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Sequencing across the junction between an integrated transfer DNA (T-DNA) and a host plant genome provides two important pieces of information. The junctions themselves provide information regarding the proportion of T-DNA which has integrated into the host plant genome, whilst the transgene flanking sequences can be used to study the local genetic environment of the integrated transgene. In addition, this information is important in the safety assessment of GM crops and essential for GM traceability. In this study, a detailed analysis was carried out on the right-border T-DNA junction sequences of single-copy independent transgenic barley lines. T-DNA truncations at the right-border were found to be relatively common and affected 33.3% of the lines. In addition, 14.3% of lines had rearranged construct sequence after the right border break-point. An in depth analysis of the host-plant flanking sequences revealed that a significant proportion of the T-DNAs integrated into or close to known repetitive elements. However, this integration into repetitive DNA did not have a negative effect on transgene expression.

It is desirable to produce transgenic plants which have optimized and stable levels of transgene expression. Low levels of transgene expression may lead to an insufficient quantity of transgenic protein being produced for a particular purpose. This report demonstrates a means of enhancing transgene expression in barley beyond that conferred by the Ubi1 promoter, via the inclusion of an intron at a specific position within the transgene coding sequence. We independently cloned two different introns (RpoT-i4 from maize and UBQ10-i1 from Arabidopsis) into the same position within the firefly luciferase (luc) coding sequence. The constructs produced were transformed into barley (Hordeum vulgare) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and the resulting transformant populations (of between 119 and 123 independent plants for each construct) were assayed for luciferase activity. Both introns significantly increased luciferase activity, and a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that the introns increased the accumulation of luciferase mRNA transcripts. The enhanced transgene expression levels were maintained in the T(1) and T(2) progenies. These findings show that intron-mediated enhancement is a valuable additional tool for achieving high and stable levels of transgene expression in crop plants.

Methods for the transformation of barley using Agrobacterium-mediated techniques have been available for the past 10 years. Agrobacterium offers a number of advantages over biolistic-mediated techniques in terms of efficiency and the quality of the transformed plants produced. This chapter describes a simple system for the transformation of barley based on the infection of immature embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens followed by the selection of transgenic tissue on media containing the antibiotic hygromycin. The method can lead to the production of large numbers of fertile, independent transgenic lines. It is therefore ideal for studies of gene function in a cereal crop system.

Methods for the transformation of barley using Agrobacterium-mediated techniques have been available for the past 10 years. Agrobacterium offers a number of advantages over biolistic-mediated techniques in terms of efficiency and the quality of the transformed plants produced. This chapter describes a simple system for the transformation of barley based on the infection of immature embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens followed by the selection of transgenic tissue on media containing the antibiotic hygromycin. The method can lead to the production of large numbers of fertile, independent transgenic lines. It is therefore ideal for studies of gene function in a cereal crop system.

BackgroundPlant transformation is an invaluable tool for basic plant research, as well as a useful technique for the direct improvement of commercial crops. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most abundant cereal crop in the world. It also provides a useful model for the study of wheat, which has a larger and more complex genome. Most existing barley transformation methodologies are either complex or have low (ResultsA robust, simple and reproducible barley transformation protocol has been developed that yields average transformation efficiencies of 25%. This protocol is based on the infection of immature barley embryos withAgrobacteriumstrain AGL1, carrying vectors from the pBract series that contain thehptgene (conferring hygromycin resistance) as a selectable marker. Results of large scale experiments utilising theluc(firefly luciferase) gene as a reporter are described. The method presented here has been used to produce hundreds of independent, transgenic plant lines and we show that a large proportion of these lines contain single copies of thelucgene.ConclusionThis protocol demonstrates significant improvements in both efficiency and ease of use over existing barley transformation methods. This opens up opportunities for the development of functional genomics resources in barley.