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A novel Advanced Cryogenic Carbon Capture (A3C) process is being developed using low cost but high intensity heat transfer to achieve high CO2 capture efficiencies with a much reduced energy consumption and process equipment size. These characteristics, along with the purity of CO2 product and absence of process chemicals, offer the potential for application across a range of sectors. This work presents a techno-economic evaluation for applications ranging from 3% to 35%vol. CO2 content. The A3C process is evaluated against an amine-based CO2 capture process for three applications; an oil-fired boiler, a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) and a biogas upgrading plant. The A3C process has shown a modest life cost advantage over the mature MEA technology for the larger selected applications, and substantially lower costs in the smaller biogas application. Enhanced energy recovery and optimization offer significant opportunities for further reductions in cost.

Hydrogen has the potential to offer deep decarbonisation across a range of global heavy-emitting sectors. To have an impact on the global energy system, hydrogen technologies must be deployed with greater urgency. This review article facilitates the much needed, multi-disciplinary discussion around hydrogen. In doing so, the paper outlines recent advancements, prevailing challenges and areas of future research concerning hydrogen technologies, policy, regulation and social considerations in a UK setting. Findings suggest that hydrogen will play a significant role in decarbonising several UK sectors whilst simultaneously addressing challenges faced by alternative low-carbon technologies. Optimal production, delivery and storage systems must be developed to accommodate perceived future demand. Whilst this will be largely dictated by scale, efficiency, cost and technological maturity, significant improvements in existing policies and regulation will also be critical. The future role of hydrogen in the UK’s decarbonisation strategy is not clearly defined. In comparison to alternative low-carbon technologies, policy and regulatory support for hydrogen has been minimal. Whilst there is growing evidence concerning the public perception of hydrogen in UK homes, additional research is required given its many potential applications. The findings detailed in this article support the urgency for further multi-disciplinary collaborative research.

A method for including analogical reasoning with EBL is presented.Analogy is proposed as a method for impasse resolution.Extension of domain theory using analogy shown to cater for modular platforms. This paper proposes an algorithm for the inclusion of analogy into Explanation-Based Learning (EBL). Analogy can be used when an impasse is reached to extend the deductive closure of EBL's domain theory. This enables the generation of control laws, via EBL, for hardware which is not catered for in the domain theory. This advantage addresses a problem which represents a dearth in the current literature. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) literature has thus far been concerned with the architectural considerations. This paper seeks to address the impact of hardware changes on the controllers within an IMA architecture. An algorithm is proposed and applied to control an aviation platform with an incomplete domain theory. Control rules are generated when no deductive explanations are possible, which still reflect the intent of the domain theory.

Modern control systems rely heavily on their sensors for reliable operation. Failure of a sensor could destabilize the system, which could have serious consequences to the system's operations. Therefore, there is a need to detect and accommodate such failures, particularly if the system in question is of a safety critical application. In this paper, a sensor failure detection, identification, and accommodation (SFDIA) scheme is presented. This scheme is based on the fully connected cascade (FCC) neural network (NN) architecture. The NN is trained using the neuron by neuron learning algorithm. This NN architecture is chosen because of its efficiency in terms of the number of neurons and the number of inputs required to solve a problem. The SFDIA scheme considers failures in pitch, roll, and yaw rate gyro sensors of an aircraft. A total of 105 experiments were conducted; out of which, only one went undetected. The SFDIA scheme presented here is efficient, compact, and computationally less expensive, in comparison to schemes using, for example, the popular multilayer perceptron NN. These benefits are inherited from the FCC NN architecture.

This paper presents a Gaussian Adaptive Resonance Theory Map (gARTMAP) incorporated to a multi-agent system (MAS) for building intelligent heat management system (IHMS), or the gARTMAP-MAS IHMS. The gARTMAP aims to maintain the desired space temperature defined by the building occupants (thermal comfort management) and improve energy efficiency by intelligently controlling the energy flow and usage in the building (building energy control) with minimal waste. The gARTMAP-MAS IHMS is a three-layer MAS, consisting of an agent in the Source Layer responsible for building energy control, agents in the User Layer for thermal comfort management, and an agent in the Mediator Layer which mediates the communication between the other two layers. Existing MAS typically uses a rule-based approach for its agents, and the rules are generally pre-defined. The incorporation of the gARTMAP to the agents provides additional adaptive capabilities via the use of its online learning mechanism. Simulation results demonstrated that the gARTMAP-MAS IHMS provides better (automated) energy control and thermal comfort management for a building environment in comparison to the existing rule-based MAS approach.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the application of Fuzzy ARTMAP for use in building energy management systems or EMS. However, a number of papers have indicated that there are important weaknesses to the Fuzzy ARTMAP approach, such as sensitivity to noisy data and category proliferation. Gaussian ARTMAP was developed to help overcome these weaknesses, raising the question of whether Gaussian ARTMAP could be a more effective approach for building energy management systems? This paper aims to answer this question. In particular, our results show that Gaussian ARTMAP not only has the capability to address the weaknesses of Fuzzy ARTMAP but, by doing this, provides better and more efficient EMS controls with online learning capabilities.

Intelligent energy system refers to the use of intelligent control strategies with the energy system, which can help minimise energy waste and loss, optimise load control, increase and improve energy efficiency and/or maximise the benefits of renewable energy. Renewable energy and intelligent controls are interlinked and correlated with each other. Without intelligent controls, the full benefits of renewable energy technologies may not be achievable, specifically the ground source heat pump (GSHP) technologies. This was observed, especially by the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) that had incorporated a GSHP to one of its building. The GSHP is under performing due to the inefficient controls implemented with the GSHP. This paper proposes an intelligent multi-agent building management system (MAS BMS) that aims to tackle this issue. Intelligence is provided by an ARTMAP, a type of artificial neural network that provides incremental learning inspired by how human process memory. Simulation results show the proposed intelligent MAS BMS is able to maximise the use of the GSHP effectively by profiling, predicting and coordinating its usage with other energy resources. The proposed method has performed better than the existing control strategies for the GSHP.

In the manufacturing sector, the consideration of energy consumption during the scheduling and execution of jobs can offer significant benefits from an infrastructural and financial perspective. While numerous methods have been proposed for predicting the energy consumption of manufacturing machinery, they typically do not treat them as dynamic pieces of equipment which can lead to issues with long term accuracy. Furthermore, these models produce predictions at a high level of abstraction which can lead to sub-optimal utilization. This paper addresses these shortcomings and presents a new methodology based around the usage and inference of historical energy data. Multiple energy profiles for identical jobs are stored along with information regarding the machines mechanical conditions, allowing the system to compensate for machine-related changes to the energy consumption. Where historical data is lacking, analysis of how the machine's condition affects job energy consumption over time, allows for the use of Support Vector Regression to generate temporary synthetic energy profiles compensated for probable machine conditions.

The provision of a secure, continuous energy supply is becoming an issue for all sectors of society and the food processing industry as a major energy user must address these issues. This paper identifies anaerobic digestion as an opportunity to go some way to achieving energy security in a sustainable manner. However, a number of energy management and waste reduction concepts must also be brought into play if the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability are to be balanced. The reporting of such activity will help to promote the green credentials of the industry. Cleaner production, supply chain and life cycle assessment approaches all have a part to play as tools supporting a new vision for integrated energy and waste management. Our reliance on high-energy processing, such as canning and freezing/chill storage, might also need re-assessment together with processing based on hurdle technology. Finally, the concepts of energy and power management for a distributed energy generation system must be brought into the food processing industry.

This paper describes the development of synthetic biology as a distinct entity from current industrial biotechnology and the implications for a future based on its concepts. The role of the engineering design cycle, in synthetic biology is established and the difficulties in making and exact analogy between the two emphasised. It is suggested that process engineers can offer experience in the application of synthetic biology to the manufacture of products which should influence the approach of the synthetic biologist. The style of teaching for synthetic biology appears to offer a new approach at undergraduate level and the challenges to the education of process engineers in this technology are raised. Possible routes to the development of synthetic biology teaching are suggested.

This paper describes the current situation of the chemical manufacturing industry, with special reference to Europe and looks to the future sustainability demands on the sector, and the implications of these demands for chemical engineering education. These implications include definitions of sustainability criteria for the sector and the need for transparent reporting under the Triple Bottom Line approach. The response of the education system to the sustainability agenda over the years and a number of strategies to incorporate it into courses are described. The important role of chemical (or more generally, process) engineers in delivering sustainable solutions is emphasised but this also suggests that a new way of thinking about the discipline is required. Indeed, this paper argues that the demand for a sustainable chemical manufacturing sector could bring about the next paradigm shift in the discipline which has been predicted for some time.

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.

In the manufacturing sector, energy demand is not considered as a manufacturing process variable when devising production schedules. This presents the potential for a large variance in the energy consumption culminating from the summation of individual machine energy demands. If not controlled, this can result in damage to the local power infrastructure. Traditional methods for protecting against this involve costly enhancements to the power infrastructure or inefficient use of time and equipment. In this paper, a production schedule modification algorithm is presented. Through the utilization of a genetic algorithm and highly granular historical energy profiles, the optimizer is able to modify an existing production schedule such that it produces a minimal variance in energy consumption when executed. Testing and experimentation show that a significant reduction in energy consumption variance can be achieved while ensuring the schedule operates within the constraints specified by the manufacturer.

The typical manufacturing scheduling algorithms do not account for the energy consumption of each job when devising a schedule. This can potentially lead to periods of high energy demand which can be problematic for manufacturers with local infrastructure having limited energy distribution capabilities. In this book chapter, a genetic algorithm based schedule modification algorithm is introduced to optimise an original schedule such that it produces a minimal variance in the total energy consumption in a multi-process manufacturing production line. Results show a significant reduction in energy consumption variance can be achieved on schedules containing multiple concurrent jobs without breaching process constraints.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is potentially the most significant piece of water management legislation to be developed by the European Union (EU) in the last forty years. Whilst water legislation is already regarded by many people as the ‘gold plating’ of EU environmental policy, many of the previous regulations and policies have focussed on specific point and non-point source water quality problems and have stipulated stringent standards to be achieved within specified time limits. In sharp contrast, the WFD aims to establish a planning and management framework for sustainable use of water and the ecological restoration of entire river systems, many of which do not fit neatly within the political or administrative boundaries of the Member States. Public participation in planning and management decisions is a key aspect of the WFD. This paper describes the specific requirements of the WFD for public participation and examines their implementation in the Ribble basin in North West England. ...

This paper highlights, explores and reflects on the linkages between the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive. The assessment of river basin management plans (RBMPs), the key procedural linkage between the two Directives, is addressed. The assessment of other actions affecting the water environment, particularly land use plans, could also aid the achievement of the aims of the Water Framework Directive. As water quality is related intimately to the development and use of land, this significant issue is considered. There are numerous potential benefits that could arise from exploring the linkages between these two pieces of EU environmental legislation. These are highlighted, and include encouraging resource savings, generating a holistic approach to water resource management and ultimately the promotion of more sustainable forms of development.

The Water Framework Directive is the most significant piece of European water legislation to date. This paper looks at the Directive's stakeholder participation requirements, which are crucial to its successful implementation, and represent one of its most novel and potentially far-reaching elements. The Ribble catchment in northwest England is part of a European pilot river basin network tasked by the European Commission with testing the Directive's common implementation strategy guidance, which is designed to aid member states in meeting its requirements. The Ribble pilot, managed by the Environment Agency, is responsible for testing the stakeholder participation element of this guidance. This paper provides an overview of the early stages of the Ribble pilot'sapproach, and discusses stakeholder participation in the context of the Water Framework Directive more broadly.

In this paper we raise some important questions about the extent to which barriers within the development control process inhibit the use of sustainable urban drainage systems. We argue that despite factors such as the severe UK flooding incidents in recent years, the introduction of Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) 25 and a rise in awareness of the environmental and social impacts of surface water, there are still significant barriers to the sustainable management of surface runoff. The impediments are categorized into pre-application, consultation, decision and appeal stages, providing a comprehensive account of areas that need to be addressed to enhance the sustainability of the built environment.

Currently, in England and Wales there are approximately 21 million properties. Of these, around 1.8 million homes and 130 000 commercial properties are at risk from inland or coastal flooding, repr...

This paper is concerned with raising awareness of the unsustainable impacts of surface water and with attempting to stimulate the interdisciplinary debate required amongst applied geographers to address the problems associated with it. In the UK, surface water is managed via a drainage philosophy that has been largely unchanged since the industrial revolution. The paper examines the unsustainable impacts of present surface water management techniques and provides evidence that they directly exacerbate problems of pollution, flooding and low groundwater resources and, through indirect means, detrimentally affect many other sectors including the environment, regeneration and spatial development. Consideration is then given to two of the major influences that will affect the future of surface water management namely, housing demand and climate change. The paper demonstrates how existing problems could be intensified unless the current methodology and regulatory framework is questioned.

There has been much social, political and academic debate about the growing of food in recent years. These debates have been mirrored by a surge of academic interest concerning the ability of cities to produce enough food to feed their inhabitants. To date, research has tended to bypass or perhaps even ignore food that is grown within urban areas and the land-use policy implications of such activities. The purpose of this article is to explore the implications of this oversight. Having discussed this neglect, international examples are used to illustrate the nature of the relationship between land-use policy and urban agriculture. The article proceeds to detail the findings of an Economic and Social Research Council-funded research study investigating land-use policy and urban agriculture in the UK. This is primarily concerned with detailing the attitudes to and knowledge of urban food production of land-use officials, and an examination of the land-use regulatory framework utilized for urban food product...

This paper is concerned with stimulating debate amongst land-use planning practitioners and researchers in relation to the possible consequences of the European Union Water Framework Directive. The potentially far-reaching ramifications for the Town and Country Planning system in England and Wales are examined in detail, presenting the case that planning, at all spatial scales, may have to give both water and environmental concerns greater consideration than has hitherto been the case. Furthermore, in the imminent future the planning system will need to begin the process of formulating policies in line with the aspirations of the Directive.

There has been a noticeable silence amongst environmental studies concerning the relationship between agriculture, flooding and pollution. This paper, which emerges from research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and United Utilities, attempts to redress this neglect and stimulate both debate and research in to this important area. Utilising research undertaken in the UK, the contention underlying this paper is that much of current agricultural policy and practice is fostering an environment susceptible to flooding and pollution. The paper highlights a number of issues concerning the ways in which certain agricultural practices exacerbate the risk from both flooding and pollution, drawing linkages with current legislation and policy. Finally, an attempt is made to identify agricultural policies and practices that could help to reduce the incidence of flooding and pollution.

The transformation of planning across Europe in recent years has been characterized by new processes at different spatial scales that reach across traditional boundaries. This Europeanization of planning processes is reflected in the emergence of cross-border initiatives, new spatial relationships and the enhancement of regional policy-making. In using the case of the UK this article analyses the possible ramifications of adopting the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). It is demonstrated that the WFD, despite its apparent focus on water regulation, is symptomatic of wider European Spatial Planning processes that are seeing a reshaping of attitudes, witnessing the emergence of new networks and challenging traditional sovereignties of planning.

There has been a noticeable silence among planning researchers concerning the notion of reflexivity. This is in sharp contrast to other areas of the social sciences, where the issues of reflexivity have recently assumed major prominence. This article argues that concepts and theories of Bourdieu’s notion of reflexivity generated primarily in the fields of sociological research provide a necessary and fruitful backcloth for the study of planning and land-use development. Following a brief consideration of the Habermasian and Foucauldian approaches that have come to dominate planning thought in recent times, we explore Bourdieuian notions of reflexivity, habitus, capital and field. We argue that a Bourdieuian stance, with its greater emphasis on digesting and acknowledging the researched habitus, field and capital, will offer planning researchers new tools for understanding the nature and outcomes of planning practices. Furthermore, we contend that a Bourdieuian conceptual framework will highlight the durable and embodied nature of the intuitive practices of many actors in planning and development processes.

In this paper the authors raise some important questions about the extent to which planning is fostering an environment susceptible to flooding. They argue that severe UK flooding incidents in recent years should result in the government re-examining the planning system to ensure relevancy and effectiveness in dealing with such problems in the future. They identify where the current policy and practice weaknesses lie in planning to limit both flood source and flood impact areas and suggest ways in which the government and the profession could take remedial steps to increase local and regional sustainability.

Despite a surge of interest in all things related to food production and consumption, with a few exceptions, there has been a noticeable silence from planning researchers and practitioners concerning the land-use implications of urban food-growing actvities. Consideration of this and the factors detailed above prompted the following question—what are the implications of urban agriculture initiatives for the UK planning system? In attempting to answer this question this paper sets out to explore the nature of the relationship between urban agriculture and planning. This paper initially highlights the rise in interest in food issues; it then considers why urban food production should be considered within the remit of planning before detailing two case studies in an attempt to further unpack this relationship. Following a discussion of the research Ž ndings, the penultimate section attempts to make suggestions about how planning can contribute to urban agriculture. There has been much social and political debate about growing food in recent years (Shaw, 1999). This debate has been mirrored by a surge of academic interest in food. The UK-government-funded Economic and Social Research Council’s (ESRC) ‘The Nation’s Diet’ programme (1992–1997) illustrates the growing concern with social aspects of food choice, the results of which are reported in Murcott’s edited collection (Murcott, 1998). Indeed, the emerging international engagement by academics with issues of food is re ected in a number of key texts (see, for example, Mennell et al., 1992; Lupman & Chapman, 1995; Lupton, 1996; Beardsworth & Keil, 1997; Keane, 1997; Macintyre et al., 1998). However, much of this research has tended to focus on rural agriculture, bypassing or perhaps even ignoring food that is grown within urban areas. Urban food production is central to the existence of many poorer cities across the globe (Ellis & Sunberg, 1998; Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 1998; Tewari, 2000; Bakker et al., 2001). It is only recently, however, that the richer industrial nations of the world have begun to consider the possibilities of urban agriculture and its potential beneŽ ts to relevant policy makers (Garnett

Studies have demonstrated the inadequacy of relying on existing administrative boundaries or simple proximity to define an affected community. The proposal and siting of hazardous facilities can have a range of impacts upon people across wide areas, with some more affected than others as a result of living with the physical impacts of construction or the fear associated with perceived risk. We term those most affected the Directly Affected Population and propose a two-stage model for identifying an affected community which places those most affected at the centre of the definition. The second stage is to identify the relationships those most affected have with the wider elements of the Sense of Community to discover the existing community or communities which are affected. Illustrated by the siting of a low level radioactive waste disposal facility at Dounrey in the north of Scotland, we show that elements of the lived community experience may have very different shapes, extents and conflicting interests which pose challenges for their incorporation into a siting process. The two-stage model presented in this paper, by placing those most directly affected at the centre and working from there out into the existing communities, identifies issues early in any siting process to improve their incorporation and amelioration.

This article examines the process of airfield re-use across rural England, highlighting the framework and realities of procedural planning control. In doing so, it illustrates how the re-use of airfield sites in the countryside raises issues of more general concern and mirrors wider debates within the sphere of development planning. In short, we are concerned with both opportunities for land re-cycling on rural airfields and the debates which are likely to emerge as additional sites are re-developed.

At a time when urban development capacity may be declining, there is increasing pressure for the decentralisation (manifest in the re-emergence of the 'new settlement' debate; Breheny and Hall, 1996) of a range of activities to rural localities where development capacity is broadly perceived to be greater. However, here capacity is redefined in the language of environmental priorities and vested local interests and the scope for new development is politically reduced. Nevertheless, in some areas, there is a belief that additional development can be accommodated on sites that are deemed less socially contentious and have a lower environmental value. It is within this current context that this recent work on the reuse of wartime and civilian airfields is located. This article focuses on the potential for land reuse on the numerous airfields scattered across the countryside of England and Wales. In this particular discussion, emphasis is placed on the role of local planning in the regulation of both land reuse and established flying activities. The article draws attention to the following four principal themes: (1) The land-use planning system's treatment of aviation. (2) Patterns of land re-use on active and inactive fields. (3) The regulation of new uses by local planning authorities (LPAs). (4) Official attitudes and compatibility concerns relating to airfield reuse. The discussion stems from a belief that former (and operational) airfields offer an important source of developable land in an otherwise highly regulated landscape-being, in some instances, 'less socially contentious' and having a 'lower environmental quality'. This belief is explored-from the point of view of planning professionals-under the four thematic headings noted above and the following questions are addressed: has redevelopment occurred on these sites (i.e. theme 2)? Does local planning favour airfield redevelopment (theme 3)? And, what difficulties-and incompatibilities-arise from the assembling of new land uses on airfields (theme 4)? This final question also demands an understanding of planning's dual treatment of flying and reuse (hence, the initial focus on theme 1).

This paper is concerned with urban food growth. Highlighting the resurgence of urban food growth in developed nations, the case for urban food is made and unpacked through an empirical examination of initiatives in two adjacent cities in the north of England. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

An adaptive health monitoring system or AHMS was developed to improve or add situational awareness to an aircraft, former is for the manned aircraft, and latter is for the unmanned aerial system (UAS). The AHMS provides situational awareness by characterising a notion of health to the aircraft, and uses this health value to perform error detection and error compensation. The notion of health is created by correlating sensors and controller outputs available to the AHMS during flight, and the AHMS does so using an immune-inspired framework (IIF). This creates the AHMS-IIF. This paper presents the results of implementation of the AHMS-IIF on a simple aircraft: the glider system, to see if the AHMS-IIF can provide the situational awareness, which can also increase the endurance of this simple system. The paper shows the AHMS-IIF has provided safer flight outcomes for the glider system. This is judged by the longer duration of flights and higher number of safe landings for the glider, when the glider is flown with the help of the AHMS-IIF at a suitable sampling and accommodation rate. Furthermore, the presented AHMS-IIF is able to achieve its objectives without prior training and optimization of the algorithms, differentiating this framework against other vehicle health management system.

A key challenge within the power sector is to address the issue of intermittency. It is the unavailability of energy at all times in order to meet the demand requirements. Intermittency is responsible for reducing the efficiency of the national infrastructure and can compromise energy security. Increasing use of renewable energy can cause the increasing intermittency. This is an important issue that needs to be dealt with. Predictive mechanisms based on historical data have been used previously to try and address energy security with renewables. However, the effectiveness of the predictive mechanisms are low. Going forward, energy storage systems will play a key role in securing the energy supply provided by renewables. Efficient use of energy storage relies on information about the generator system that it is coupled with. This paper aims to show that despite the inherent characteristics of renewable energy generation, the nature of mechanical generation of renewable systems can be equated and modelled. The model can provide the information required for energy storage coupling. The model equates the inherent lag using the torque values of the generator, as well as the generator's velocity. The model is part of a larger framework that predicts the output power profile of the renewables, using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The predictive information can further improve the performance of the coupled energy storage system and address intermittency.

Flight control systems that are tolerant to failures can increase the endurance of an aircraft in case of a failure. The two major types of failure are sensor and actuator failures. This paper focuses on the failure of the gyro sensors in an aircraft. The neuron by neuron (NBN) learning algorithm, which is an improved version of the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm, is combined with the fully connected cascade (FCC) neural network architecture to estimate an aircraft's sensor measurements. Compared to other neural networks and learning algorithms, this combination can produce good sensor estimates with relatively few neurons. The estimators are developed and evaluated using flight data collected from the X-Plane flight simulator. The developed sensor estimators can replicate a sensor's measurements with as little as 2 neurons. The results reflect the combined power of the NBN algorithm and the FCC neural network architecture.

The paper presents a multi-objective optimization method for analysing the best mix of renewable and nonrenewable distributed generations (DG) in a distribution network. The method aims at minimising the total cost of the real power generation, line losses and CO 2 emissions, and maximising the benefits from DG installations over a planning horizon of 20 years. The paper proposes new objective functions that take into account the longevity of DG operations as one of its selection criteria. The analysis utilises the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) for optimization and MATPOWER for solving the optimal power flow problems.

Good situation awareness is one of the key attributes required to maintain safe flight, especially for an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Good situation awareness can be achieved by incorporating an Adaptive Health Monitoring System (AHMS) to the aircraft. The AHMS monitors the flight outcome or flight behaviours of the aircraft based on its external environmental conditions and the behaviour of its internal systems. The AHMS does this by associating a health value to the aircraft's behaviour based on the progression of its sensory values produced by the aircraft's modules, components and/or subsystems. The AHMS indicates erroneous flight behaviour when a deviation to this health information is produced. This will be useful for a UAS because the pilot is taken out of the control loop and is unaware of how the environment and/or faults are affecting the behaviour of the aircraft. The autonomous pilot can use this health information to help produce safer and securer flight behaviour or fault tolerance to the aircraft. This allows the aircraft to fly safely in whatever the environmental conditions. This health information can also be used to help increase the endurance of the aircraft. This paper describes how the AHMS performs its capabilities.

This paper describes the implementation of an online immune-inspired framework to help increase endurance of an autonomous robot. Endurance is defined as the ability of the robot to exert itself for a long period of time. The immune-inspired framework provides such capability by monitoring the behavior of the robot to ensure continuous and safe behavior. The immune-inspired framework combines innate and adaptive immune inspired algorithms. Innate uses a dendritic cell based innate immune algorithm, and adaptive uses an instance based B-cell approach. Results presented in this paper shows that when the robot is implemented with the immune-inspired framework, health and survivability of a robot is improved, therefore increasing its endurance.

Energy security, fuel poverty, increasing energy demands, ageing grid infrastructures, emerging (renewable) energy markets, and commercial opportunities are all key features of international political energy discourse. This paper considers the role of intelligent management systems for existing, emerging and future energy generation, storage technologies and demand. The epistemological dimension of this paper contends that intelligent energy management systems should utilise a bio-inspired approach to their operation to adapt to the prevailing environment that they operate in. The substantive focus of the paper is on energy demand and efficiency. In considering these, an initial focus is on the need for greater network stability and efficiency, and to review existing supply and network related issues. The paper demonstrates that there are currently major challenges concerning network transmission and conversion losses with a contention that these need further attention than has hitherto been the ...

The damage of the recent storms has been well documented, but arguably, the reasons for the level of devastation and possible future solutions have not. This article critically examines both the areas accused of causing, or contributing, to the flooding and the solutions mentioned so far. It then suggests an alternative solution, which could be the answer to our recent problems.

For the first time at the beginning of the twenty-first century, urban dwellers outnumber rural residents and this trend is set to continue. Consequently one of the most pressing issues of our time is how to square the social and economic development of cities with their environmental limits and those of the wider environment. The theme of the environment and city is topical at every level, from the politics of global trade to local community networks. Environment and the City looks at the evolution of cities in the developed and the developing world and the implications for resource consumption and environmental impacts. It takes a cross-cutting approach with new thinking on multiple geographies – the configuration of networks, exclusion, consumption, risk and ecological footprint. Urban environmental themes and their related social, economic and political agendas are outlined. In turn the environmental impacts and environmental agendas relating to key sectors of the urban economy are discussed. The global context to such issues is then explored before the practical tools and methods of urban environmental management are investigated. The theme of the sustainable city emerges from this – not so much as a standard menu, but as a learning process between all sections of society. This book, a valuable resource, provides a concise, accessible route map for all students interested in the environmental issues emanating from our urban society. Written to aid student understanding, the easily navigable text features boxed practical examples, discussion points, signposts to reading and websites, and a glossary.