABNORMALITIES, ADHD, ASD, subcortical volumes, Brain Structure and Function, Neuroimaging, pathology [Autism Spectrum Disorder], behavioral disciplines and activities, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, mental disorders, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, ddc:610, diagnostic imaging [Brain], METAANALYSIS, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Neurosciences, pathology [Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity], medicine.disease, Mental health, Subcortical volumes, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in adults, Autism, diagnostic imaging [Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity], Neurology (clinical), Working group, 170 000 Motivational & Cognitive Control, CORTICAL THICKNESS, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Human brain mapping 43(1), 37-55 (2022). doi:10.1002/hbm.25029 special issue: "Special Issue: The ENIGMA Consortium: the first 10 years / Issue Edited by: P.M. Thompson, N. Jahanshad, L. Schmaal, J.A. Turner, A. Winkler, S.I. Thomopoulos, G.F. Egan, P. Kochunov", Published by Wiley-Liss, New York, NY
Published: 2022

28. Prediction of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis Using Brief, Low-Cost Clinical Measures: A Competitive Model Evaluation

Author: Michael A. Mooney, Christopher Neighbor, Sarah Karalunas, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Molly Nikolas, Elizabeth Nousen, Jessica Tipsord, Xubo Song, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Clinical Psychology, Article
Abstract: Proper diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is costly, requiring in-depth evaluation via interview, multi-informant and observational assessment, and scrutiny of possible other conditions. The increasing availability of data may allow the development of machine-learning algorithms capable of accurate diagnostic predictions using low-cost measures to supplement human decision-making. We report on the performance of multiple classification methods used to predict a clinician-consensus ADHD diagnosis. Methods ranged from fairly simple (e.g., logistic regression) to more complex (e.g., random forest) but emphasized a multistage Bayesian approach. Classifiers were evaluated in two large ( N > 1,000) independent cohorts. The multistage Bayesian classifier provided an intuitive approach consistent with clinical workflows and was able to predict expert consensus ADHD diagnosis with high accuracy (> 86%)—though not significantly better than other methods. Results suggest that parent and teacher surveys are sufficient for high-confidence classifications in the vast majority of cases, but an important minority require additional evaluation for accurate diagnosis.
Published: 2022

29. Early development of negative and positive affect: Implications for ADHD symptomatology across three birth cohorts

Author: Hanna C. Gustafsson, Hasse Karlsson, Elinor L. Sullivan, Lauren E. Gyllenhammer, Sonja Entringer, Saara Nolvi, Pathik D. Wadhwa, Thomas G. O'Connor, Claudia Buss, Alice M. Graham, Rikka Korja, Joel T. Nigg, Jerod M. Rasmussen, and Linnea Karlsson
Subjects: Pediatric Research Initiative, Developmental & Child Psychology, negative affect, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, mental disorders, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Temperament, Child, Pediatric, Psychopathology, 05 social sciences, ADHD symptomatology, Infant, Brain Disorders, Psychiatry and Mental health, Mental Health, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, infant temperament, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Birth Cohort, trajectory analysis, Cognitive Sciences, Birth cohort, positive affect, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Demography
Abstract: High levels of early emotionality (of either negative or positive valence) are hypothesized to be important precursors to early psychopathology, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a prime early target. The positive and negative affect domains are prime examples of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) concepts that may enrich a multilevel mechanistic map of psychopathology risk. Utilizing both variable-centered and person-centered approaches, the current study examined whether levels and trajectories of infant negative and positive emotionality, considered either in isolation or together, predicted children's ADHD symptoms at 4 to 8 years of age. In variable-centered analyses, higher levels of infant negative affect (at as early as 3 months of age) were associated with childhood ADHD symptoms. Findings for positive affect failed to reach statistical threshold. Results from person-centered trajectory analyses suggest that additional information is gained by simultaneously considering the trajectories of positive and negative emotionality. Specifically, only when exhibiting moderate, stable or low levels of positive affect did negative affect and its trajectory relate to child ADHD symptoms. These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that infant negative emotionality is a promising early life marker of future ADHD risk and suggest secondarily that moderation by positive affectivity warrants more consideration.
Published: 2021

30. Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic

Author: Elinor L. Sullivan, Kristen L. Mackiewicz Seghete, Anna S. Young, Hanna C. Gustafsson, Olivia Doyle, Joel T. Nigg, Alice M. Graham, and Bonnie J. Nagel
Subjects: Adult, Male, Mothers, Context (language use), Education, Depression, Postpartum, Social support, Pregnancy, Pandemic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Humans, Special Section, Pandemics, Depression (differential diagnoses), Depression, SARS-CoV-2, Infant, Newborn, COVID-19, Infant, medicine.disease, Child development, Special Section: The Impact of Covid‐19 on Child Development around the World, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Gestation, Female, Psychology, Perinatal Depression, Demography
Abstract: This study sought to advance understanding of the potential long‐term consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic for child development by characterizing trajectories of maternal perinatal depression, a common and significant risk factor for adverse child outcomes. Data came from 393 women (86% White, 8% Latina; mean age = 33.51 years) recruited during pregnancy (n = 247; mean gestational age = 22.94 weeks) or during the first year postpartum (n = 146; mean child age = 4.50 months; 55% female). Rates of depression appear elevated, relative to published reports and to a pre‐pandemic comparison group (N = 155). This study also provides evidence for subgroups of individuals who differ in their depressive symptom trajectories over the perinatal period. Subgroup membership was related to differences in maternal social support, but not to child birth outcomes.
Published: 2021

31. Determining Causality in Relation to Early Risk Factors for <scp>ADHD</scp>

Author: Diane D. Stadler, Alexander von Eye, Wolfgang Wiedermann, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: business.industry, Breastfeeding, Medicine, Duration (project management), business, Relation (history of concept), Causality, Demography
Published: 2020

32. Brain charts for the human lifespan

Author: Armin Raznahan, Eric Courchesne, Andrea Parolin Jackowski, Kamen A. Tsvetanov, Cameron T. Ellis, R.C. Gur, Bin Bae J, Park Mtm, Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa, Simon N. Vandekar, Jacob W. Vogel, Juan Zhou, Machteld Marcelis, Kiho Im, Patricia Ellen Grant, Minhui Ouyang, Blesa Cabez M, Michael V. Lombardo, Sarah E. Morgan, James P. Boardman, Adamson C, Calhoun Vd, Delarue M, James H. Cole, Pichet Binette A, Roberto Toro, David H. Rowitch, Nynke A. Groenewold, Kevin M. Anderson, David T.W. Jones, Michael Schöll, Wang Ys, Aiden Corvin, R.E. Gur, Damien A. Fair, Gareth Ball, Herma Lina Schaare, Andrew Zalesky, Evdokia Anagnostou, Michael J. Meaney, Taki Y, Gareth J. Sullivan, Warrier, Petra E. Vértes, Chixiang Chen, Lisa T. Eyler, Wei Liao, Tomáš Paus, Jeremy A. Elman, Phillip McGuire, Hisham Ziauddeen, William S. Kremen, Etienne Vachon-Presseau, E.T. Bullmore, Christophe Tzourio, White, Hammill Cf, Mothersill D, Richard N. Henson, Jiang Qiu, Duncan E. Astle, Fabrice Crivello, Paul C. Fletcher, Chertavian C, Kim K, Jennifer Crosbie, Russell Schachar, Gabriel A. Devenyi, Manfred G. Kitzbichler, Tianye Jia, Trey Hedden, Sang Jae Lee, Ross D. Markello, Silke Kern, Ian M. Goodyer, Keith A. Johnson, Frauke Beyer, Bernard Mazoyer, A. Heinz, Sylvane Desrivières, Rosenberg, Gary Donohoe, Ong Mq, Alexander D. Edwards, Dan J. Stein, Nenad Medic, Zuo Xn, Travis T. Mallard, Peter Fonagy, Lindsay W. Victoria, Ingmar Skoog, Avram J. Holmes, Jason P. Lerch, Jed T. Elison, Jianfu Li, John H. Gilmore, Rosemary Holt, Caitlin K. Rollins, Carol E. Franz, Pedro Mario Pan, Saashi A Bedford, Yang N, Jonathan C Ipser, Richard A. I. Bethlehem, Tuulari Jj, Stolicyn A, Hua Huang, Bratislav Misic, Conor Liston, Ayub M, Lisa Ronan, Yeo Bt, Sophie Adler, Charles J. Lynch, Faith M. Gunning, Konrad Wagstyl, M. Mallar Chakravarty, John Suckling, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Bharath Holla, Yap Seng Chong, Jinglei Lv, Jakob Seidlitz, Niall J Bourke, Xinlei Qian, Simon Baron-Cohen, Cynthia M. Ortinau, Deirel Paz Linares, Thyreau B, René S. Kahn, Aaron P. Schultz, Vanessa Cropley, Eric Westman, Mitchell Valdés-Sosa, Rik Ossenkoppele, André Zugman, Hasse Karlsson, Sylvia Villeneuve, Katja Heuer, Di Biase Ma, Margaret L. Westwater, Sofie L. Valk, David J. Sharp, Brigitte Landeau, Matthew Borzage, Kirsten A. Donald, Timothy Rittman, Richard Beare, Giovanni Abrahão Salum, Gunter Schumann, Ryuta Kawashima, Romero-Garcia R, John Blangero, Yun Hj, Russel T. Shinohara, Nicolas Crossley, Simon K. Warfield, Karen Pierce, George S. Alexopoulos, Katharine Dunlop, David C. Glahn, Francois Lalonde, Anqi Qiu, Lana Vasung, Gaël Chételat, Lídice Galán-García, Clifford R. Jack, Reisa A. Sperling, Anna Zettergren, Elizabeth Kelley, Arno Villringer, Andrea Mechelli, Benegal, Aaron Alexander-Bloch, Nicholas B. Turk-Browne, van Amelsvoort T, John D. Lewis, Heather C. Whalley, A. V. Witte, Zdenka Pausova, Joel T. Nigg, Heather J. Zar, Raymond J. Dolan, Christopher D. Smyser, Jay N. Giedd, Lena Palaniyappan, Ali Gholipour, Areces-Gonzalez A, Peter B. Jones, Jacqueline Hoare, Oskar Hansson, Linnea Karlsson, C Pantelis, Paly L, Bonnie Auyeung, Jorge Bosch-Bayard, Bethlehem, Richard [0000-0002-0714-0685], White, Simon [0000-0001-8642-7037], Astle, Duncan [0000-0002-7042-5392], Baron-Cohen, Simon [0000-0001-9217-2544], Henson, Rik [0000-0002-0712-2639], Jones, Peter [0000-0002-0387-880X], Kitzbichler, Manfred [0000-0002-4494-0753], Rittman, Timothy [0000-0003-1063-6937], Rowitch, David [0000-0002-0079-0060], Tsvetanov, Kamen A. [0000-0002-3178-6363], Westwater-Wozniak, Margaret [0000-0002-2918-0979], Ziauddeen, Hisham [0000-0003-4044-1719], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, British Academy, Autism Research Trust, National Institute of Mental Health (US), UK Research and Innovation, Medical Research Council (UK), National Institute for Health and Care Research (US), Wellcome Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Pennsylvania, Yale University [New Haven], Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie et imagerie des troubles neurologiques (PhIND), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department [AP- HP Hôpital Robert Debré], AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Département de Neuroscience - Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire / Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity [Paris, France] (CRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Psychiatrie (9), Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, 3R-BRAIN, AIBL, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators, CALM Team, Cam-CAN, CCNP, COBRE, cVEDA, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age Working Group, Developing Human Connectome Project, FinnBrain, Harvard Aging Brain Study, IMAGEN, KNE96, The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, NSPN, POND, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, [Bethlehem, R. A. I.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Auyeung, B.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Baron-Cohen, S.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Bedford, S. A.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Holt, R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Lombardo, M. V.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge, England, [Bethlehem, R. A. I.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Brain Mapping Unit, Cambridge, England, [Kitzbichler, M. G.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Brain Mapping Unit, Cambridge, England, [Seidlitz, J.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Vogel, J. W.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Gur, R. E.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Gur, R. C.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Jackowski, A. P.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Satterthwaite, T. D.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Seidlitz, J.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Behav Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Behav Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Seidlitz, J.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Chertavian, C.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Gur, R. E.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Gur, R. C.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia & Penn Med, Lifespan Brain Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA, [White, S. R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Goodyer, I. M.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Henson, R. N.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Jones, P. B.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Kitzbichler, M. G.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Medic, N.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Morgan, S. E.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Romero-Garcia, R.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Ronan, L.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Suckling, J.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Vertes, P. E.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Warrier, V.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Westwater, M. L.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Ziauddeen, H.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [Bullmore, E. T.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, England, [White, S. R.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Biostat Unit, Cambridge, England, [Vogel, J. W.] Univ Penn, Lifespan Informat & Neuroimaging Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Satterthwaite, T. D.] Univ Penn, Lifespan Informat & Neuroimaging Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Anderson, K. M.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Ellis, C. T.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Turk-Browne, N. B.] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT USA, [Adamson, C.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Ball, G.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Beare, R.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Jackowski, A. P.] Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dev Imaging, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Adamson, C.] Monash Univ, Dept Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Beare, R.] Monash Univ, Dept Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Adler, S.] UCL Great Ormond St Inst Child Hlth, London, England, [Alexopoulos, G. S.] Weill Cornell Med, Dept Psychiat, Weill Cornell Inst Geriatr Psychiat, New York, NY USA, [Anagnostou, E.] Univ Toronto, Dept Pediat, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Anagnostou, E.] Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabil Hosp, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Pierce, K.] Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabil Hosp, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Areces-Gonzalez, A.] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, MOE Key Lab NeuroInformat, Clin Hosp, Chengdu Brain Sci Inst, Chengdu, Peoples R China, [Paz-Linares, D.] Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, MOE Key Lab NeuroInformat, Clin Hosp, Chengdu Brain Sci Inst, Chengdu, Peoples R China, [Areces-Gonzalez, A.] Univ Pinar del Rio Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca, Pinar Del Rio, Cuba, [Astle, D. E.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Henson, R. N.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Whalley, H. C.] Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England, [Auyeung, B.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Philosophy Psychol & Language Sci, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Pausova, Z.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Philosophy Psychol & Language Sci, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Ayub, M.] Queens Univ, Dept Psychiat, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Kingston, ON, Canada, [Ayub, M.] UCL, Mental Hlth Neurosci Res Dept, Div Psychiat, London, England, [Bae, J.] Seoul Natl Univ, Bundang Hosp, Dept Neuropsychiat, Seongnam, South Korea, [Ball, G.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Baron-Cohen, S.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Serv CLASS, Cambridge, England, [Benegal, V.] Natl Inst Mental Hlth & Neurosci NIMHANS, Ctr Addict Med, Bengaluru, India, [Beyer, F.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Villringer, A.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Witte, A. V.] Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci, Dept Neurol, Leipzig, Germany, [Blangero, J.] Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley, South Texas Diabet & Obes Inst, Dept Human Genet, Edinburg, TX USA, [Blesa Cabez, M.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Boardman, J. P.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Sullivan, G.] Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Borzage, M.] Univ Southern Calif, Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Keck Sch Med, Fetal & Neonatal Inst,Div Neonatol,Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA, [Bosch-Bayard, J. F.] Montreal Neurol Inst, Ludmer Ctr Neuroinformat & Mental Hlth, McGill Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Bosch-Bayard, J. F.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Chakravarty, M. M.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Bourke, N.] Imperial Coll London, Dept Brain Sci, London, England, [Sharp, D.] Imperial Coll London, Dept Brain Sci, London, England, [Alexander-Bloch, A. F.] Imperial Coll London, Dept Brain Sci, London, England, [Bourke, N.] Dementia Res Inst, Care Res & Technol Ctr, London, England, [Calhoun, V. D.] Georgia State Univ, Triinst Ctr Translat Res Neuroimaging & Data Sci, Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA, [Calhoun, V. D.] Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA, [Chakravarty, M. M.] Douglas Mental Hlth Univ Inst, Cerebral Imaging Ctr, Comp Brain Anat CoBrA Lab, Montreal, PQ, Canada, [Chen, C.] Univ Penn, Penn Stat Imaging & Visualizat Ctr, Dept Biostat Epidemiol & Informat, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Shinohara, R. T.] Univ Penn, Penn Stat Imaging & Visualizat Ctr, Dept Biostat Epidemiol & Informat, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Chetelat, G.] Normandie Univ, PhIND Physiopathol & Imaging Neurol Disorders, Inst Blood & Brain Caen Normandie, UNICAEN,INSERM,U1237, Caen, France, [Delarue, M.] Normandie Univ, PhIND Physiopathol & Imaging Neurol Disorders, Inst Blood & Brain Caen Normandie, UNICAEN,INSERM,U1237, Caen, France, [Landeau, B.] Normandie Univ, PhIND Physiopathol & Imaging Neurol Disorders, Inst Blood & Brain Caen Normandie, UNICAEN,INSERM,U1237, Caen, France, [Paly, L.] Normandie Univ, PhIND Physiopathol & Imaging Neurol Disorders, Inst Blood & Brain Caen Normandie, UNICAEN,INSERM,U1237, Caen, France, [Chong, Y. S.] Agcy Sci Technol & Res, Singapore Inst Clin Sci, Singapore, Singapore, [Chong, Y. S.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Singapore, Singapore, [Cole, J. H.] UCL, Ctr Med Image Comp CMIC, London, England, [Cole, J. 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C.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge Biomed Campus, Cambridge, England, [Fletcher, P. C.] Wellcome Trust MRC Inst Metab Sci, Cambridge Biomed Campus, Cambridge, England, [Fletcher, P. C.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge, England, [Jones, P. B.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge, England, [Suckling, J.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge, England, [Ziauddeen, H.] Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Fdn Trust, Cambridge, England, [Fonagy, P.] UCL, Dept Clin Educ & Hlth Psychol, London, England, [Fonagy, P.] Anna Freud Natl Ctr Children & Families, London, England, [Galan-Garcia, L.] Cuban Ctr Neurosci, Havana, Cuba, [Valdes-Sosa, M. J.] Cuban Ctr Neurosci, Havana, Cuba, [Gholipour, A.] Boston Childrens Hosp, Computat Radiol Lab, Boston, MA USA, [Warfield, S. 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E.] Alan Turing Inst, London, England, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Coll Ireland, Sch Business, Dept Psychol, Dublin, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Sch Psychol, Galway, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Ctr Neuroimaging & Cognit Genom, Galway, Ireland, [Mothersill, D.] Trinity Coll Dublin, Dept Psychiat, Dublin, Ireland, [Nigg, J.] Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med, Portland, OR 97201 USA, [Ong, M. Q. W.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Cognit, Singapore, Singapore, [Qian, X.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Cognit, Singapore, Singapore, [Zhou, J. 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S.] Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Lifespan Dev Brain & Mind, Inst Psychol, Beijing, Peoples R China, [Yang, N.] Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Lifespan Dev Brain & Mind, Inst Psychol, Beijing, Peoples R China, [Westman, E.] Karolinska Inst, Ctr Alzheimer Res, Dept Neurobiol Care Sci & Soc, Div Clin Geriatr, Stockholm, Sweden, [Witte, A. V.] Univ Leipzig, CRC 1052 Obes Mech, Fac Med, Leipzig, Germany, [Zhou, J. H.] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Singapore, Singapore, [Yeo, B.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Cognit, Singapore, Singapore, [Yeo, B.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Translat MR Res, Singapore, Singapore, [Yeo, B.] Natl Univ Singapore, N1 Inst Hlth, Singapore, Singapore, [Yeo, B.] Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Digital Med, Singapore, Singapore, [Yun, H.] Natl Univ Singapore, Integrat Sci & Engn Programme ISEP, Singapore, Singapore, [Zar, H. J.] Univ Melbourne, Dept Biomed Engn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Zhou, J. H.] Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Ctr Translat Magnet Resonance Res, Singapore, Singapore, [Ziauddeen, H.] Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust MRC Inst Metab Sci, Cambridge, England, [Zugman, A.] NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, [Zugman, A.] Escola Paulista Med, Dept Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil, [Zuo, X. N.] Nanning Normal Univ, Sch Educ Sci, Key Lab Brain & Educ, Nanning, Peoples R China, British Academy Postdoctoral fellowship, NIMH, UKRI Medical Research Council, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Senior Investigator award, MRC research infrastructure award, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and Ontario Brain Institute
Subjects: 631/378/2649, OpenPain Project, KNE96, Growth, Psychiatric-disorders, DISEASE, 3R-BRAIN, Brain charts, MRI Brain, OASIS-3, Disease, CCNP, 631/378/2571, UMN BCP, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS, article, Brain, Human brain, ASSOCIATION, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Harvard Aging Brain Study, The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, NSPN, medicine.anatomical_structure, GROWTH, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ddc:500, BURDEN, WHITE-MATTER, FinnBrain, Harvard Aging Brain Study, Organization, Mri, MRI, medicine.medical_specialty, Concurrent validity, MODELS, Cam-CAN, Longevity, CALM Team, POND, Neuroimaging, Burden, ORGANIZATION, AIBL, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, Cortical thickness, Association, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, FinnBrain, IMAGEN, KNE96, White-matter, medicine, Humans, ASRB, 631/378/1689, COBRE, business.industry, 631/378/2611, Brain morphometry, Neurosciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators, Magnetic resonance imaging, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Anthropometry, Body Height, Brain growth, Birth, 59/57, Normative, IMAGEN, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age working group, NSPN, business, CCNP, 3R-BRAIN, CORTICAL THICKNESS, Developing Human Connectome Project, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age working group, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, Bullmore, E.T
Abstract: Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes., R.A.I.B. was supported by a British Academy Postdoctoral fellowship and by the Autism Research Trust. J. Seidlitz was supported by NIMH T32MH019112-29 and K08MH120564. S.R.W. was funded by UKRI Medical Research Council MC_UU_00002/2 and was supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). E.T.B. was supported by an NIHR Senior Investigator award and the Wellcome Trust collaborative award for the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network. A.F.A.-B. was supported by NIMH K08MH120564. Data were curated and analysed using a computational facility funded by an MRC research infrastructure award (MR/M009041/1) to the School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge and supported by the mental health theme of the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
Published: 2022

33. Biomarker discovery in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: RNA sequencing of whole blood in discordant twin and case-controlled cohorts

Author: Dmitry Shtokalo, Daniel Jones, Yuri Vyatkin, Denis V. Antonets, Timothy A. McCaffrey, Eleanor A.J. Battison, Joel T. Nigg, and Georges St. Laurent
Subjects: Adult, Genetic Markers, Male, lcsh:Internal medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:QH426-470, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Twins, Biology, behavioral disciplines and activities, Cohort Studies, Transcriptome, Young Adult, Gene expression, mental disorders, Diseases in Twins, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Biomarker discovery, Child, lcsh:RC31-1245, Genetics (clinical), Discordant Twin, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Computational Biology, RNA, Galactose, RNA sequencing, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Human genetics, lcsh:Genetics, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Female, DNA microarray, GIT1, Research Article
Abstract: BackgroundA variety of DNA-based methods have been applied to identify genetic markers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the connection to RNA-based gene expression has not been fully exploited.MethodsUsing well defined cohorts of discordant, monozygotic twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry, and case-controlled ADHD cases in adolescents, the present studies utilized advanced single molecule RNA sequencing to identify expressed changes in whole blood RNA in ADHD. Multiple analytical strategies were employed to narrow differentially expressed RNA targets to a small set of potential biomarkers of ADHD.ResultsRNA markers common to both the discordant twin study and case-controlled subjects further narrowed the putative targets, some of which had been previously associated with ADHD at the DNA level. The potential role of several differentially expressed genes, including ABCB5, RGS2, GAK, GIT1 and 3 members of the galactose metabolism pathway (GALE, GALT, GALK1) are substantiated by prior associations to ADHD and by established mechanistic connections to molecular pathways relevant to ADHD and behavioral control.ConclusionsThe convergence of DNA, RNA, and metabolic data suggests these may be promising targets for diagnostics and therapeutics in ADHD.
Published: 2020

34. Toward a Revised Nosology for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Heterogeneity

Author: Damien A. Fair, Eric Feczko, Sarah L. Karalunas, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Nosology, Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Article, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Multiple time dimensions, medicine, Humans, Personality, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Temperament, Biological Psychiatry, media_common, 05 social sciences, medicine.disease, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Neurology (clinical), Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Domain Criteria, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the many syndromes in the psychiatric nosology for which etiological signal and clinical prediction are weak. Reducing phenotypic and mechanistic heterogeneity should be useful to arrive at stronger etiological and clinical prediction signals. We discuss key conceptual and methodological issues, highlighting the role of dimensional features aligned with Research Domain Criteria and cognitive, personality, and temperament theory as well as neurobiology. We describe several avenues of work in this area, utilizing different statistical, computational, and machine learning approaches to resolve heterogeneity in ADHD. We offer methodological and conceptual recommendations. Methodologically, we propose that an integrated approach utilizing theory and advanced computational logic to address targeted questions, with consideration of developmental context, can render the heterogeneity problem tractable for ADHD. Conceptually, we conclude that the field is on the cusp of justifying an emotionally dysregulated subprofile in ADHD that may be useful for clinical prediction and treatment testing. Cognitive profiles, while more nascent, may be useful for clinical prediction and treatment assignment in different ways depending on developmental stage. Targeting these psychological profiles for neurobiological and etiological study to capture different pathophysiological routes remains a near-term opportunity. Subtypes are likely to be multifactorial, cut across multiple dimensions, and depend on the research or clinical outcomes of interest for their ultimate selection. In this context parallel profiles based on cognition, emotion, and specific neural signatures appear to be on the horizon, each with somewhat different utilities. Efforts to integrate such cross-cutting profiles within a conceptual dysregulation framework are well underway.
Published: 2020

35. Recent Perspective on Genetics and Environment and Implications for Health-Related Complementary Approaches for ADHD

Author: Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Perspective (graphical), General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Health related, Psychology, General Environmental Science, Developmental psychology
Published: 2020

36. Polygenic Risk Score–Derived Subcortical Connectivity Mediates Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis

Author: Robert Hermosillo, Eric Earl, Joel T. Nigg, Stephen V. Faraone, Oscar Miranda Dominguez, Michael Mooney, Damien A. Fair, Darrick Sturgeon, Anders Perrone, Mollie Marr, Beth Wilmot, and Eric Fezcko
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, Article, 050105 experimental psychology, Correlation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, Risk Factors, Cortex (anatomy), mental disorders, medicine, Humans, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Child, Association (psychology), Biological Psychiatry, Brain Mapping, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Heritability, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, medicine.anatomical_structure, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Polygenic risk score, Neurology (clinical), business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has substantial heritability, and a recent large-scale investigation has identified common genome-wide significant loci associated with increased risk for ADHD. Along the same lines, many studies using noninvasive neuroimaging have identified differences in brain functional connectivity in children with ADHD. We attempted to bridge these studies to identify differences in functional connectivity associated with common genetic risk for ADHD using polygenic risk score (PRS). Methods We computed ADHD PRSs for all participants in our sample (N = 315, children 7–13 years of age, 196 with ADHD and 119 unaffected comparison children) using ADHD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium as a discovery set. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate resting-state functional connectivity of targeted subcortical structures. Results The functional connectivity between 2 region pairs demonstrated a significant correlation to PRS: right caudate–parietal cortex and nucleus accumbens–occipital cortex. Connectivity between these areas, in addition to being correlated with PRS, was correlated with ADHD status. The connection between the caudate and the parietal region acted as a statistical suppressor, such that when it was included in a path model, the association between PRS and ADHD status was enhanced. Conclusions Our results suggest that functional connectivity to certain subcortical brain regions is directly altered by genetic variants, and certain cortico–subcortical connections may modulate ADHD-related genetic effects.
Published: 2020

37. Smaller total brain volume but not subcortical structure volume related to common genetic risk for ADHD

Author: Molly A. Nikolas, Michael Mooney, Robert Hermosillo, Priya Bhatt, Joel T. Nigg, Stephen V. Faraone, Peter Ryabinin, Beth Wilmot, and Damien A. Fair
Subjects: Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Brain development, Adolescent, Thalamus, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Genetic variation, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Genetic risk, Child, Applied Psychology, business.industry, Putamen, 05 social sciences, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychiatry and Mental health, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Case-Control Studies, Endophenotype, Brain size, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Psychopathology
Abstract: BackgroundMechanistic endophenotypes can inform process models of psychopathology and aid interpretation of genetic risk factors. Smaller total brain and subcortical volumes are associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and provide clues to its development. This study evaluates whether common genetic risk for ADHD is associated with total brain volume (TBV) and hypothesized subcortical structures in children.MethodsChildren 7–15 years old were recruited for a case–control study (N = 312, N = 199 ADHD). Children were assessed with a multi-informant, best-estimate diagnostic procedure and motion-corrected MRI measured brain volumes. Polygenic scores were computed based on discovery data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (N = 19 099 ADHD, N = 34 194 controls) and the ENIGMA + CHARGE consortium (N = 26 577).ResultsADHD was associated with smaller TBV, and altered volumes of caudate, cerebellum, putamen, and thalamus after adjustment for TBV; however, effects were larger and statistically reliable only in boys. TBV was associated with an ADHD polygenic score [β = −0.147 (−0.27 to −0.03)], and mediated a small proportion of the effect of polygenic risk on ADHD diagnosis (average ACME = 0.0087, p = 0.012). This finding was stronger in boys (average ACME = 0.019, p = 0.008). In addition, we confirm genetic variation associated with whole brain volume, via an intracranial volume polygenic score.ConclusionCommon genetic risk for ADHD is not expressed primarily as developmental alterations in subcortical brain volumes, but appears to alter brain development in other ways, as evidenced by TBV differences. This is among the first demonstrations of this effect using molecular genetic data. Potential sex differences in these effects warrant further examination.
Published: 2020

38. Large epigenome-wide association study of childhood ADHD identifies peripheral DNA methylation associated with disease and polygenic risk burden

Author: Jonathan Mill, Joel T. Nigg, Michael Mooney, Peter Ryabinin, Priya Bhatt, and Beth Wilmot
Subjects: Multifactorial Inheritance, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Disease, Bioinformatics, Article, lcsh:RC321-571, Epigenome, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, mental disorders, ADHD, Humans, Medicine, Epigenetics, Child, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Biological Psychiatry, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Confounding, Genomics, Methylation, DNA Methylation, 3. Good health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, DNA methylation, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study, VIPR2
Abstract: Epigenetic variation in peripheral tissues is being widely studied as a molecular biomarker of complex disease and disease-related exposures. To date, few studies have examined differences in DNA methylation associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we profiled genetic and methylomic variation across the genome in saliva samples from children (age 7–12 years) with clinically established ADHD (N = 391) and nonpsychiatric controls (N = 213). We tested for differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with both ADHD diagnosis and ADHD polygenic risk score, by using linear regression models including smoking, medication effects, and other potential confounders in our statistical models. Our results support previously reported associations between ADHD and DNA methylation levels at sites annotated to VIPR2, and identify several novel disease-associated DMPs (p SLC7A8 and cg21609804 annotated to MARK2) are also significantly associated with nearby SNPs (p = 1.2e–46 and p = 2.07e–59), providing evidence that disease-associated DMPs are under genetic control. We also report a genome-wide significant association between ADHD polygenic risk and variable DNA methylation at a site annotated to the promoter of GART and SON (p = 6.71E–8). Finally, we show that ADHD-associated SNPs colocalize with SNPs associated with methylation levels in saliva. This is the first large-scale study of DNA methylation in children with ADHD. Our results represent novel epigenetic biomarkers for ADHD that may be useful for patient stratification, reinforce the importance of genetic effects on DNA methylation, and provide plausible molecular mechanisms for ADHD risk variants.
Published: 2020

39. Longitudinal Temperament Pathways to ADHD Between Childhood and Adolescence

Author: Michelle M. Martel, Anjeli R. Elkins, Ashley G. Eng, Patrick K. Goh, Pevitr S. Bansal, Tess E. Smith-Thomas, Melina H. Thaxton, Peter Ryabinin, Michael A. Mooney, Hanna C. Gustafsson, Sarah L. Karalunas, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Adult, Psychiatry and Mental health, Young Adult, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Impulsive Behavior, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Child, Temperament
Abstract: The current investigation extended prior cross-sectional mapping of etiological factors, transdiagnostic effortful and affective traits, and ADHD symptoms to longitudinal pathways extending from two etiological domains: polygenic and prenatal risk. Hypotheses were (1) genetic risk for ADHD would be related to inattentive ADHD symptoms in adolescence and mediated by childhood effortful control; (2) prenatal smoking would be related to hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms during childhood and mediated by childhood surgency; and (3) there would be age-related variation, such that mediation of genetic risk would be larger for older than younger ages, whereas mediation of prenatal risk would be larger in earlier childhood than at later ages. Participants were 849 children drawn from the Oregon ADHD-1000 Cohort, which used a case control sample and an accelerated longitudinal design to track development from childhood (at year 1 ages 7-13) through adolescence (at year 6 ages 13-19). Results showed the mediational pathway from prenatal smoking through surgency to hyperactivity-impulsivity at Year 1 was significant (indirect effect estimate = .053, p .01). The mediational pathway from polygenic risk through effortful control to inattention at Year 6 was also significant (indirect effect estimate = .084, p .01). Both results were independent of the association between inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and control for the alternative etiological input and held across parent- and teacher-report of ADHD symptoms. In line with dual pathway models of ADHD, early prenatal risk for hyperactivity-impulsivity appears to operate through surgency, while polygenic genetic risk for inattention appears mediated by effortful control.
Published: 2022

40. Prediction of ADHD diagnosis using brief, low-cost, clinical measures: a competitive model evaluation

Author: Michael A. Mooney, Christopher Neighbor, Sarah Karalunas, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Molly Nikolas, Elizabeth Nousen, Jessica Tipsord, Xubo Song, and Joel T. Nigg
Abstract: Proper diagnosis of ADHD is costly, requiring in-depth evaluation via interview, multi-informant and observational assessment, and scrutiny of possible other conditions. The increasing availability of data may allow the development of machine-learning algorithms capable of accurate diagnostic predictions using low-cost measures. We report on the performance of multiple classification methods used to predict a clinician-consensus ADHD diagnosis. Classification methods ranged from fairly simple (e.g., logistic regression) to more complex (e.g., random forest), and also included a multi-stage Bayesian approach. All methods were evaluated in two large (N>1000), independent cohorts. The multi-stage Bayesian classifier provides an intuitive approach that is consistent with clinical workflows, and is able to predict ADHD diagnosis with high accuracy (>86%)—though not significantly better than other commonly used classifiers, including logistic regression. Results suggest that data from parent and teacher surveys is sufficient for high-confidence classifications in the vast majority of cases using relatively straightforward methods.
Published: 2021

41. Longitudinal network model of the co-development of temperament, executive functioning, and psychopathology symptoms in youth with and without ADHD

Author: Sarah L. Karalunas, Dylan Antovich, Patrick K. Goh, Michelle M. Martel, Jessica Tipsord, Elizabeth K. Nousen, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Executive Function, Adolescent, Psychopathology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, mental disorders, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Temperament, behavioral disciplines and activities, Article, Irritable Mood
Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, chronic, and impairing disorder, yet presentations of ADHD and clinical course are highly heterogeneous. Despite substantial research efforts, both (a) the secondary co-occurrence of ADHD and complicating additional clinical problems and (b) the developmental pathways leading toward or away from recovery through adolescence remain poorly understood. Resolving these requires accounting for transactional influences of a large number of features across development. Here, we applied a longitudinal cross-lagged panel network model to a multimodal, multilevel dataset in a well-characterized sample of 488 children (nADHD = 296) to test Research Domain Criteria initiative-inspired hypotheses about transdiagnostic risk. Network features included Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms, trait-based ratings of emotional functioning (temperament), and performance-based measures of cognition. Results confirmed that ADHD symptom domains, temperamental irritability, and working memory are independent transdiagnostic risk factors for psychopathology based on their direct associations with other features across time. ADHD symptoms and working memory each had direct, independent associations with depression. Results also demonstrated tightly linked co-development of ADHD symptoms and temperamental irritability, consistent with the possibility that this type of anger dysregulation is a core feature that is co-expressed as part of the ADHD phenotype for some children.
Published: 2021

42. Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets

Author: Dirk J. Heslenfeld, Merel Postema, Paul M. Thompson, Sarah Baumeister, Tiffany M. Chaim-Avancini, Catharina A. Hartman, Sara Lera-Miguel, Patrick de Zeeuw, Sara Ambrosino, Neil A. Harrison, Marcus V. Zanetti, Philip Asherson, Joel T. Nigg, Liesbeth Reneman, David Coghill, Gustavo Sudre, Alysa E. Doyle, Francisco X. Castellanos, Tobias Banaschewski, Oscar Vilarroya, Mario Rodrigues Louzã, Kaylita Chantiluke, Annette Conzelmann, Georg G. von Polier, Lizanne J. S. Schweren, Anastasia Christakou, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Sarah Durston, Simon E. Fisher, Yuliya N. Yoncheva, Jochen Seitz, David C. Glahn, Timothy J. Silk, Norbert Skokauskas, Mark A. Bellgrove, Damien A. Fair, Geraldo F. Busatto, Georg C. Ziegler, Eric Earl, Yannis Paloyelis, Jeffery N. Epstein, Jaap Oosterlaan, Clare Kelly, Paulo Mattos, Gregor Kohls, Jan Haavik, Joseph Biederman, Janita Bralten, Neda Jahanshad, Claiton H.D. Bau, Thomas Ethofer, Paul Pauli, Cibele Edom Bandeira, Andreas Reif, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Theo G.M. van Erp, Susanne Walitza, Marie F. Høvik, Sarah Hohmann, Barbara Franke, Luisa Lázaro, Thomas Frodl, Tinatin Gogberashvili, Jonna Kuntsi, J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Daniel Brandeis, Stephanie E. Novotny, Martine Hoogman, Juan Carlos Soliva Vila, Anouk Schrantee, Rosa Nicolau, Kerstin Konrad, Eileen Oberwelland Weiss, Ruth O'Gorman Tuura, Bernd Kardatzki, Felipe Almeida Picon, Hazel McCarthy, Yolanda Vives-Gilabert, Ana Cubillo, Charles B Malpas, Mara Cercignani, Astri J. Lundervold, Michael C. Stevens, Eugenio H. Grevet, Katya Rubia, Renata B. Cupertino, Philip Shaw, Georgii Karkashadze, Fernanda Tovar-Moll, Bob Oranje, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, A.A. Baranov, Andreas J. Fallgatter, Leanne Tamm, Terry L. Jernigan, Matt C. Gabel, Clyde Francks, Pedro G.P. Rosa, Stephen V. Faraone, Jan K. Buitelaar, Kerstin J. Plessen, Silvia Brem, Sarah E. Medland, Alasdair Vance, Ramona Baur-Streubel, ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, General Paediatrics, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, APH - Mental Health, APH - Personalized Medicine, ANS - Brain Imaging, ANS - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Institut Català de la Salut, [Postema MC] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [Hoogman M] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. [Ambrosino S] NICHE lab, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [Asherson P] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK. [Banaschewski T] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. [Bandeira CE] Adulthood ADHD Outpatient Program (ProDAH), Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. [Ramos-Quiroga JA] Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Grup de Recerca en Psiquiatria, Salut Mental i Addiccions, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Cognitive Psychology, IBBA, Clinical Neuropsychology, Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Clinical Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research Program (CCNP), Pediatric surgery, and Radiology and nuclear medicine
Subjects: Dominància cerebral, trastornos mentales::trastornos del desarrollo neurológico::trastornos generalizados del desarrollo del niño::trastorno del espectro del autismo [PSIQUIATRÍA Y PSICOLOGÍA], Autism Spectrum Disorder, Caudate nucleus, Attention-deficit, Audiology, sistema nervioso::sistema nervioso central::encéfalo [ANATOMÍA], 0302 clinical medicine, Mental Disorders::Neurodevelopmental Disorders::Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders::Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity [PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY], 130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Brain asymmetry, Child, media_common, large-scale data, brain laterality, 05 social sciences, scale data, Brain, hyperactivity disorder, brain asymmetry, structural MRI, Mental Disorders::Neurodevelopmental Disorders::Child Development Disorders, Pervasive::Autism Spectrum Disorder [PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY], Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychiatry and Mental health, Globus pallidus, Attention&#8208, Autism spectrum disorder, Psychology, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Neuroinformatics, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, deficit, Nervous System::Central Nervous System::Brain [ANATOMY], Asymmetry, behavioral disciplines and activities, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Age groups, mental disorders, medicine, Humans, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, ddc:610, large&#8208, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/diagnostic imaging [Other subheadings], Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/diagnóstico por imagen [Otros calificadores], Cervell - Imatgeria, medicine.disease, Trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Orbitofrontal cortex, Caudate Nucleus, trastornos mentales::trastornos del desarrollo neurológico::trastornos conductuales disruptivos y déficit de atención::trastornos de déficit de atención con hiperactividad [PSIQUIATRÍA Y PSICOLOGÍA], 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Objective Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left-right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. Methods We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. Results There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen’s d from −0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study-wide correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait., Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62 (10), ISSN:0021-9630, ISSN:1469-7610
Published: 2021

43. Longitudinal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom networks in childhood and adolescence: Key symptoms, stability, and predictive validity

Author: Sarah L. Karalunas, Michelle M. Martel, Patrick K. Goh, Christine A. Lee, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Predictive validity, Parents, Adolescent, education, MEDLINE, Easily distracted, PsycINFO, medicine.disease, Mental health, Article, Key (music), Sustaining attention, Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Humans, Psychology, Child, Biological Psychiatry, Clinical psychology
Abstract: The current study visualized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom networks in a longitudinal sample of participants across childhood and adolescence with exploratory examination of age and gender effects. Eight hundred thirty-six children ages 7-13 years were followed annually for 8 years in total. Across parent and teacher report, results suggested "is easily distracted" and "difficulties sustaining attention" as central symptoms across three testing points (i.e., Year 1, Year 3, and Years 5-8 collapsed). "Difficulties following instructions" and "intrudes/interrupts" also emerged as parent-reported central symptoms. Assessment of network structure across the three testing points suggested global robustness of relations among ADHD symptoms from midchildhood into early adolescence. However, relations among symptoms that cause problems in school settings (i.e., being easily distracted) were stronger in teacher-reported than parent-reported networks. When aggregated into a sum score, central symptoms during Year 1 predicted total difficulties related to mental health problems 5 years later just as well as all 18 symptoms. Central symptoms of ADHD may be useful as screeners of future emotional and behavioral difficulties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2021

44. Development of ADHD: Etiology, Heterogeneity, and Early Life Course

Author: Sarah L. Karalunas, Joel T. Nigg, Anita Thapar, and Margaret H. Sibley
Subjects: media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Executive functions, Early life, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Etiology, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Temperament, Adolescent development, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 050104 developmental & child psychology, media_common, Clinical psychology, Psychopathology
Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents a powerful entry point for developmental approaches to psychopathology due to its substantial role in early emergence of major life problems. One key issue concerns the role of early environmental risks in etiology and maintenance in the context of genetic liability. Here, psychosocial aspects of development need more attention. A second key issue is that phenotypic heterogeneity requires better resolution if actionable causal mechanisms are to be effectively identified. Here, the interplay of cognition and emotion in the context of a temperament lens is one helpful way forward. A third key issue is the poorly understood yet somewhat striking bifurcation of developmental course in adolescence, when a subgroup seems to have largely benign outcomes, while a larger group continues on a problematic path. A final integrative question concerns the most effective conceptualization of the disorder in relation to broader dysregulation. Key scientific priorities are noted.
Published: 2021

45. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Restricted Phenotypes Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk Sensitivity in the ABCD Baseline Cohort

Author: Michaela M. Cordova, Dylan M. Antovich, Peter Ryabinin, Christopher Neighbor, Michael A. Mooney, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Oscar Miranda-Dominguez, Bonnie J. Nagel, Damien A. Fair, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Psychiatry and Mental health, Phenotype, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Prevalence, Humans, Comorbidity
Abstract: To evaluate the prevalence and major comorbidities of ADHD using different operational definitions in a newly available national dataset and to test the utility of operational definitions against genetic and cognitive correlates.The US Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study enrolled 11,878 children aged 9-10 years at baseline. ADHD prevalence, comorbidity, and association with polygenic risk score and laboratory-assessed executive functions were calculated at 4 thresholds of ADHD phenotype restrictiveness. Bias from missingness, sampling, and nesting were addressed statistically.Prevalence of current ADHD for 9- to 10-year old children was 3.53% (95% CI 3.14%-3.92%) when Computerized Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-COMP) score and parent and teacher ratings were required to converge. Of ADHD cases so defined, 70% had a comorbid psychiatric disorder. After control for overlapping comorbidity and ruling out for psychosis or low IQ, 30.9% (95% CI 25.7%-36.7%) had a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder, 27.4% (95% CI 22.3%-33.1%) had an anxiety or fear disorder, and 2.1% (95% CI 1.2%-3.8%) had a mood disorder. Children in the top decile of polygenic load incurred a 63% increased chance of having ADHD vs the bottom half of polygenic load (p .01)-an effect detected only with a stringent phenotype definition. Dimensional latent variables for irritability, externalizing, and ADHD yielded convergent results for cognitive correlates.This fresh estimate of national prevalence of ADHD in the United States suggests that the DSM-5 definition requiring multiple informants yields a prevalence of about 3.5%. Results may inform further ADHD studies in the ABCD sample.
Published: 2021

46. ADHD: Restricted Phenotypes Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk Sensitivity in ABCD Baseline Cohort

Author: Michaela Maria Cordova, Dylan Matthew Antovich, Peter Ryabinin, Christopher Neighbor, Michael A. Mooney, Nathan Dieckmann, Oscar Miranda-Domínguez, Bonnie Nagel, Damien Fair, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: mental disorders, behavioral disciplines and activities
Abstract: Introduction. Estimates of prevalence and comorbidity of ADHD in the United States require additional national, multi-informant data. Further, it is unclear whether the polygenic, neurodevelopmental model of ADHD in DSM-5 is best modeled with a broad or restrictive phenotype definition. Method: In the Adolescent Behavior Cognition Development (ABCD) study baseline data on 9-10 year old children, ADHD prevalence, comorbidity, and association with cognitive functioning and polygenic risk were calculated at four thresholds of definition of ADHD phenotype restrictiveness using multiple measures and informants. Multi-indicator latent variable and composite scores were created and cross validated for ADHD symptoms and for irritability. Missing data, sample nesting, and sampling bias were corrected statistically. Results: Multi-informant estimate of ADHD prevalence by the most restrictive definition was 3.53% when restricted to children in which parent ratings and teacher ratings both converged with KSAD report of current ADHD. As stringency of the phenotype was increased, total comorbidity increased slightly, and associations with cognitive functioning and polygenic risk strengthened. Inclusion of children with past ADHD but now treated increased prevalence estimate without weakening detection of polygenic risk. Irritability and ADHD dimensional composite scores and latent variables achieved satisfactory model fit and expected external correlations. Conclusion: The present report strengthens estimates of ADHD prevalence and comorbidity. Research on polygenic and other correlates of ADHD as a clinical category in the ABCD sample may benefit from using a restrictive, multi-informant operational definition.
Published: 2021

47. Comparing directed functional connectivity between groups with confirmatory subgrouping GIMME

Author: Michaela Cordova, Sandra Williams, Teague R. Henry, Kathleen M. Gates, Damien A. Fair, Eric Earl, Eric Feczko, and Joel T. Nigg
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Computer science, Cognitive Neuroscience, Sample (statistics), Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Article, 050105 experimental psychology, Field (computer science), 03 medical and health sciences, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Functional neuroimaging, Connectome, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, Cerebral Cortex, Resting state fMRI, Group (mathematics), business.industry, Functional connectivity, 05 social sciences, Models, Theoretical, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Broca Area, Neurology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autism spectrum disorder, Female, Noise (video), Artificial intelligence, Nerve Net, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Connectivity modeling in functional neuroimaging has become widely used method of analysis for understanding functional architecture. One method for deriving directed connectivity models is Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME; Gates and Molenaar, 2012). GIMME looks for commonalities across the sample to detect signal from noise and arrive at edges that exist across the majority in the group (“group-level edges”) and individual-level edges. In this way, GIMME obtains generalizable results via the group-level edges while also allowing for between subject heterogeneity in connectivity, moving the field closer to obtaining reliable personalized connectivity maps. In this article, we present a novel extension of GIMME, confirmatory subgrouping GIMME, which estimates subgroup-level edges for a priori known groups (e.g. typically developing controls vs. clinical group). Detecting edges that consistently exist for individuals within predefined subgroups aids in interpretation of the heterogeneity in connectivity maps and allows for subgroup-specific inferences. We describe this algorithm, as well as several methods to examine the results. We present an empirical example that finds similarities and differences in resting state functional connectivity among four groups of children: typically developing controls (TDC), children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), children with Inattentive (ADHD-I) and Combined (ADHD-C) Type ADHD. Findings from this study suggest common involvement of the left Broca's area in all the clinical groups, as well as several unique patterns of functional connectivity specific to a given disorder. Overall, the current approach and proof of principle findings highlight a novel and reliable tool for capturing heterogeneity in complex mental health disorders.
Published: 2019

48. Child and adolescent predictors of smoking involvement in emerging adulthood

Author: Robert A. Zucker, Joel T. Nigg, Maria M. Wong, Kipling M. Bohnert, Jennifer M. Glass, and Jennifer M. Jester
Subjects: Adult, Male, Longitudinal study, Externalization, Adolescent, Article, Nicotine, Young Adult, symbols.namesake, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Poisson regression, Young adult, Child, Applied Psychology, Survival analysis, business.industry, Smoking, Social environment, Tobacco Use Disorder, Psychiatry and Mental health, symbols, Female, Age of onset, business, medicine.drug, Clinical psychology
Abstract: OBJECTIVE This study examined the differential relationship of externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, social context, and their interactions to three developmental indicators of smoking involvement: onset (age), amount of smoking, and dependence symptomatology. METHOD Participants (n = 504, 73% male) from a high-risk community-based longitudinal study were followed from age 12-14 to young adulthood (18-20). Smoking involvement was conceptualized as a process involving differences in (a) age of onset of smoking, (b) amount of smoking at age 18-20, and (c) level of nicotine dependence symptomatology at age 18-20. Survival analysis was used to predict onset of smoking, regression for smoking level, and zero-inflated Poisson regression for nicotine dependence. RESULTS Externalizing (teacher report) and internalizing behavior (youth self-report), prior to the onset of smoking, predicted different components of smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood. Parental smoking predicted all levels of smoking involvement. Peer smoking was related to early onset of smoking, but not higher levels of smoking involvement. Externalizing and internalizing behavior interacted to predict nicotine dependence level, with higher levels of internalizing behavior predicting higher levels of dependence symptoms, even at low levels of externalizing behavior. CONCLUSIONS Externalizing and internalizing behavior and social context are independent and interacting risk factors that come into play at different points in the developmental process occurring between smoking onset and dependence. This study provides important information for theoretical models of smoking progression and shows that different types of risk should be targeted for prevention at different points in smoking progression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2019

49. Evaluating the Viability of Neurocognition as a Transdiagnostic Construct Using Both Latent Variable Models and Network Analysis

Author: Hana-May Eadeh, Kristian E. Markon, Joel T. Nigg, and Molly A. Nikolas
Subjects: Male, Causal research, Adolescent, Psychopathology, Mental Disorders, Latent variable, Models, Psychological, Executive functions, Article, Psychiatry and Mental health, Executive Function, Latent Class Analysis, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Female, Construct (philosophy), Psychology, Latent variable model, Child, Neurocognitive, Cognitive psychology, Network analysis
Abstract: The relational structure of both psychological symptoms and disorders is of crucial importance to mechanistic and causal research. Methodologically, factor analytic approaches (latent variable modeling) and network analyses are two dominant approaches. Amidst some debate about their relative merits, use of both methods simultaneously in the same data set has rarely been reported in child or adolescent psychopathology. A second issue is that the nosological structure can be enriched by inclusion of transdiagnostic constructs, such as neurocognition (e.g., executive functions and other processes). These cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries and are rarely included even though they can help map the mechanistic architecture of psychopathology. Using a sample enriched for ADHD (N = 498 youth ages 6 to 17 years; M = 10.8 years, SD = 2.3 years, 55% male), both approaches were used in two ways: (a) to model symptom structure and (b) to model seven neurocognitive domains hypothesized as important transdiagnostic features in ADHD and associated disorders. The structure of psychopathology domains was similar across statistical approaches with internalizing, externalizing, and neurocognitive performance clusters. Neurocognition remained a distinct domain according to both methods, showing small to moderate associations with internalizing and externalizing domains in latent variable models and high connectivity in network analyses. Overall, the latent variable and network approaches yielded more convergent than discriminant findings, suggesting that both may be complementary tools for evaluating the utility of transdiagnostic constructs for psychopathology research.
Published: 2021

50. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

Author: Stephen V., Faraone, Tobias, Banaschewski, David, Coghill, Yi, Zheng, Joseph, Biederman, Mark A., Bellgrove, Jeffrey H., Newcorn, Martin, Gignac, Nouf M., Al Saud, Iris, Manor, Luis Augusto, Rohde, Li, Yang, Samuele, Cortese, Doron, Almagor, Mark A., Stein, Turki H., Albatti, Haya F., Aljoudi, Mohammed M.J., Alqahtani, Philip, Asherson, Lukoye, Atwoli, Sven, Bölte, Jan K., Buitelaar, Cleo L., Crunelle, David, Daley, Søren, Dalsgaard, Manfred, Döpfner, Stacey, Espinet, Michael, Fitzgerald, Barbara, Franke, Manfred, Gerlach, Jan, Haavik, Catharina A., Hartman, Cynthia M., Hartung, Stephen P., Hinshaw, Pieter J., Hoekstra, Chris, Hollis, Scott H., Kollins, J.J., Sandra Kooij, Jonna, Kuntsi, Henrik, Larsson, Tingyu, Li, Jing, Liu, Eugene, Merzon, Gregory, Mattingly, Paulo, Mattos, Suzanne, McCarthy, Amori Yee, Mikami, Brooke S.G., Molina, Joel T., Nigg, Diane, Purper-Ouakil, Olayinka O., Omigbodun, Guilherme V., Polanczyk, Yehuda, Pollak, Alison S., Poulton, Ravi Philip, Rajkumar, Andrew, Reding, Andreas, Reif, Katya, Rubia, Julia, Rucklidge, Marcel, Romanos, J. Antoni, Ramos-Quiroga, Arnt, Schellekens, Anouk, Scheres, Renata, Schoeman, Julie B., Schweitzer, Henal, Shah, Mary V., Solanto, Edmund, Sonuga-Barke, César, Soutullo, Hans-Christoph, Steinhausen, James M., Swanson, Anita, Thapar, Gail, Tripp, Geurt, van de Glind, Wim van den, Brink, Saskia, Van der Oord, Andre, Venter, Benedetto, Vitiello, Susanne, Walitza, Yufeng, Wang, Stephen V., Faraone, Tobias, Banaschewski, David, Coghill, Yi, Zheng, Joseph, Biederman, Mark A., Bellgrove, Jeffrey H., Newcorn, Martin, Gignac, Nouf M., Al Saud, Iris, Manor, Luis Augusto, Rohde, Li, Yang, Samuele, Cortese, Doron, Almagor, Mark A., Stein, Turki H., Albatti, Haya F., Aljoudi, Mohammed M.J., Alqahtani, Philip, Asherson, Lukoye, Atwoli, Sven, Bölte, Jan K., Buitelaar, Cleo L., Crunelle, David, Daley, Søren, Dalsgaard, Manfred, Döpfner, Stacey, Espinet, Michael, Fitzgerald, Barbara, Franke, Manfred, Gerlach, Jan, Haavik, Catharina A., Hartman, Cynthia M., Hartung, Stephen P., Hinshaw, Pieter J., Hoekstra, Chris, Hollis, Scott H., Kollins, J.J., Sandra Kooij, Jonna, Kuntsi, Henrik, Larsson, Tingyu, Li, Jing, Liu, Eugene, Merzon, Gregory, Mattingly, Paulo, Mattos, Suzanne, McCarthy, Amori Yee, Mikami, Brooke S.G., Molina, Joel T., Nigg, Diane, Purper-Ouakil, Olayinka O., Omigbodun, Guilherme V., Polanczyk, Yehuda, Pollak, Alison S., Poulton, Ravi Philip, Rajkumar, Andrew, Reding, Andreas, Reif, Katya, Rubia, Julia, Rucklidge, Marcel, Romanos, J. Antoni, Ramos-Quiroga, Arnt, Schellekens, Anouk, Scheres, Renata, Schoeman, Julie B., Schweitzer, Henal, Shah, Mary V., Solanto, Edmund, Sonuga-Barke, César, Soutullo, Hans-Christoph, Steinhausen, James M., Swanson, Anita, Thapar, Gail, Tripp, Geurt, van de Glind, Wim van den, Brink, Saskia, Van der Oord, Andre, Venter, Benedetto, Vitiello, Susanne, Walitza, and Yufeng, Wang
Abstract: BACKGROUNDMisconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. METHODSWe reviewed studies with more than 2,000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2,000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. RESULTSWe generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 79 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 362 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. CONCLUSIONSMany findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma., source:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014976342100049X?via%3Dihub#!
Published: 2021

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