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1. Underreporting of Viral Encephalitis and Viral Meningitis, Ireland, 2005–2008

Author

Tara A. Kelly, Piaras O’Lorcain, Joanne Moran, Patricia Garvey, Paul McKeown, Jeff Connell, and Suzanne Cotter

Subjects
Viral encephalitis, viral meningitis, aseptic meningitis, viruses, herpesviruses, varicella-zoster, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Viral encephalitis (VE) and viral meningitis (VM) have been notifiable infectious diseases under surveillance in the Republic of Ireland since 1981. Laboratories have reported confirmed cases by detection of viral nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid since 2004. To determine the prevalence of these diseases in Ireland during 2005–2008, we analyzed 3 data sources: Hospital In-patient Enquiry data (from hospitalized following patients discharge) accessed through Health Intelligence Ireland, laboratory confirmations from the National Virus Reference Laboratory, and events from the Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting surveillance system. We found that the national surveillance system underestimates the incidence of these diseases in Ireland with a 10-fold higher VE hospitalization rate and 3-fold higher VM hospitalization rate than the reporting rate. Herpesviruses were responsible for most specified VE and enteroviruses for most specified VM from all 3 sources. Recommendations from this study have been implemented to improve the surveillance of these diseases in Ireland.

Published
2013
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3. Discrimination between recent and non-recent HIV infections using routine diagnostic serological assays

Author

Jaythoon Hassan, Cillian De Gascun, Jeff Connell, Gary Murphy, Olivia Mason, and Joanne Moran

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Scoring system, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, Antibody Affinity, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, HIV Antibodies, Logistic regression, medicine.disease_cause, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, Medical microbiology, Antigen, Internal medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Serologic Tests, Avidity, business.industry, General Medicine, Limiting, 030104 developmental biology, ROC Curve, business, Ireland
Abstract

The suitability of routine diagnostic HIV assays to accurately discriminate between recent and non-recent HIV infections has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare an established HIV recency assay, the Sedia limiting antigen HIV avidity assay (LAg), with the diagnostic assays; Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo and INNO-LIA HIV line assays. Samples from all new HIV diagnoses in Ireland from January to December 2016 (n = 455) were tested. An extended logistic regression model, the Spiegelhalter–Knill–Jones method, was utilised to establish a scoring system to predict recency of HIV infection. As proof of concept, 50 well-characterised samples were obtained from the CEPHIA repository whose stage of infection was blinded to the authors, which were tested and analysed. The proportion of samples that were determined as recent was 18.1% for LAg, 6.4% with the ARCHITECT, and 14.5% in the INNO-LIA assay. There was a significant correlation between the ARCHITECT S/CO values and the LAg results, r = 0.717, p

Published
2019

4. OC30 Descriptive epidemiology of influenza in the paediatric population in ireland, 2009 – 2018

Author

Linda Dunford, Michael Joyce, Cillian De Gascun, Gráinne Tuite, Joanne Moran, Joan O'Donnell, Jeff Connell, and Lisa Domegan

Subjects
education.field_of_study, business.industry, Member states, Population, virus diseases, Descriptive epidemiology, Severe influenza, Consultation rate, Vaccination, Pandemic, Medicine, education, business, Demography, Paediatric population
Abstract

In Ireland, influenza places a considerable burden on the health system, with the highest disease occurrence among young children and the elderly. Trivalent influenza vaccines are recommended for use in risk groups in Ireland each season. In this study, we aim to support decisions regarding alternative vaccination strategies, such as the use of quadrivalent vaccines and/or universal vaccination of children. We describe the burden of influenza among cases aged 0 to 14 years in Ireland from 2009/2010 to 2017/2018 influenza seasons, using data on clinical influenza-like illness (ILI) GP consultations reported through the sentinel GP network and reported laboratory confirmed severe influenza cases from Ireland’s Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting System. The highest GP ILI consultation rates in children were observed during seasons when influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominated (460/100,000 during the 2009 pandemic and 206/100,000 in 2010/2011) and during influenza B/lineage vaccine mismatched seasons (118/100,000 in 2017/2018). The 2015/2016 season was also an influenza B/lineage mismatched season, with both influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B predominating, with a peak ILI rate of 112/100,000. Since 2009, 3520 hospitalisations, 166 critical care admissions and 39 influenza-associated deaths were reported in children with laboratory-confirmed influenza. The total number of children hospitalised with confirmed influenza has ranged from 66 (7/100,000) in 2011/2012 when influenza A(H3N2) predominated, to 1104 (110/100,000) in the 2017/2018 season, an influenza B/lineage vaccine mismatched season. The age-specific rates for hospitalised paediatric influenza cases were highest in those aged 0–4 years, ranging from 16/100,000 in 2011/2012 to 197/100000 in 2017/2018. The 2017/2018 influenza season was a severe prolonged season, with paediatric influenza hospitalisations two times greater than the 2009 influenza pandemic. Of children in risk groups, hospitalised with influenza, during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons, 86–88% of cases were unvaccinated. Elevated sentinel GP ILI consultation rates, influenza hospitalisation rates, and critical care admissions were observed during seasons when influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominated and also during influenza B/lineage vaccine mismatched seasons. Additional strategies are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza in risk groups, improve vaccine uptake in at-risk children and to protect healthy children currently not eligible for influenza vaccination. The impact of influenza on the Irish population suggests that quadrivalent vaccines and/or universal childhood influenza vaccination could be considered, as in other European Member States.

Published
2019

5. Erratum to 'Predominance of influenza A(H3N2) virus genetic subclade 3C.2a1 during an early 2016/17 influenza season in Europe – Contribution of surveillance data from World Health Organization (WHO) European region to the WHO vaccine composition consultation for northern hemisphere 2017/18' [Vaccine 35 (2017) 4828–4835]

Author

Angeliki Melidou, Eeva Broberg, Cornelia Adlhoch, René Snacken, Pasi Penttinen, Dmitriy Pereyaslov, Caroline Brown, Monika Redlberger-Fritz, Therese Popow-Kraupp, Isabelle Thomas, Cyril Barbezange, Nathalie Bossuyt, Helena Jirincova, Alexander Nagy, Ramona Trebbien, Thea K. Fischer, Niina Ikonen, Anu Haveri, Outi Lyytikäinen, Satu Murtopuro, Sylvie Behillil, Vincent Enouf, Sylvie van der Werf, Alessandra Falchi, Martine Valette, Bruno Lina, Brunhilde Schweiger, Barbara Biere, Susanne Duwe, Marianne Wedde, Silke Buda, Andreas Mentis, Athanasios Kossyvakis, Vasiliki Pogka, Anna Papa-Konidari, Georgia Gioula, Maria Exindari, Linda Dunford, Jeff Connell, Grainne Tuite, Margaret Duffy, Joanne Moran, Bridget Hogg, Allison Waters, Cillian de Gascun, Lisa Domegan, Joan O'Donnell, Michael Joyce, Maria Rita Castrucci, Simona Puzelli, Caterina Rizzo, Antonino Bella, Francesco Maraglino, Dinagul Otorbaeva, Gulbarchyn Saparova, Natalija Zamjatina, Gatis Pakarna, Raina Nikiforova, Joël Mossong, Matthias Opp, Adam Meijer, Pieter Overduin, Marit de Lange, Anne Teirlinck, Guus Rimmelzwaan, Ruud van Beek, Marion Koopmans, Gé Donker, Olav Hungnes, Karoline Bragstad, Raquel Guiomar, Pedro Pechirra, Paula Cristóvão, Inês Costa, Patricia Conde, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Alina Elena Ivanciuc, Elena Burtseva, Elena Kirillova, Evgeniya Mukasheva, Elena Tichá, Katarina Prosenc, Nataša Berginc, Francisco Pozo, Inmaculada Casas, Amparo Larrauri, Jesús Oliva, Concha Delgado, Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo, Mia Brytting, Åsa Wiman, Samuel Cordey, Ana Rita Goncalves, Damir Perisa, Rita Born, Joanna Ellis, Monica Galiano, Catherine Thompson, Maria Zambon, Richard Pebody, Rory Gunson, Arlene Reynolds, Jim McMenamin, Conall McCaughey, and Cathriona Kearns

Subjects
Surveillance data, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Northern Hemisphere, Influenza a, Subclade, Influenza season, 010501 environmental sciences, European region, 01 natural sciences, World health, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Molecular Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Demography
Abstract

The publisher regrets that the co-authors in the “European region influenza surveillance network” were not tagged correctly. The full and complete list of authors and their affiliations for this article is given above. The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Published
2018

6. Molecular epidemiology of circulating measles virus in Ireland 2002-2007

Author

Allison Waters, Jaythoon Hassan, Joanne Moran, Michael J. Carr, William W. Hall, Jeff Connell, and Aileen Conway

Subjects
biology, Paramyxoviridae, Molecular epidemiology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Measles, Virology, Virus, Measles virus, Infectious Diseases, Morbillivirus, Genotype, Immunology, medicine, Mononegavirales
Abstract

The molecular characterization of measles virus (MeV) is a valuable epidemiological tool to monitor virus transmission and to discriminate between imported and endemic infection. There has been significant immigration into Ireland in recent years and many individuals originate from regions of high measles incidence. Ireland has had a number of outbreaks of MeV which appear attributable to sub-optimal vaccine uptake and possibly imported strains as new genotypes have been identified in recent years. To ascertain any significant changes in circulating measles genotypes we investigated 65 confirmed measles cases between the years 2002 and 2007. The laboratory diagnosis of measles was confirmed by detection of measles-specific IgM in oral fluid in conjunction with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the MeV hemagglutinin gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 3′ hypervariable region of the nucleoprotein gene was performed and three genotypes, all within measles clade D, were found to be circulating during this time period. In 2002 and 2003, genotype D8 (n = 2) was observed whereas genotype D7 was dominant in 2003 (n = 31). A distinct change in the circulating MeV genotype and increased genetic diversity was observed between 2004 and 2007. All cases were within genotype D4 (n = 32) but were phylogenetically distinct from each other. These data provide important epidemiologic baseline information on MeV in Ireland and facilitates detailed examination of measles transmission. J. Med. Virol. 81:125–129, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Published
2008

7. Underreporting of viral encephalitis and viral meningitis, Ireland, 2005-2008

Author

Joanne Moran, Patricia Garvey, Suzanne Cotter, P McKeown, P O’Lorcain, Jeff Connell, and Tara A. Kelly

Subjects
Male, herpesviruses, Viral Encephalitis and Meningitis, Ireland, Epidemiology, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Encephalitis, Viral, Child, Aged, 80 and over, Communicable disease, enterovirus, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Age Factors, Aseptic meningitis, ICD-10, Middle Aged, Viral encephalitis, Meningitis, Viral, Hospitalization, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Disease Notification, surveillance, Female, Microbiology (medical), Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, viral meningitis, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Young Adult, medicine, Viral meningitis, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, viruses, Aged, business.industry, Research, lcsh:R, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Virology, aseptic meningitis, Emergency medicine, varicella-zoster, Enterovirus, business, Ireland
Abstract

Viral encephalitis (VE) and viral meningitis (VM) have been notifiable infectious diseases under surveillance in the Republic of Ireland since 1981. Laboratories have reported confirmed cases by detection of viral nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid since 2004. To determine the prevalence of these diseases in Ireland during 2005-2008, we analyzed 3 data sources: Hospital In-patient Enquiry data (from hospitalized following patients discharge) accessed through Health Intelligence Ireland, laboratory confirmations from the National Virus Reference Laboratory, and events from the Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting surveillance system. We found that the national surveillance system underestimates the incidence of these diseases in Ireland with a 10-fold higher VE hospitalization rate and 3-fold higher VM hospitalization rate than the reporting rate. Herpesviruses were responsible for most specified VE and enteroviruses for most specified VM from all 3 sources. Recommendations from this study have been implemented to improve the surveillance of these diseases in Ireland.

Published
2013

9. Molecular epidemiology of circulating measles virus in Ireland 2002-2007

Author

Michael J, Carr, Aileen, Conway, Allison, Waters, Joanne, Moran, Jaythoon, Hassan, William W, Hall, and Jeff, Connell

Subjects
Molecular Epidemiology, Genotype, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Molecular Sequence Data, Genetic Variation, Sequence Homology, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Antibodies, Viral, Immunoglobulin M, Measles virus, Cluster Analysis, Humans, RNA, Viral, Ireland, Phylogeny, Measles
Abstract

The molecular characterization of measles virus (MeV) is a valuable epidemiological tool to monitor virus transmission and to discriminate between imported and endemic infection. There has been significant immigration into Ireland in recent years and many individuals originate from regions of high measles incidence. Ireland has had a number of outbreaks of MeV which appear attributable to sub-optimal vaccine uptake and possibly imported strains as new genotypes have been identified in recent years. To ascertain any significant changes in circulating measles genotypes we investigated 65 confirmed measles cases between the years 2002 and 2007. The laboratory diagnosis of measles was confirmed by detection of measles-specific IgM in oral fluid in conjunction with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the MeV hemagglutinin gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 3' hypervariable region of the nucleoprotein gene was performed and three genotypes, all within measles clade D, were found to be circulating during this time period. In 2002 and 2003, genotype D8 (n = 2) was observed whereas genotype D7 was dominant in 2003 (n = 31). A distinct change in the circulating MeV genotype and increased genetic diversity was observed between 2004 and 2007. All cases were within genotype D4 (n = 32) but were phylogenetically distinct from each other. These data provide important epidemiologic baseline information on MeV in Ireland and facilitates detailed examination of measles transmission.

Published
2008

12. Effectiveness of complete primary vaccination against COVID-19 at primary care and community level during predominant Delta circulation in Europe: multicentre analysis, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC networks, July to August 2021

Author

Kissling, Esther, Hooiveld, Mariëtte, Martínez-Baz, Iván, Mazagatos, Clara, William, Naoma, Vilcu, Ana-Maria, Kooijman, Marjolein N, Ilić, Maja, Domegan, Lisa, Machado, Ausenda, de Lusignan, Simon, Lazar, Mihaela, Meijer, Adam, Brytting, Mia, Casado, Itziar, Larrauri, Amparo, Murray, Josephine-L K, Behillil, Sylvie, de Gier, Brechje, Mlinarić, Ivan, O'Donnell, Joan, Rodrigues, Ana Paula, Tsang, Ruby, Timnea, Olivia, de Lange, Marit, Riess, Maximilian, Castilla, Jesús, Pozo Sanchez, Francisco, Hamilton, Mark, Falchi, Alessandra, Knol, Mirjam J, Kurečić Filipović, Sanja, Dunford, Linda, Guiomar, Raquel, Cogdale, Jade, Cherciu, Carmen, Jansen, Tessa, Enkirch, Theresa, Basile, Luca, Connell, Jeff, Gomez, Verónica, Sandonis-Martin, Virginia, Bacci, Sabrina, Rose, Angela Mc, Pastore Celentano, Lucia, Valenciano, Marta, I-MOVE-COVID-19, ECDC primary care study teams, Conde-San Román, Patricia, Casas Flecha, Inmaculada, Oliva Dominguez, Jesus Angel, Delgado-Sanz, Concepcion, EpiConcept [Paris], Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research [Utrecht] (NIVEL), Navarra Institute for Health Research / Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA)-Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona] (UNAV)-Clínica Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona], CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Public Health Scotland [Glasgow], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Croatian Institute of Public Health [Zagreb] (CIPH), Health Service Executive [Dublin] (HSE), Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), University of Oxford, Cantacuzino Institute [Romania], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Public Health Agency of Sweden, Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Biologie des ARN et virus influenza - RNA Biology of Influenza Virus (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), UK Health Security Agency [London] (UKHSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC primary care study team Katica Čusek Adamić, Ivana Ferenčak, Bernard Kaić, Mirjana Lana Kosanović Ličina, Danijela Lakošeljac, Ivana Mihin Huskić, Diana Nonković, Nick Andrews, Jamie Lopez Bernal, Joanna Ellis, Heather Whitaker, Thierry Blanchon, Caroline Guerrisi, Titouan Launay, Shirley Masse, Sylvie van der Werf, Vincent Enouf, John Cuddihy, Lois O'Connor, Adele McKenna, Michael Joyce, Cillian de Gascun, Joanne Moran, Rianne van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Susan J Hahné, Hester E de Melker, Ewout B Fanoy, Stijn Raven, Marit Middeldorp, Irina Kislaya, Baltazar Nunes, Rita Roquete, Adriana Silva, Aryse Melo, Inês Costa, Nuno Verdasca, Patrícia Conde, Amélia Soeiro, Maria Elena Mihai, Iulia Bistriceanu, Alina Ivanciuc, Diana Dintoi, Catalina Pascu, Adrian Jidovu, Debbie Sigerson, Diogo Fp Marques, Anna Molesworth, Leanne Quinn, Miranda Leyton, Selin Campbell, Janine Thoulass, Jim McMenamin, Inmaculada Casas Flecha, Ana Martínez Mateo, Daniel Castrillejo, Eva María Martínez Ochoa, Carmen Quiñones Rubio, Concepción Delgado-Sanz, Jesús Oliva, Ana Miqueleiz, Ana Navascués, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Carmen Ezpeleta, Paula López Moreno, Javier Gorricho, Eva Ardanaz, Fernando Baigorria, Aurelio Barricarte, Cristina Burgui, Enrique de la Cruz, Nerea Egüés, Manuel García Cenoz, Marcela Guevara, Conchi Moreno-Iribas, Carmen Sayón, Pasi Penttinen, Christiana Carstairs, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

Subjects
Test-negative design, RM, Delta variant, COVID-19 Vaccines, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Multicentre study, Influenza, Human/prevention & control, MESH: Primary Health Care, Europe/epidemiology, MESH: Influenza Vaccines, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Virology, Influenza, Human, Humans, MESH: COVID-19, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19/epidemiology, Vaccine effectiveness, QR355, MESH: Humans, Primary Health Care, vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2, MESH: Influenza, Human, Vaccination, test-negative design, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, MESH: Vaccination, NIS, multicentre study, RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Europe, Influenza Vaccines, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-COV-2, vaccine efffectiveness, MESH: Europe, QR355 Virology
Abstract

Introduction In July and August 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant dominated in Europe. Aim Using a multicentre test-negative study, we measured COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection. Methods Individuals with COVID-19 or acute respiratory symptoms at primary care/community level in 10 European countries were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We measured complete primary course overall VE by vaccine brand and by time since vaccination. Results Overall VE was 74% (95% CI: 69–79), 76% (95% CI: 71–80), 63% (95% CI: 48–75) and 63% (95% CI: 16–83) among those aged 30–44, 45–59, 60–74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively. VE among those aged 30–59 years was 78% (95% CI: 75–81), 66% (95% CI: 58–73), 91% (95% CI: 87–94) and 52% (95% CI: 40–61), for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria, Spikevax and COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen, respectively. VE among people 60 years and older was 67% (95% CI: 52–77), 65% (95% CI: 48–76) and 83% (95% CI: 64–92) for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax, respectively. Comirnaty VE among those aged 30–59 years was 87% (95% CI: 83–89) at 14–29 days and 65% (95% CI: 56–71%) at ≥ 90 days between vaccination and onset of symptoms. Conclusions VE against symptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant varied among brands, ranging from 52% to 91%. While some waning of the vaccine effect may be present (sample size limited this analysis to only Comirnaty), protection was 65% at 90 days or more between vaccination and onset.

Published
2022

13. Seasonality and geographical spread of respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in 15 European countries, 2010 to 2016

Author

SONIA PEREZ CASTRO, Amparo Larrauri, Catherine Moore, Sylvie Van der WERF, Nuria Torner, Pedro Pechirra, FALCHI Alessandra, Bruno Lina, Lisa Domegan, Cathriona Kearns, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Maria Concepcion Delgado Sanz, Francisco Pozo, Simon De Lusignan, Lidia Brydak, Santiago Melón García, Ramona Trebbien, Inmaculada Casas, Richard Pebody, Silvia Jiménez-Jorge, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), University of Turku, Turku University Hospital (TYKS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Specific country acknowledgements Denmark: For Denmark the test results for respiratory syncytial virus in the season 2015/16 were obtained from the Danish Microbiology Database (MiBa, http://miba.ssi.dk), which contains all electronic reports from departments of clinical microbiology in Denmark since 2010, and we acknowledge the collaboration with the MiBa Board of Representatives. France: For primary care, sentinel networks: all GPs, paediatricians and their patients for providing the samples tested. For the hospital laboratory network, RENAL: Ile de France, - Ambroise Pare, Avicenne, Bichat, Bicêtre, Henri Mondor, Versailles, Necker, Paul Brousse, Pitie Salpetrière, Robert Debré, Saint-Louis, Cochin, Trousseau-Saint Antoine-Tenon, Pontoise, Poissy and Foch. Other regions: Strasbourg, Dijon, Reims, Nancy, Besançon, Lille, Amiens, Caen, Brest, Rennes, Orléans, Tours, Rouen, Angers, Nantes, Aix-en-Provence, Annecy, Bordeaux, Chambéry, Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Poitiers, Saint-Etienne and Toulouse. Hôpitaux Militaires: HIA Begin – Dr A. MERENS, HIA Legouest – Dr Y. ROBERT, HIA Clermont Tonnerre – Dr P. LE GUEN, Hôpitaux Militaires: Bordeaux – Lyon - Marseille – Toulon. Ireland: We would like to acknowledge the Irish sentinel GP network, hospital clinicians and clinical microbiologists for taking and providing specimens to the National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL) for RSV testing. Latvia: Laboratory specialists A.Aniščenko, T. Kolupajeva, for performing virological analyses. The Netherlands: GPs and their patients for taking and providing specimens, clinical microbiologists from diagnostic laboratories for providing weekly diagnostics virological reports, technicians in the laboratories for performing virological analyses. Poland: All members of NIC in Poland working in years 2010-2016, Voivodship Sanitary Epidemiological Stations in Poland. Portugal: We acknowledge the Colleagues from the National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, I.P. that contributed to the supported of the National Influenza Surveillance Program. We acknowledge to the Portuguese GP Sentinel Network, to physicians from Emergency and Obstetric Units Network, to physicians of the EuroEva project and to the Portuguese Laboratory Network for Influenza Diagnosis. Spain: We would like to acknowledge all the professionals participating in the Spanish Influenza Surveillance System. Sweden: Contributing laboratories and paediatric clinics., We express our gratitude to the European Surveillance System data management team, especially Marius Valentin Valcu, Adrian Prodan and Cátia Cunha. We thank Silviu Lucian Ionescu for calculation of barycentres. We thank Cornelia Adlhoch for supporting the data collection for RSV within TESSy. We are grateful to Tommi Kärki for the support with preparation of Figure 2. We would also like to thank Julien Beauté, Phillip Zucs and Mike Catchpole for their valuable comments. We acknowledge all the members of the European Influenza Surveillance Network for their tireless work for influenza surveillance in European Union/European Economic Area countries and for testing for RSV and including the RSV detections in the weekly reporting., European Influenza Surveillance Network members from the contributing countries Denmark: Ramona Trebbien, Hanne-Dorthe Emborg, Tyra Grove Krause and Thea K Fischer (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen). Estonia: Natalja Kuznetsova, Liidia Dotsenko (Estonian Health Board, Laboratory of Communicable Diseases, Tallinn) and Olga Sadikova (Estonian Health Board, Department of CD surveillance and control, Influenza Centre, Tallinn). France: Sylvie Behillil (Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot SPC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, CNR des Virus Influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris), Thierry Blanchon (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France), Lisandru Capai (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France), F75012, Paris, EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte), Jean-Marie Cohen (Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), Paris, France, Réseau des GROG, Paris), Vincent Enouf (Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot SPC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, CNR des Virus Influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris), Alessandra Falchi (EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte), Caroline Guerrisi (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France), Bruno Lina (Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR des virus influenza, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des HCL, Lyon, Laboratoire Virpath, CIRI Inserm U1111, CNRS 5308, ENS, UCBL, Faculté de Médecine LYON Est, Université de Lyon, Lyon), Thomas Hanslik (AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service de Médecine interne, F-92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France), Shirley Masse (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France, EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte), Anne Mosnier (Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), Paris, France, Réseau des GROG, Paris), Clément Turbelin (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France), Martine Valette (Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR des virus influenza, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des HCL, Lyon, Laboratoire Virpath, CIRI Inserm U1111, CNRS 5308, ENS, UCBL, Faculté de Médecine LYON Est, Université de Lyon, Lyon), Sylvie van der Werf (Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot SPC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, CNR des Virus Influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris). Germany: Brunhilde Schweiger, Janine Reiche, Barbara Biere (National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin) and Silke Buda (Respiratory Infections Unit, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin). Iceland: Gudrun Erna Baldvinsdottir (Department of Clinical Microbiology at Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik). Ireland: Lisa Domegan and Joan O Donnell (HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin), Christina Byrne, Paul O’Reilly, Joanne Moran, Allison Waters and Cillian de Gascun (National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin). Latvia: Natalija Zamjatina and Gatis Pakarna (Riga East University Hospital, Latvian Centre of Infectious Diseases, Riga) and Raina Nikiforova (Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga). Malta: Jackie Maistre Melillo and Tanya Melillo (Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Msida). The Netherlands: Adam Meijer (Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven), Anne Teirlinck (Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, RIVM) and Gé Donker (NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht). Poland: Lidia B. Brydak and Katarzyna Cieślak (National Influenza Centre, Department of Influenza Research, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw). Portugal: Raquel Guiomar, Paula Cristóvão and Pedro Pechirra (National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisbon) and Ana Paula Rodrigues (Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisbon). Slovenia: Katarina Prosenc (National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Slovenia) and Maja Socan (Public Health Institute, Slovenia). Spain: Amparo Larrauri, Concepcion Delgado-Sanz, Jesús Oliva, (National Centre of Epidemiology, CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid), Silvia Jiménez-Jorge (National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid), Francisco Pozo, Inmaculada Casas (National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid), Jose María Navarro (Hospital Virgen de las Nieves de Granada), Virtudes Gallardo (Consejería de Salud, Andalucía), Manuel Omeñaca (HU Miguel Servet), Elisa Marco (Dirección General de Salud Pública, Aragón), Santiago Melón (HU Central de Asturias), Ismael Huerta (Dirección General de Salud Pública, Asturias), Jordi Reina (Hospital Son Espases de Palma de Mallorca), Carmen Pérez González (Hospital Dr Negrín de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias), Lucas González (Dirección General de Salud Pública, Canarias), Microbiologists of the Hospital Network of Castilla La Mancha, Maria Victoria García Rivera (Servicio de Epidemiología, Consejería de Sanidad), Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu (National Influenza Center, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid), Tomás Vega (Observatorio de Salud Pública, Castilla y León), Mª Ángeles Marcos (Hospital Clínico de Barcelona), Nuria Torner (Agència de Salut Pública, CIBERESP, Cataluña), Sonia Perez Castro (CH Meixoeiro, Vigo), Juan Garcia Costa (CH Santa María Nai, Ourense), María Jesús Purriños (Dirección Xeral Saúde Pública, Galicia), Antonio Moreno Docón (Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca), Miriam Fernández (Clínica Universitaria de Navarra), Carmen Ezpeleta (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra), Jesús Castilla (Instituto de Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Navarra), Miriam Blasco (Hospital de La Rioja de Logroño), Carmen Quiñones (Dirección General de Salud Pública y Consumo, La Rioja), José López Barba (Hospital de INGESA), Ana Rivas (Consejería de Sanidad y Bienestar Social, Ceuta). Sweden: AnnaSara Carnahan, Sarah Axelsson, Hélène Englund, Marie Rapp and Mia Brytting (Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm). United Kingdom: Richard Pebody (PHE, Colindale), Joanna Ellis (PHE, Colindale), and Maria Zambon (PHE, Colindale), Simon de Lusignan (Royal College of General Practitioners, London), Naomh Gallagher, Chris Nugent and Cathriona Kearns (Public Health Agency, Northern Ireland), Simon Cottrell and Catherine Moore (Public Health Wales, Cardiff), Jim McMenamin (HPS, Glasgow).

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Infecções Respiratórias, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], respiratory syncytial virus, 030106 microbiology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Surveillance and Outbreak Report, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, In patient, geographic spread, 030212 general & internal medicine, ddc:610, European union, Respiratory system, Epidemics, Respiratory Tract Infections, media_common, Retrospective Studies, Respiratory tract infections, Geography, seasonality, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Respiratory infection, RSV, Retrospective cohort study, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Europe, Population Surveillance, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human, Female, Seasons, 610 Medizin und Gesundheit, Sentinel Surveillance
Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is considered the major pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infections among infants and young children [1]. RSV is the most common cause of hospitalisation for acute lower respiratory tract infection in children younger than 5 years and is estimated to cause between 66,000 and 199,000 deaths worldwide every year [2]. Its significance in causing substantial morbidity and hospitalisation in the first year of life has been affirmed in a recent study and a meta-analysis [3,4]. In England, average annual hospital admission rates are 35.1 per 1,000 children younger than 1 year and 5.31 per 1,000 children aged 1–4 years [5]. In addition to children, RSV causes a substantial disease burden in elderly people and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [6,7]. RSV causes seasonal epidemics worldwide [8], with one to two epidemics each year [9] following latitudinal gradients in timing, duration, seasonal amplitude and between-year variability [8,9]. In some studies, the seasonal periodicity has been connected to climatic factors [9-11], but a common factor that explains all observed periodicity has not been established. Meteorological conditions such as temperature and high relative humidity have been reported as important predictors of RSV epidemics [9,12]. In the United States (US) and Japan, annual national and regional variation of RSV season onset and end has been reported [13-15]. In the Nordic countries, a major outbreak often alternates with a minor one, with the minor peak in the spring and a major one the following winter [16-19], a phenomenon reported also in Croatia [20], Denmark [21] and Germany [22]. RSV antigenic groups A and B alternate in two-year cycles in Finland, with dominance of the group A viruses in years 1981–82, 1985–86 and 1989–90 and the group B viruses 1983–84 and 1987–88 [17,19], and different genotypes dominate the circulation in consecutive epidemics in Korea [23]. In Spain, no biennial rhythm has been detected but rather a stable annual epidemic with a peak between week 52 and week 1 and circulation 2–8 weeks earlier than influenza viruses [24]. Similarly, in the United Kingdom (UK), one stable epidemic per year is observed [5]. Immunoprophylaxis to prevent RSV infection with a neutralising monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, has been developed for administration to target groups on a monthly basis during the RSV season [25]. However, this drug is limited to high-risk infants, the cost prohibits its use in low- and middle-income countries and the data on effectiveness of the drug in children at high risk other than infants born at gestational age

Published
2018

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