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To evaluate the impact of active surveillance cultures (ASC) for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and decolonization on the rate of infection in neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Using a quasi-experimental design with control groups, rates of SA infections before and after implementing weekly ASC and topical mupirocin decolonization in a level IV NICU were compared. Comparators were the rates of gram negative bloodstream infections (BSI) and of SA BSI at an affiliated NICU where the intervention was not implemented. There was a 77% (p

Objective Point-of-care ultrasound (POC US) has been increasingly used by intensive care physicians. Growing use of POC US necessitates defining distinct clinical indications for its application, as well as structured POC US training programs. Homogeneous approach to POC US education combined with rigorous quality assurance should further enable POC US to become standard-of-care clinical tool. This study aimed to present the first, innovative, and structured POC US program in neonatal–perinatal medicine field. In addition, we reviewed the availability of the POC US training programs across different medical specialties. Study Design Available English-language publications on POC US training programs in general and neonatal–perinatal medicine were reviewed in this study. Discussion Mounting body of evidence suggests improved procedural completion rates, as well as clinical decision making with the use of POC US. However, limited research supported the existence of structured, comprehensive POC US programs. It was recognized that medical institutions need to develop syllabuses, teach, and credential increasing number of health care professionals in the use of POC US. We defined intuitive educational strategy that encompasses POC US clinical indications, educational curriculum, scanning protocols, competence evaluation, and finally credentialing process. In addition, we offered description of the imaging quality assurance, as well as POC US coding, and reimbursement. Conclusion Future efforts need to be dedicated to the ongoing development of neonatal POC US as a clinical instrument. It should allow for eventual paradigm change and improved effectiveness in management of critically ill neonates.

Background Outbreaks of MRSA occur in NICUs and may be difficult to control. We describe an outbreak of mupirocin-resistant MRSA, molecular epidemiology of isolates and control. Methods Medical record review of personnel contact with infants. MRSA isolates were analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS); single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Results A 31-month outbreak of MRSA infection occurred. Weekly colonization surveillance of infants was initiated; initial prevalence was 45%. Isolates exhibited high level mupirocin-resistance. There were 3 periods of increased colonization and new infections despite implementation of multiple infection prevention interventions. During the second period, an analysis identified a frontline staff member associated with newly colonized infants whose nasal culture grew the clonal MRSA. A marked reduction in colonization followed removal from patient contact. WGS of isolates from years 1-3 showed clonality with maximum SNP differences of 33. Importantly, the year 3 isolates were more closely related to the early year 1 isolates (15-20 SNP differences) than to the late year 1 or year 2 isolates (18-33 SNP differences). Discussion/Conclusions During a recrudescent MRSA outbreak due to a clonal strain, both contact with a colonized staff member and a putative environmental or personnel reservoir were associated with MRSA acquisition.

To determine risk factors for MRSA colonization in a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) independent of length of stay and gestational age in the context of a persistently circulating MRSA clone.Retrospective matched case-control study.Level IV NICU PATIENTS: Infants admitted between April 4,2017- March 31,2018.Based on weekly surveillance cultures, infants who acquired MRSA were matched 1:1 with MRSA-negative control infants by duration of exposure (length of stay) and gestational age to determine risk factors for acquisition.Fifty case infants were matched with controls. Isolates from 45 of the 50 cases were mupirocin-resistant and related by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. On matched univariable analysis, the following were significantly associated with a risk for MRSA acquisition: 1.Bed location in the acute area(P = 0.03), 2.Requirement of any level of respiratory support during the week prior to MRSA detection(P = 0.04), 3.Higher ATP pass rate (a measure of effectiveness of cleaning) during the week of and week prior(P = 0.01), 4.Higher MRSA colonization pressure during the week of and week prior(P0.0001), 5.Not having a hearing test during the time between the previous negative culture and MRSA acquisition(P = 0.01). A multivariable conditional logistic regression model (that excluded ATP pass rate) found that only colonization pressure was associated with acquisition of MRSA colonization.In an outbreak setting, MRSA colonization pressure is significantly associated with MRSA acquisition in the NICU independent of length of stay and gestational age.

Introduction: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and surfactant both improve outcomes for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. However, prolonged trials of CPAP, as well as observation periods after intubation, may delay the administration of surfactant. Late surfactant treatment likely increases the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which leads to significant morbidity and healthcare utilization. Methods: We aimed to decrease time from meeting standard criteria (start of a continuous run of FiO2 > 40% or PaCO2 > 65 for >90 min) to intubation, and from intubation to surfactant administration, for infants

This study examines the clinical and radiographic information from neonates who sustained a newborn fall (NF) to identify risk factors for the NF and the presence of skull fracture and intracranial bleed. In addition, published articles will be reviewed to provide data to assist in the evidence-based management of mothers after delivery and neonates after NF.This is a retrospective chart review of neonates who sustained a NF in a level 4 NICU between 2016 and 2019. Results of imaging reports, maternal and neonatal clinical information, physical examination after fall, mode of delivery, time of day of fall, time between delivery and fall, feeding regimen, and maternal in hospital opioid use were recorded. Published reports containing imaging results and the incidence of skull fracture after NF were obtained by searching Pub Med from 2000 to 2019.The main outcome of this study is to determine the presence and location of fractures and intracranial hemorrhage after a NF. Secondary outcome includes identification of clinical factors associated with the NF and presence of fractures. Student'sTwenty-one neonates sustained a NF and 83% were imaged by cranial CT. Skull fractures were identified by CT in 53% of neonates and ∼1/3 of infants had small intracranial hemorrhage. All infants were clinically stable and no neonate required neurosurgical intervention. Most NFs (73%) occurred between midnight and 8 AM and were associated with maternal sleeping while holding the infant.Mothers should have increased monitoring and support especially the days after delivery from 11 PM to 9 AM to assess for maternal exhaustion and to prevent NFs regardless of opioid use. When indicated, low-dose rapid sequence CT scan rather than X-ray is preferred for evaluation of the neonate after a fall.

Background Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infection, including bloodstream infection (BSI), in NICUs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of screening and decolonization of MSSA-colonized babies with mupirocin on the rate of MSSA infection. Patients and Methods. Study design: Sequential time series. Pre-intervention period, January 2015–March 2017; wash out period, April 2017; intervention period, May 2017–March 2018. Population: Neonates admitted to a Level IV NICU with anticipated stay of greater than 2 days. Intervention: A single swab of the nares, umbilicus & groin was sent weekly for SA surveillance culture. MSSA-colonized neonates were decolonized with mupirocin application to nares, umbilicus and abraded skin twice daily for 5 days. Outcome measures: Comparison of rates of MSSA infections during pre- and post-intervention periods. Infections included BSI and skin/wound infections, excluding patients with MSSA from only eye or respiratory specimens. Comparators: Change in rates of Gram-negative and MRSA BSI. Change in rates of MSSA BSI in an affiliated NICU with the same medical staff but no intervention. Results MSSA BSI decreased from 0.37 per 1,000 hospital days (n = 15) to 0.00 (n = 0), P = 0.0092. All MSSA infections decreased from 0.62 (n = 25) to 0.11 (n = 2), P = 0.0078. Of 694 eligible neonates, 98.8% were screened at least once for MSSA colonization, which was detected in 92 (13.4%) infants. Median weekly prevalence of colonization was 6.7%. Median length of stay of neonates after initial detection of colonization was 30 days. Of colonized neonates, 92% received mupirocin treatment, with a median of 1 course of mupirocin treatment per patient (range, 1–7 courses). Of 54 isolates tested, all were mupirocin-susceptible. In contrast, there was no significant change in the rates of either MRSA (P = 0.71) or Gram-negative (P = 0.45) BSIs. In the comparison NICU, there was no significant change in rate of MSSA BSIs (P = 0.34). Conclusion Despite a substantial burden of MSSA-colonized neonates, the intervention was associated with elimination of MSSA BSI and an 82% reduction in rate of MSSA infections. A potential confounding factor was the occurrence of a cluster of mupirocin-resistant MRSA during the intervention period with the associated intensified infection prevention measures. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Background Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in NICUs. Colonization is a prerequisite for most SA infections. Previously recognized risk factors for colonization include the length of stay (LOS), multiple gestation, low birth weight, Caesarean delivery and multibed location. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for MRSA colonization in a Level IV NICU independent of LOS and gestational age (GA) in the context of a circulating MRSA clone. Methods Weekly MRSA colonization cultures were performed from April 2017 through March 2018. Case–control study. Cases: Infants with newly acquired MRSA colonization and at least one previous negative culture. Controls: Infants with negative surveillance cultures, matched 1:1 with cases by GA and LOS. Factors compared: (a) neonatal demographics; (b) maternal factors; (c) neonatal factors since admission including antimicrobial therapy; (d) neonatal factors during the week prior to MRSA acquisition, including bed location, number of location changes, presence of central line, respiratory support, NICU census, ATP surface bioburden testing pass rate, MRSA colonization pressure. Results 50 case infants were matched with controls. Forty-five of the 50 isolates were mupirocin-resistant and related by pulse-field gel electrophoresis On matched univariable analysis, the following were significantly associated with a risk for MRSA acquisition: (1) Bed location in the acute area (P = 0.03), (2) The requirement of any level of respiratory support during the week prior to MRSA detection (P = 0.04), (3) Higher ATP pass rate during the week of and week prior (P = 0.01), (4) Higher MRSA colonization pressure during the prior week (P = 0.002), (5) Not having a hearing test during the time between the previous negative culture and MRSA acquisition (P = 0.01). A multivariable conditional logistic regression model (that excluded ATP pass rate) found that only colonization pressure was associated with acquisition of MRSA colonization. Conclusion Independent of LOS and GA, MRSA colonization pressure, ATP pass rate and higher patient acuity, reflected by location within the acute area and requiring respiratory support, are significantly associated with MRSA acquisition in the NICU; only colonization pressure remained associated in a multivariable model. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.