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The period from 2013 to 2019 was one of relative continuity in policies for physical education (PE), school sport and physical activity (PESSPA) in England. Starting from the advent of the government’s flagship PE and Sport Premium (PES Premium) initiative in 2013, the end of the period was reached 20 with renewed uncertainty in 2020 about the future of PESSPA policy. It is therefore an appropriate point for this article to ‘take stock’ of PESSPA policies and their consequences since 2013. The political science literature on policy design underpins the approach to considering the mix of both policy goals and those instruments used by governments to achieve them. To do so, a comprehensive set of policy documents, published reports, academic literature and empirical research on schools’ use of the PES Premium was interrogated. Policy goals articulated by government since 2013 reinforced, rather than resolved, long-standing debates about the purpose of PESSPA. Health-related objectives rose in prominence, but sat uneasily alongside continued commitments to competitive sport. Only a narrow range of the policy instruments available to governments were used in pursuit of their policy goals. PES Premium funding was solely distributed to primary schools, with limited use of regulation and information systems to shape PESSPA provision. These aspects of policy design contributed to increasing reliance on external coaches in primary schools and indicators of a decline in secondary school provision and participation, resonant of prioritisation of short-term approaches over longer-term strategic development. Possibilities for improving future PESSPA policies are considered as a result.

Progress made by materials scientists in recent years has greatly helped the field of ultra-precision manufacturing. Ranging from healthcare to electronics components, phenomena such as twinning, dislocation nucleation, and high-pressure phase transformation have helped to exploit plasticity across a wide range of metallic and semiconductor materials. One current problem at the forefront of the healthcare sector that can benefit from these advances is that of bacterial infections in implanted prosthetic devices. The treatment of implant infections is often complicated by the growth of bacterial biofilms on implant surfaces, which form a barrier that effectively protects the infecting organisms from host immune defenses and exogenous antibiotics. Further surgery is usually required to disrupt the biofilm, or to remove the implant altogether to permit antibiotics to clear the infection, incurring considerable cost and healthcare burdens. In this review, we focus on elucidating aspects of bactericidal surfaces inspired by the biological world to inform the design of implant surface treatments that will suppress bacterial colonization. Alongside manufacturing and materials related challenges, the review identifies the most promising natural bactericidal surfaces and provides representative models of their structure, highlighting the importance of the critical slope presented by these surfaces. The scalable production of these complex hierarchical structures on freeform metallic implant surfaces has remained a scientific challenge to date and, as identified by this review, is one of the many 21st-century puzzles to be addressed by the field of applied physics.

We welcome the comments of Smith and Rippon (2021) about our map of vitrinite reflectance data derived from Carboniferous coal in Britain. The essence of their contribution is that our map is based upon a limited database (103 samples). We are well aware that data is available for other localities, at a range of depths within mines, and in some cases with details of statistical accuracy. Smith and Rippon conclude that the data available is too extensive to make it possible to produce a summary map. That is possibly why, despite the heritage of coal studies in Britain, such a map has not been published. However, the scale at which we have resolved variations in the reflectance values, simplified further in Figure 1, allows realization of the tremendous educational potential in the data. Our purpose was to produce a map, and we have employed a data base appropriate to do so, rather than assemble a national data base, which is the responsibility of others.

Backgrounding (BKG) segment in beef production systems is characterized by utilization of different forages which affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. However, it is unclear how BKG systems impact rumen microbiome. We investigated rumen microbiome dynamics of beef calves under different BKG systems. At weaning, Angus and Angus x Simmental beef calves (n = 38) were stratified by age, weight, and sex in a completely randomized design into 1 of 3 BKG treatments for 55 d: 1) perennial pasture (PP; quackgrass, orchardgrass; smooth bromegrass, red clover, and alfalfa); 2) summer annual cover crop (CC; cereal oats, purple top turnips, hunter forage brassica, and graza forage radish); and 3) dry lot (DL; haylage, corn, and DDGS). After BKG, all calves were assigned to a high energy ration in a feedlot. Rumen sample was collected via esophageal tubing at weaning, BKG and feedlot. A total of 190 rumen fluid samples were used to sequence the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene on an Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that BKG systems largely influenced rumen bacterial communities. Specifically, microbiome composition and diversity were not different at weaning, diverged significantly during BKG (Shannon index, Bray Curtis distance metrics; P < 0.001) and homogenized during feedlot. During the BKG segment, the bacterial genera Agrobacterium, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus were dominant in CC whereas Fibrobacteraceae and Mycoplasmataceae was most dominant in DL. Moreover, rumen microbiome patterns of CC and DL calves showed increased plasticity in early stages of development but not during feedlot with PP showing fewer changes over time. These results indicate that BKG systems significantly modulate the rumen microbiome of beef cattle and, underscore the importance of early developmental stages as potential targets for feeding interventions that can impact the animal microbiome to enhance animal performance.

Topography becomes more important in quality assurance for manufacturing. This regards the characterization of macro-sized to medium optics and the optimization of a manufacturing process using a coherence scanning interferometer, e.g., the measurement of touch points that directly relate to the polishing process and how to better optimize the manufacturing. Profiles or simple flatness measurements are not sufficient and areal measurements by line profiler or microscope-based systems are time consuming. Quality assurance in manufacturing is cost sensitive, especially, when a 100% control and optimization is needed. A macro lens optical metrology tool can overcome these disadvantages. We investigated the use of a large area coherence scanning interferometer for manufacturing, including measurements. Depending on the tolerances of parameter and the given cycle-time, solutions are presented on how to provide important measurement feedback to the manufacturing process.

As worldwide wind energy generation capacity grows, there is an increasing demand to ensure structural integrity of the turbine blades to maintain efficient and safe energy generation. Currently, traditional non-destructive testing methods and visual inspections are employed which require the turbine to be out-of-operation during the inspection periods, resulting in costly and lengthy downtime. This study experimentally investigates the potential for using Lamb waves to monitor the structural integrity of a composite wind turbine blade that has been subject to an impact representative of damage which occurs in service. 3D scanning laser vibrometry was used to measure Lamb waves excited at three different frequencies both prior to, and after, impact to identify settings for an optimal system. Signal processing techniques were applied to the datasets to successfully locate the damage and highlight regions on the structure where the Lamb wave was significantly influenced by the presence of the impact damage. Damage size resulting from the impact was found to correlate well with the laser vibrometry results. The study concluded that acousto-ultrasonic-based structural health monitoring systems have great potential for monitoring the structural integrity of wind turbine blades.

In this paper we introduce an approach to predict emplacements of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). With a brief review of studies and technology in related areas, this paper identifies and analyzes various factors in a great number of IED/terrorist attacks, and then categorizes the factors/features based on locations and time. By combining the results of analysis with other significant factors, such as casualties, numbers injured, population density, and international impact, this paper proposes an approach to predict IED emplacements with Bayesian inference. The proposed approach has been implemented and the results of testing are consistent with a group of actual incidents.

Background: Existing research findings indicate that minimally trained/experienced paraprofessional counsellors can be as effective as professionally trained and experienced counsellors. More research into the effectiveness of paraprofessionals with specific client populations is required to determine the conditions under which they can be most effective. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a group of 12 minimally trained/experienced volunteer mental health counsellors. Method: Data were collected over a one year period on 118 clients referred to a voluntary sector counselling agency. The CORE-OM was used to measure clients' levels of distress on a session-by-session basis. Clients and counsellors also completed a range of additional self-report measures. A benchmarking strategy was used to evaluate the outcomes achieved by participants in this study against three benchmark studies selected from published literature. Results: Paraprofessionals in this study were less effective than their profe...

The present study was designed to assess LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for CHildren) usability in both cars and school buses. Despite being designed to make child restraint system (CRS) installation in vehicles easier and with fewer opportunities for misuse, there have been reports that LATCH is not as easy to use, or as effective, as hoped. To date, there have been few systematic or experimental studies evaluating LATCH usability. Further, based on research demonstrating that small children in school buses are not protected from injury in the same manner as larger children, motor vehicle safety regulations now require LATCH anchorages to be installed on a proportion of seats in all school buses, allowing for the installation of CRS. The main objectives of the study were to assess LATCH usability in cars and school buses and to make recommendations to improve its design and labeling.Forty-eight paid participants (younger vs. older; experienced vs. not experienced) installed CRS in a car and a school bus using three different types of lower anchorage connectors and top tethers. Dependent measures included time to install and remove the CRS, frequency and seriousness of errors, and subjective usability reports.Surprisingly, many participants were not familiar with the LATCH system and believed that CRS should only be installed using the seat belt. Over 40% of participants did not know where the lower anchorage connectors were located in the car. While installation performance using LATCH was generally satisfactory (all CRS were installed correctly between 70 and 92% of the time), LATCH design improvements in terms of the CRS and both vehicles were identified.The study results generated a number of recommended design improvements that would improve LATCH usability in cars and school buses. These include: 1) clearly identifying LATCH anchors in both vehicle types by using clear, conspicuous labels or pictograms; 2) making LATCH anchors in all vehicles more accessible; 3) designing LATCH components for CRS that are easy to use correctly, provide adequate feedback to users, and are difficult to misuse; 4) anticipating, and designing to minimize, incompatibility between CRS and vehicles; 5) using maximum seat spacing in school buses for seats equipped with LATCH anchors; and, most importantly, 6) raising awareness of LATCH in the driving public.

There have been no usability studies assessing the new Child Restraint System (CRS) Universal Anchorage System (UAS) since the system's implementation in Canada in 2002. A Within-Subjects design research study involving forty-eight participants was conducted to evaluate how effectively users installed CRSs within a vehicle and a school bus when using different Lower Anchorage Connector (LAC) and Top Tether designs. The research indicates that users are not familiar with the UAS, and that safe installation of CRSs when using the UAS is not intuitive, resulting in significant installation safety errors. Furthermore, CRS users do not understand the severity of their installation errors, and the impact these errors have on compromising child safety. Industry and Regulators must increase UAS awareness, to inform users of the new UAS design and its components, and how the UAS impacts correct and safe CRS installation.

A study was conducted that assessed the effectiveness of different child restraint system (CRS) label/warning designs on users' installation performance. Forty-eight paid participants installed a convertible CRS in a vehicle, and two child test dummies in a CRS, using one of four label conditions. The label conditions were: (1) no labels, (2) the manufacturer's labels that were already affixed to the CRS ("Current"), (3) labels that were designed according to a combination of the current U.S. regulations concerning CRS labels and recently proposed changes to these regulations ("Proposed"), and (4) labels that were designed according to human factors principles and guidelines, and that were based on a hierarchical behavioral task analysis ("Optimal"). Results demonstrated that, overall, the Optimal labels resulted in higher usability ratings and better task performance. This indicates that labels designed using human factors and task analyses that identify critical task information requirements for label features will result in increased user compliance with instructions, higher usability, and improved task performance. Surprisingly, having no labels on the CRS resulted in better installation performance than when either the Current or the Proposed label conditions were used. This indicates that label design can decrease task performance; the actual physical design of a CRS may be just as critical as label content in the installation choices provided to the user. Collectively, results suggest that implementation of the proposed changes to the U.S. regulations concerning CRS labeling would likely not result in increased performance or usability compared to existing manufacturer labels that follow the current guidelines. In order to achieve significantly better ease-of-use and task performance, it would be necessary to implement features of the Optimal label condition.

A group of 12 people participated in a short (40 hours) counselling training programme for paraprofessional counsellors, which emphasised the importance of common factors in accounting for therapeutic effectiveness. The general framework, language and skills of a brief, solution-focused approach was used as a means of translating the theoretical/conceptual ideas of the common factors model into specific counsellor behaviours and also to provide structure and focus for counselling sessions. A pluralist methodology was employed to assess the personal meaning of the training for participants and the impact of the training on the development of counselling skills and awareness. Results indicated the training impacted positively on the development of counselling skills and ability to handle difficult client behaviours but less so on personal values and ability to deal with process issues. The majority of participants believed the training contributed positively toward their personal development.

The activities of voluntary or ‘paraprofessional’ counsellors, who work for free, represent a highly significant component of the delivery of psychological therapy in Britain and other countries. However, in recent years there has been relatively little published research into issues associated with the provision of service by counsellors who work on a voluntary part-time basis, and who typically receive limited training and supervision. This paper introduces a special theme section on counselling in the voluntary sector, which highlights some recent examples of research into the context, organisation, training and effectiveness of such counsellors. Some suggestions are made concerning the research agenda for counselling in the voluntary sector.

Industry is currently under great pressure, having undergone many cultural changes. Staff redundancies have been a frightening reality and staff who are still in employment suffer from the ‘survivor syndrome’ where they find themselves taking on more and more responsibility and have involvement in stripping out layers of management. The result is significant job-related anxiety and concern over future career prospects. This article looks at some of the management strategies used to treat occupational stress.

The study of nanometre surface metrology is becoming more and more commonplace in industrial and research environments. Because of this expansion there are more and more technologies available for looking at the surface and due to the differences in the techniques each has its own specialist applications. Stylus profilometry, white light interferometry and confocal microscopy are common techniques used to measure surface metrology to nanometre precision. Strengths and weaknesses of each of the techniques are discussed with examples.

We present an experimental programming language called ErIang which is suitable for programming telephony applications. We discuss some of the requirements for such a language and introduce the language by a series multiple examples which show how both sequential and concurrent activities can be programmed. We discuss the error recovery mechanism used in ErIang together with the performance characteristics of the current implementation

Optical interferometry is being used more and more to solve metrology problems. It is important in giving an insight into the properties of the top surface whether it is a processed surface or a thin film coating This paper will discuss metrology issues and ways in which to solve them using autocorrelation. Autocorrelation now commonly used to extract spatial information from surface profiles. It is suitable for looking at processing issues and identifying any periodic errors. An example showing the use of autocorrelation to solve process issues in diamond turning is shown.

This paper describes the development of the programming language Erlang during the period 1985--1997.Erlang is a concurrent programming language designed for programming large-scale distributed soft real-time control applications.The design of Erlang was heavily influenced by ideas from the logic and functional programming communities. Other sources of inspiration came from languages such as Chill and Ada which are used in industry for programming control systems.

Traditional mark-sweep garbage collection algorithms do not allow reclamation of data until the mark phase of the algorithm has terminated.

The purpose of this panel is to confront the wide variety of opinions on the role of language paradigms in teaching programming. We have selected four divergent opinions: Armstrong says that concurrent programming is considered difficult because it is taught in the wrong paradigm, namely imperative or object-oriented programming. Instead, concurrency should be taught using a paradigm that makes it simple. Flatt says that everyone should be taught how to program, not just computer science majors. Further, programming should be taught as an extension of what students already know, which is algebra. More important than a particular paradigm, however, is teaching students a design process. Magnusson says that object-oriented programming must be the first and principal paradigm, because it is best for teaching how to analyze problems and structure solutions. Other paradigms can be taught after students have a solid understanding of OO. Van Roy says that programming should be taught in terms of concepts, not paradigms. Common paradigms (functional, OO, etc.) then appear naturally, depending on the concepts used. .The panel will confront these opinions to enrich our understanding of how to teach programming.